BAHAN BAKAR DAN PEMBAKARAN

TUGAS 6 ( KELOMPOK )

SOAL 1

DapurOpen HearthmenggunakanbahanbakarProducer Gasdengankomposisi : CO 29.2% H₂ 18%

CO₂ 5% dan N₂ 47.6%. Gas tersebutdibakardenganUdarakering.
Ditanyakan :
a) TemperaturApiTeoritis
b) TemperaturApiTeoritisjikadigunakan 10% Udaraberlebih
c) TemperaturApiTeoritisjikaUdaraberlebihtersebutdipanaskanawal 300 ᴼC
d) Apakahkesimpulanandadari data hasilperhitungandiatas ?
Diketahui :
Cm N₂. O₂.CO = 0.302 + 0.000022 T [ Kcal/m³ ]
Cm H₂O = 0.373 + 0.000050 T
Cm CO₂ = 0.406 + 0.000090 T
CV CO = 67623 Kcal/Kmol( net )
CV H2 = 57800 Kcal/Kmol ( net )

SOAL 2

Coke Oven Tardengananalisaultimatsebagaiberikut : C 81.52% H 11.01% S 0.55% O 6.12% dan

N 0.8%dibakardenganmenggunakanUdaraberlebih 8%. UdaratersebutadalahUdaralembab yang
mengandung 2% Uap air.
HitunglahTemperaturApiTeoritis yang
dicapaijikaperhitunganNilaiKaloriBersihbahanbakartersebutmenggunakan :
a) Formula Dulong [ Cal/Kg ]
b) Formula US Bureau of Mines.jikadiketahuidensitasCoke Oven Tar = 0.966
Cm N₂. O₂ = 0.302 + 0.000022 T [ Kcal/m³ ]
Cm H₂O = 0.373 + 0.000050 T
Cm CO₂.SO₂ = 0.406 + 0.000090 T
Panaspenguapan Air = 539 Kcal/Kg
1 cal = 4.186 J

BB&P.TUGAS6.1718
Jawaban:

1. Dik: DapurOpen HearthmenggunakanbahanbakarProducer Gasdengankomposisi : CO 29.2% H₂

18% CO₂ 5% dan N₂ 47.6%. Gas tersebutdibakardenganUdarakering
Cm N₂. O₂.CO = 0.302 + 0.000022 T [ Kcal/m³ ]
Cm H₂O = 0.373 + 0.000050 T
Cm CO₂ = 0.406 + 0.000090 T
CV CO = 67623 Kcal/Kmol( net )
CV H2 = 57800 Kcal/Kmol ( net )
Dit:
a) TemperaturApiTeoritis
b) TemperaturApiTeoritisjikadigunakan 10% Udaraberlebih
c) TemperaturApiTeoritisjikaUdaraberlebihtersebutdipanaskanawal 300 ᴼC
d) Apakahkesimpulanandadari data hasilperhitungandiatas ?
Jawab:
a) Dasar : 1 m³ Producer Gas
m3 REAKSI O2 [m3] H2O [m3] CO2 [m3] N2 [m3]
H₂ 0.18 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O 0.09 0.18
CO 0.292 2CO + O₂ → 2CO₂ 0.146 0.292
CO₂ 0.05 CO₂ daribahanbakar 0.05
N₂ 0.476 N₂ daribahanbakar 0.476
Total 0.236 0.18 0.342 0.476

O₂ dalamProducer gas = 0 m³
O₂ yang diperlukandariUdara = 0.236 – 0 = 0.236 m³ ≈ 21 %
Volume Udarateoritis yang diperlukan = 0.236 / 0.21 = 1.124 m³ (kondisiSTP →0 ⁰C, 760
mmHg )

Perhitungan Volume danKomposisi Gas Buang :

Volume [m3] Komposisi [%]
H₂O darireaksi = 0.18 (0.18)(100%)/(1.886) = 10%
CO₂ darireaksi&bahanbakar = 0.342 (0.342)(100%)/(1.886) = 18%
N₂ daribahanbakar = 0.476
N₂ dariUdara: 0.79 x 1.124 = 0.888+
N₂ total = 1.364+ (1.364)(100%)/(1.886) = 72%
Total Volume Gas Buang = 1.886 Total = 100%

PerhitunganTemperaturKalorimetrik:
CVi [ Cal/Mol ] ( net ) CV Producer Gas = ∑ niCVi[ Cal ]
H₂ 57800 (0.18)(57800) / 22.4 = 464.5
CO 67623 (0.292)(67623) / 22.4 = 881.5
= 1346

