31160816-Traffic Statistic Manual & OMA210000 GSM Principles ISSUE4.10

GSM Principles
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum, frequency
reuse etc.
 Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the protocol used.
 Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS
 Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea of

multi-frame.
 Know some radio techniques
 Get the idea of EDGE
Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
References
 BSS Feature Description
 BSS Signaling Analysis Manual
 BSC Technical Manual
Contents
1. GSM System Overview
2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface
5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
GSM system overview
 The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system, each
physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot
number
 Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power radios
spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of radios serve MSs
presently located near them. The area served by each group of radios is called
a CELL
 Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies,
this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
 Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots , several slots
make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA)
GSM Development
1989 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect
1991 GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)
1992 System was named as Global System for

Mobile Communication
1994 Provide services for the whole world
1996 Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system
Cell Technique
 Macro Cell and Micro Cell
 A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that
connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
 Macro Cell
 In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS
covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only
provide a few channels for subscribers.
 Micro Cell
 Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with
high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to
improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of
the network.
Multiple Access Technique
 Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the
same communication medium.
 There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
 GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).
FDMA
 FDMA uses different frequency
channels to accomplish
Frequency
communication.
 The whole frequency spectrum
available is divided into many
individual channels (for transmitting
and receiving)，every channel can
support the traffic for one subscriber
or some control information. Time
TDMA
 TDMA accomplishes the
communication in different
timeslot. Frequency
 A carrier is divided into channels

based on time. Different signals
occupy different timeslots in
certain sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on the
same frequency in different time. Time
CDMA
 CDMA accomplishes the
communication in different code
sequences. Frequency
 Special coding is adopted before

transmission, then different
information will lose nothing after
being mixed and transmitted
together on the same frequency and
at the same time.
Time
The Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
Uplink Downlink
890 915 935 960MHz
Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
DCS 1800
Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
Frequency Frequency Downlink
Range (MHz) Uplink Frequency
Spectrum Point Available Frequency
450.4~457.6
GSM 450 Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259) 259<=n<=293 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
460.4~467.6
478.8~486
GSM 480 Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) 306<=n<=340 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
488.8~496
824~849
GSM 850 Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) 128<=n<=251 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
869~894
880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124
E-GSM 900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
925~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 975<=n<=1023
876~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124
R-GSM 900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
921~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 955<=n<=1023
1850~1910
PCS 1900 Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512) 512<=n<=810 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
1930~1990
Frequency Reuse
 The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.
 The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

different places.
 The quality of communication must be ensured.
Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse 2
7 23
6 4
Frequency Reuse
5 7
1 3
9 11
6 8
2 4
10 12
4 site X 3 cells reuse
Cell Types
Omni
Omni-directional Cell
1
1
120
120 Degree Cell degree 2
3
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
GSM-GPRS Network Component
PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS
PCU
SS7
BSC SMS system
MS
BTS
GPRS Backbone Internet,
SGSN Intranet
GGSN
OMC CG BG
Other PLMN
Interface Between Different Entities
PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
A
Abis BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS C/D/Gs
PCU
SS7
BSC Gb SMS system
MS Um Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
BTS
GPRS backbone Internet,
SGSN Gi Intranet
Ga GGSN
OMC CG BG
Gp Other PLMN
Mobile Station—MS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

– Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

– Subscriber Identity Module
Subscriber Identity Module – SIM
 International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

SIM
(TMSI)
 Location Area Identity (LAI)
 Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
Base Station Subsystem – BSS
 The Base Station Controller –
MSC
BSC
 The Base Transceiver Station –

BTS BSS
 The Trans-coder – TC and Sub TC/SM
multiplexer (SM)
BSC
BTS
Packet Control Unit-----PCU
 Packet data switching
MSC
 Bridge between SGSN
and BSC
 Provide Pb and Gb
interface BSS
TC/SM GPRS
Backbone
BSC PCU SGSN
BTS
The Network Switching System
NSS AUC
HLR
OMC EIR
EC PSTN
MSC/VLR
Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC

Home Location Register – HLR
Visitor Location Register – VLR
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
Authentication Center – AUC BSS
Echo Cancellor – EC
Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC
 Call Processing
 Operations and Maintenance Support
 Interface management
 Inter-network & Inter-working
 Billing
Home Location Register – HLR
 Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)
 Current subscriber VLR (current location)
 Supplementary service information
 Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
 Authentication key and AuC functionality
Visitor Location Register – VLR
 Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)
 Location Area Identity(LAI)
 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
 Allocating the Roaming Number
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
 White List
IMEI is Checked In White List
 Black List
If NOT found
EIR focus on the

IMEI is Checked in Black List
equipment , not the
subscriber!
OMC Functional Architecture
Event/Alarm Security
Management Management
MMI
OS DB
Fault Configuration
Management Management
Performance
Management
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Service Area
Service Area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...
Location area... Location area...

