Enzyme酶

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

Metabolism
Metabolic reaction keep organism alive.

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
Metabolism
Two types of metabolic reactions occur
within cells.
◦(A)Anabolic reaction
◦(B)Catabolic reaction

*ABCD

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
 Anabolism Catabolism
Synthesis of complex Breakdown of complex
compounds from simple compounds into simple
molecules molecules
Generally require energy Generally release energy
Building up structures, Mobilising food stores
storage compounds and and making energy
complex metabolites代谢 available in cells
产物 in the cell
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1. Synthesis 6. Condensation reaction
2. Respiration 7. hydrolysis
3. Photosynthesis 8. oxidation
4. Digestion 9. ciliary beating
5. Deamination 10. dehydration

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collision theory碰撞理论
chemical reaction only occur if there are
collisions of the right energy levels between
molecules and atoms

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

reacting substances must collide
collide with enough energy
collide with the correct orientation

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
Activation energy活化能
Energy required to makes substances react.
All reactions require an initial input of this
energy which is an energy barrier that has
to overcome before a reaction can take
place to form products

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
In chemical reaction, the
activation energy is the
energy needed to change
the reactants into
unstable molecular
forms called transition-
state intermediates过渡
态中间物

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

The greater the Ea, the slower will be the
reaction at a given temperature.

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Exergonic reaction放能反应
◦Liberate more energy than they take in
◦E.g. respiration
Endergonic reaction吸能反应
◦Take in more energy than they liberate
◦E.g. photosynthesis
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
Metabolites are not converted into products in
single, large reactions.
They are converted through a series of small
reactions.(metabolic pathway代谢途径)

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
What are enzymes?
protein molecules(some are RNA)
◦globular proteins
◦tertiary structures
◦spherical in shape
◦soluble in aqueous solutions
◦denatured by high temperature and pH values
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
What are enzymes?
protein molecules(some are RNA)
A biological catalyst (synthesised by living
cells) that speed up rate of a chemical
reaction without themselves being changed
at the end of the reaction.
control all kinds of reactions in cells

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
 酶-底物复合物

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

Intracellular enzymes: occur in the cytosol,
nucleoplasm, inside membranous organelles or
attached to the plasma membrane or to the
membranes of organelles.
Extracellular enzymes: produced in cell but are
packaged to be secreted from cell, and work
externally. Most digestive enzymes are of this
sort
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Enzymes allow the cell to exert control over the
metabolic pathways that occur in the cell.
◦Specific nature of enzyme. A single enzyme will
generally catalyse a single reaction
◦Enzymes serve to control the reactions within each
pathway and ensure that they proceed at an
efficient rate.

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 Enzymes Inorganic catalyst
Catalyse only one type of Catalyse many different types
reversible reaction of reaction
Enzymes are affected by Less affected by temperature,
temperature, pH pH
Each enzyme works effectively Often function very effectively
only in a limited range of in widely varying conditions of
temperature, pressure and pH temperature and pressure and
extremes of pH

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Properties of enzyme
1. All enzymes are (globular) proteins.
2. Coded by DNA
3. Many enzymes require helper
molecules, called cofactors辅因子, to
function.(activity is regulated)

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辅因子 辅酶

酶蛋白

全酶
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Properties of enzyme
4. Enzymes lower the activation energy.
5. Enzymes can be used over and over
again.
6. Enzymes are needed in small amounts.
7. Enzymes speed up biochemical
reactions.
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
Properties of enzyme
8. Enzymes are highly specific.
9. Most enzymes can catalyse specific
reactions both in the forward and in the
reverse directions.

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
10. Enzyme activities are affected by
temperature, pH value, inhibitors,
substrate concentration and enzyme
concentration.
11. Enzyme activities can be slowed
down or completely stopped by
inhibitors.
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN
 Classification of enzymes
1. Oxidoreductases 5. Isomerases异构酶
氧化还原酶 6. Ligases连接酶
2. Transferases转移酶
3. Hydrolases水解酶
4. Lyases解离酶

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

1. Oxidoreductases氧化还原酶
◦catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions

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2. Transferases转移酶
◦transfer a functional group(e.g. a methyl
or phosphate group)

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

3. Hydrolases水解酶
◦catalyze the hydrolysis of various bonds

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

4. Lyases解离酶
◦cleave various bonds by means other than
hydrolysis and oxidation

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN

5. Isomerases异构酶
◦catalyze isomerization changes within a
single molecule

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6. Ligases连接酶
◦join two molecules
with covalent bonds.

2018 FOON YEW HIGH SCHOOL - CHENG DIAN