∆Hf= 0 ∆Ha = 0
∆Hg = ∑ niCmi T
CO₂ = (0.342)(0.406 + 0.000090 T) T = 0.139 T + 0.000031 T2
H2O = (0.18)(0.373 + 0.000050 T) T = 0.067 T + 0.000009 T2
N2 = (1.364)(0.302 + 0.000022 T)T = 0.412 T + 0.000030 T2
Total = 0.618 T + 0.000070 T2

Q in = Q out
 1346 + 0 + 0 = 0.618 T + 0.000070 T²
0.000070 T² + 0.618 T- 1348 = 0

T = [ -b + √ ( b² - 4a.c )] / ( 2a )
T = [-0.618 + √ (0.618² + 4 x 0.000070 x 1348)] / ( 2 x 0.000070 )
T = [-0.618 + 0.871] / 0.00014
T = 1807.14 0C (a)

b) Jikadigunakan 10% Udaraberlebih, maka:

Kelebihanudara = (0.10)( 1.124) = 0.112 m3

Jumlahudara yang = 1.124 + 0.112 = 1.236 m3
diperlukan

Perhitungan Volume danKomposisi Gas buang :

O₂ darilebihanudara = (0.21)( 0.112) = 0.024 m3

N₂ darilebihanudara = 0.112-0.024 = 0.088 m3

Volume Gas Buang Komposisi Gas Buang

CO₂ = 0.342 m3 (100%)(0.342/1.998) = 17.1%
H₂O = 0.18 m3 (100%)(0.18/1.998) = 9.0%
O₂ = 0.024 m3 (100%)(0.024/1.998) = 1.2%
N₂ = 1.364+0.088 = 1.452 m3 (100%)(1.452/1.998) = 72.7%
Volume Gas Buang = 1.998 m3 Total = 100%

PerhitunganKalorCV Producer Gassamasepertisoalpada 1(a), yaitu 1346 Cal

karenatidakadanyatemperaturawal

∆Hf= 0 ∆Ha = 0
∆Hg = ∑ niCmi T
CO₂ = (0.342)(0.406 + 0.000090 T) T = 0.139 T + 0.000031 T2
H2O = (0.180)(0.373 + 0.000050 T) T = 0.067 T + 0.000009 T2
O2 + N2 = (1.476)(0.446 + 0.000022 T)T = 0.658 T + 0.000032 T2
Total = 0.864 T + 0.000072 T2

Q in = Q out
1346 + 0 + 0 = 0.864 T + 0.000072 T2
0.000072T² + 0.864 T- 1348 = 0

T = [ -b + √ ( b² - 4a.c )] / ( 2a )
T = [-0.864 + √ (0.864² + 4 x 0.000072 x 1348)] / ( 2 x 0.000072 )
T = [-0.864 + 1.065] / 0.000144
T = 1395.830C (b)
 c) JikaUdaraberlebihtersebutdipanaskanawalT0= 300 ᴼC, Total kalorpadaCVProducer
Gasadalah:

KalorSensibelpadaudaraberlebih yang mengandung O2dan N2 adalah:

(1.236)(0.446 + 0.000022 x 300)300 = 167.82 Cal
KalorpadaCV Producer Gas = 1346 Cal
Total kalorpadaCVProducer Gasadalah: 167.82 + 1346 = 1513.82 Cal

Produkpembakarannyasamasepertinomor 1(b), yaitu 0.864 T + 0.000072 T2

Q in = Q out
1513.82 = 0.864 T + 0.000072 T2
0.000072T² + 0.864 T– 1513.82 = 0

T = [ -b + √ ( b² - 4a.c )] / ( 2a )
T = [-0.864 + √ (0.864² + 4 x 0.000072 x 1513.82)] / ( 2 x 0.000072 )
T = [-0.864 + 1.087] / 0.000144
T = 1548.61 0C (c)

d) Kesimpulannyaadalahjikadiberiudaraberlebih 10% bahkanjikadiberitemperaturawal 1000C

tetaplebihkeciljikadibandingkandengantanpadiberikanudaraberlebih
Berikutinidatanya
 Temperaturapitanpaudaraberlebihdantemperaturawal, T = 1807.14 0C
 Temperaturapidenganudaraberlebihtetapitanpatemperaturawal T = 1395.83 0C
 Temperaturapidenganudaraberlebihdantemperaturawaladalah T = 1548.61 0C