......
cell cell
LAI
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country Code，It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code，It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC: Location Area Code，It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001
BSIC
BSIC（Base Station Identification Color Code)
NCC BCC
BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be
distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned the same
frequency!
MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI
MCC: Mobile Country Code，It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"。
MNC: Mobile Network Code，It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"。
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification，MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
 The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber

authentication.
 The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers
and notifies them to the HLR.
 TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile
subscriber on the air interface is kept secret.
 The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and
determined by the operator.
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval center
FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer.
SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS.
SP: 1 bit , Not used.
Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Physical Channel and Logical Channel
The physical channel is the medium over which the

information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
The logical channel consists of the information carried

over the physical channels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
Timeslot The information carried in one time
slot is called a “burst”
TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME
Two types of Logical Channel
Traffic Channel (TCH) :

Transmits traffic information, include data
and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :

Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of
control information.
Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCH
Traffic Channels
Speech Data
TCH/FS TCH/HS
TCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/4.8
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
Control Channel (CCH)
CCH (Control Channels)
DCCH BCH
SDCCH ACCH
BCCH Synch. CH.
FACCH SACCH CCCH

SCH FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH RACH CBCH

Common Control Channel – CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
Associated Control Channel – ACCH PCH/AGCH
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH
CCH
The information carried on the BCCH
is monitored by the MS
BCH
periodically when it is in idle mode
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel Synch.

BCCH Channels
SCH: Synchronization Channel
SCH FCCH
Common Control Channel – CCCH
The CCCH is responsible for CCH

transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
network.
CCCH
RACH: Random Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
AGCH: Access Granted Channel RACH CBCH
CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel uplink downlink
PCH/AGCH
downlink
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
CCH
DCCH is assigned to a single
wireless connection for
measurement and handover
purpose. DCCH
SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control Channel
SACCH: Slow Associated SDCCH ACCH
Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated Control
Channel
FACCH SACCH
Uplink Logical channel
CCH
RACH CCCH
SDCCH
SACCH DCCH DCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H
Downlink Logical channel
FCCH
BCCH SCH
CCH BCCH
PCH
CCCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCCH SACCH
DCH FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H
How to use these channels?
Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst FCCH
Search for synchronous burst SCH
Extract system information
BCCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message

PCH
Send access burst
RACH
Allocate signaling channel
AGCH
Dedicated mode
Set up the call SDCCH
Allocate voice channel SDCCH
Conversation TCH
Release the call FACCH
Idle mode
Packet logic channel
 Packet data channel (PDCH) TCH
 Comprising a) packet service channel and b) packet control

channel
a) Packet service channel (PDTCH) TCH
 Combined into the single-directional service channel
b) Packet control channel

 Broadcast control channel: PBCCH BCCH
 Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH CCCH
 Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH SACCH
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink
power settings can be
controlled independently and
5W
individually.
0.8W
Saves battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
8W
BCCH -------
Does not attend Power
control
DTX and VAD
Discontinuous Transmission – DTX
Voice Activity Detection – VAD
Battery Saving
Interference reduction
Timing Advance (TA)
The mobile phone should
send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
Multi-path Fading
 Diversity
 Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
Diversity – What’s Diversity?
 Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both
overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and
increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
 The former is achieved by ensuring “uncorrelated” (i.e. low

enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not
all antennas experience fades at the same time.
Kinds of Diversity
 Time diversity t
Coding, interleaving
 Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
f
 Space diversity
Multiple antennas
 Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
 Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Frame
Time
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
GSM Development Evolution
3G
2 Mbps
2.5G IMT-2000
384kbps
EDGE
115 kbps
2G
57.6 kbps GPRS
9.6 kbps HSCSD
GSM
Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
Kbps 59.2
60.0
54.4
50.0 GPRS 44.8

EGPRS
40.0
29.6
30.0
21.4 22.4
20.0 17.6
15.6 14.8
13.4
11.2
9.0 8.8
10.0
0.0
CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
GMSK 8PSK
Summary
 The basic idea of GSM
 The frequency spectrum used in GSM
 The structure of GSM
 Certain service area and numbers
 Some radio techniques used in GSM
 Evolution of GSM
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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GSM Principles

Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS

 Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea of

 Know some radio techniques

 Get the idea of EDGE

 BSS Signaling Analysis Manual

 BSC Technical Manual

1989 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect

1991 GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)

1992 System was named as Global System for

1994 Provide services for the whole world

1996 Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

 There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

 GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).

 A carrier is divided into channels

 Special coding is adopted before

890 915 935 960MHz

Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz

 The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

 The quality of communication must be ensured.

7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse 2

4 site X 3 cells reuse

International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

 Location Area Identity (LAI)

 Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

 The Base Transceiver Station –

Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC

 Operations and Maintenance Support

 Inter-network & Inter-working

 Current subscriber VLR (current location)

 Supplementary service information

 Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)

 Authentication key and AuC functionality

 Location Area Identity(LAI)

 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)

 Allocating the Roaming Number

EIR focus on the

Location area... Location area...

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC: Mobile Country Code，It consists of 3 digits .

The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

MCC MNC MSIN

MCC: Mobile Country Code，It consists of 3 digits .

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)

 The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber

TAC FAC SNR SP

The physical channel is the medium over which the

The logical channel consists of the information carried

TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME

Traffic Channel (TCH) :

Control Channel (CCH) :

FACCH SACCH CCCH

Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH RACH CBCH

BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel

FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel Synch.

31160816-Traffic Statistic Manual & OMA210000 GSM Principles ISSUE4.10

31160816-Traffic Statistic Manual & OMA210000 GSM Principles ISSUE4.10