2. Dik: Coke Oven Tardengananalisaultimatsebagaiberikut : C 81.52% H 11.01% S 0.55% O

6.12% dan N 0.8% dibakardenganmenggunakanUdaraberlebih 8%.
UdaratersebutadalahUdaralembab yang mengandung 2% Uap air.
Dit: HitunglahTemperaturApiTeoritis yang
dicapaijikaperhitunganNilaiKaloriBersihbahanbakartersebutmenggunakan :
a) Formula Dulong [ Cal/Kg ]
b) Formula US Bureau of Mines.jikadiketahuidensitasCoke Oven Tar = 0.966
Cm N₂. O₂ = 0.302 + 0.000022 T [ Kcal/m³ ]
Cm H₂O = 0.373 + 0.000050 T
Cm CO₂.SO₂ = 0.406 + 0.000090 T
Panaspenguapan Air = 539 Kcal/Kg
1 cal = 4.186 J
Jawaban:
 Dasar: 1 kg Batubara
Reaksi O2 (kg) CO2 (kg) H2O (kg) SO2 (kg)
C + O₂
(32/12)(0.8152)= (44/12)(0.8152)=
→
2.17387 2.98907
CO₂
2H₂ +
(32/4)(0.1101)= (36/4)(0.1101)=
O₂ →
0.8808 0.9909
2H₂O
S + O₂ (32/32)(0.00055)= (64/32)(0.0055)=
→ SO₂ 0.00055 0.0011
Total 3.05522 2.98907 0.9909 0.011
O₂ yang dibutuhkanreaksi =3.05522 kg
O₂ yang adadalam Batubara = 0.0612 kg –
O₂ yang diperlukandariUdara =2.99402 kg ≈23.2 % O₂ dalamUdara
BeratUdara yang diperlukan= 2.99402 / 0.232 = 12.91 kg
Densitas udara (STP) = 1.293 kg/m3
Volume udara teoritis /kg = (12.91)/(1.293) = 9.98 m3

Jikadigunakan 8% UdaraBerlebih

Kelebihanudara = (0.08)(9.98) = 0.8 m3

Jumlahudara yang = 9.98+0.8 = 10.78 m3
diperlukan

JikaUdaratersebutadalahUdaralembab yang mengandung 2% Uap air, maka:

Volume udaraberlebihkering = 100% - 2% = 98 % ≈ 10.78 m³

Jadi Volume udaraberlebihdanlembab= 10.78 / 0.98 = 11 m³

Volume danKomposisi Gas hasilpembakaran per Kg Batubara

Vol. CO₂ darireaksi 1 = (44/12)(0.8152)(1/44)(22.4) = 1.52171m3
Vol. SO₂ darireaksi 3 = (64/32)(0.0055)(1/64)(22.4) = 0.00385m3
Vol. H₂O darireaksi 2 = (36/4)(0.1101)(1/18)(22.4) = 1.23312m3
Vol. H₂O dari gas buang = 1.23312 = 1.23312m3
Vol. N₂ dariUdara = (0.79)(9.98) = 7.8842m3
Vol. N₂ dari Batubara = (0.008)(1/28)(22.4) = 0.0064 m3
Vol. N₂ dalam gas buang = 7.8842+0.0064 = 7.8906m3

CO2 = 1.52171m3 (1.52171)(100%)/(10.64928) 14.29%

SO2 = 0.00385m3 (0.00385)(100%)/(10.64928) 0.04%
Komposisi Gas Buang :
H2O = 1.23312m3 (1.23312)(100%)/(10.64928) 11.57%
N2 = 7.8906m3 (7.8906)(100%)/(10.64928) 74.1%
Volume gas buang = 10.64928m3 100%

Jika Perhitungan Volume danKomposisi Gas buang dengan udara lembab 8% :

O₂ darilebihanudara = (0.21)(0.8) = 0.168 m3

N₂ darilebihanudara = 0.8-0.168 = 0.632 m3
 Volume Gas Buang Komposisi Gas Buang
CO₂ = 1.52171 m3 (100%)(1.52171/11.44928) = 13.29%
SO2 = 0.00385 m3 (100%)(0.00385/11.44928) = 0.03%
H₂O = 1.23312 m3 (100%)(1.23312/11.44928) = 10.77%
O₂ = 0.168 m3 (100%)(0.168/11.44928) = 1.47%
N₂ = 7.8906+0.632 = 8.5226 m3 (100%)(8.5226/11.44928) = 74.44%
Volume Gas Buang = 11.44928 m3 Total = 100%

Perhitungan Volume danKomposisi Gas buang dari udara berlebih 8% dan uap air 2% :

H₂O dalamudaralembabberlebih: 11.02 - 10 = 1.02 m3

Volume Gas Buang Komposisi Gas Buang

CO₂ = 1.52171 m3 (100%)(1.52171/12.46928) = 12.20%
3
SO2 = 0.00385 m (100%)(0.00385/12.46928) = 0.03%
H₂O = 1.23312+1.02 = 2.25312 m3 (100%)(2.25312/12.46928) = 18.07%
3
O₂ = 0.168 m (100%)(0.168/12.46928) = 1.35%
N₂ = 8.5226 m3 (100%)(8.5226/12.46928) = 68.389%
Volume Gas Buang = 12.46928 Total = 100%
m3
a) NilaikaloriBersihjikamenggunakan formula Dulongadalah:
𝑂
𝐺𝐶𝑉 = 338.2𝐶 + 1442.8 (𝐻 − 8 ) + 94.2𝑆
6.12
𝐺𝐶𝑉 = 338.2(81.52) + 1442.8 (11.01 − ) + 94.2(0.55)
8
𝑘𝐽
= 42403.36 𝑘𝑔
1 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
= 42403.36(4.186) = 10129.8041
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝐶𝑉 = 𝐺𝐶𝑉 − 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑁𝐶 𝑉 = 10129.8041 − (539)(0.9909)
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑁𝐶𝑉 = 9595.709
𝑘𝑔

𝐶𝑉 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝐶𝑚𝑖 𝑇

9595.709 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝐶𝑚𝑖 𝑇

CO₂ + SO2 = (1.52556)(0.406 + 0.000090 T) T = 0.619 T + 0.0001373 T2

H2O = (2.25312)(0.373 + 0.000050 T) T= 0.840 T + 0.0001127 T2
N2 + O2 = (8.6906)(0.302 + 0.000022 T)T= 2.625 T + 0.0001912 T2
Total = 4.084 T + 0.0004412 T2

Q in = Q out
9595.709+ 0 + 0 = 4.084 T + 0.0004412 T2
0.0004412T² + 4.084 T- 9595.709 = 0

T = [ -b + √ ( b² - 4a.c )] / ( 2a )
T = [-4.084 + √ (4.084² + 4 x 0.0004412 x 9595.709)] / ( 2 x 0.0004412 )
T = [-4.084 + 4.573] / 0.0008824
 T = 554.17 0C (a)

b) NilaikaloriBersihjikamenggunakan formulaUS Bureau of Mines.jikadiketahuidensitasCoke

Oven Tar = 0.966adalah:
GCV = 51916 - 8792 d² [ KJ/Kg ]
GCV = 51916 - 8792 (0.996)² [ KJ/Kg ]
GCV = 51916 - 8204.31 [KJ/Kg]
GCV = 43711.69 [KJ/Kg]
GCV = 43711.69 / 4.186 = 10442.35 [kcal/kg]

NCV = GCV – Panas penguapan air

Diketahuiuap air hasil pembakaran per Kg M’ = 0.9909 kg, maka:
NCV = 10442.35 – (539)(0.9909) = 9908.25 [Kcal/kg]

𝐶𝑉 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝐶𝑚𝑖 𝑇

9908.25 = ∑ 𝑛𝑖 𝐶𝑚𝑖 𝑇

∆Hf= 0 ∆Ha = 0
∆Hg = ∑ niCmi T
CO₂& SO2 = (1.52556)(0.406 + 0.000090 T) T = 0.619 T + 0.0001373 T2
H2O = (2.25312)(0.373 + 0.000050 T) T = 0.840 T + 0.0001127 T2
N2 & O2 = (8.6906)(0.302 + 0.000022 T)T = 2.629 T + 0.0001915 T2
Total = 4.084 T + 0.0004412 T2

Q in = Q out
9908.25 + 0 + 0 = 4.084 T + 0.0004412 T2
0.0004412T² + 4.084 T- 9908.25 = 0

T = [ -b + √ ( b² - 4a.c )] / ( 2a )
T = [-4.084 + √ (4.084² + 4 x 0.0004412 x 9908.25)] / ( 2 x 0.0004412 )
T = [-4.084 + 5.845] / 0.0008824
T = 1995.690C (b)