For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third
person.
go – goes catch – catches
wash – washes kiss – kisses
fix – fixes buzz – buzzes
For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.
marry – marries study – studies
carry – carries worry – worries
USES
Talk about actions and situations which happen repeatedly or all the time
or at any time.
“I go running three times a week”
In conversations about programmes and timetables.
“The train arrives at 7:45”
Talk about things that are always/ generally true.
“It rains a lot in winter”
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
SPECIAL SPELLING
USES
Talk about actions and situations that are already going on at the
moment of speaking.
“We are all waiting for you”
Talk about developing or changing situations.
“The weather is getting better and better”
Talk about temporary situations.
“My sister is living at home at the moment”
Talk about future happenings.
“We are probably spending next weekend at home”
PAST SIMPLE
USES
USES
For past action which continued for some time but whose exact limits are
not known and are not important.
Used with a point in time, it expresses an action which began before that
time and probably continued after it.
USES
FUTURE FORMS
USES
USED TO
This structure only exist in the past. It refers to past habits and states. If
we say that somebody used to do something, we mean that some time
ago he did it habitually, but that he doesn’t do it now. (Habit in the past).
“He used to play cards a lot”
The structure of questions and negative with used to.
“Did you use to play cards a lot?”
“I didn’t use to like opera, but now I’m getting interested.”
RELATIVE CLAUSES
WHO: Used for people. “The people who work there are all my friends”.
WHICH: Used for things and animals. “They enjoy living in the house
which tehy rented last year.”
THAT: Replace who or which in defining clauses only. “Here is the boy
that broke our window.”
WHERE: Used for places and replaces words like there, here. “The
school where I studied has benn closed.”
WHOSE: Used for possession and replaces words. “The man whose car
was stolen has called the police”
WHEN: Used for time. Often replaces words like the year, the month. “I
remember when we first met.”
These are clauses that tell us exactly who or what is being referred to. Without
the defining relative clause the sentence will not make sense. It needs to be
there.
PEOPLE THINGS
“I hate people who are insincere” “I enjoyed the books that you lent me”
For people you can use who or that, For things you can use that or which,
but who is more usual. but taht is more usual.
In the above sentence, who is the In the above sentence, that is the
subject of the relative clause, so it object of relative clause, so in can be
can’t be omimit it. ommit it.
You cannot miss out the relative pronoun if it the object of the relative
clauses. “I hate people are insincere.”
The relative pronoun can be missed out if is the object of the relative
clause: “She is the girl that I love OR She’s the girl I love”
These are clauses that give us extra information about something or someone
already mentioned. The sentence will stiill make sense without the non-defining
relative clause, but the clause gives you extra information.
PEOPLE THINGS
“The finance minister, who has been “His lastest novel, which is set in
under pressure to resign, will be India, has received good reviews.”
holding a press conference today.”
For people you must use who. For things you must use which.
QUANTIFIERS
SOME, ANY, A, NO
We use much only with uncountable nouns (air, help, sugar, hair,
information, money...) We must always use a singular verb with these
nouns.
We use many only with plural countable nouns (apples, houses, girls,
ideas...)
Many and much are normal in questions and negative statements.
“Have you got many records?”
“She didn’t give me much bread”
In positive statements we very often use a lot of instead of many and
much. “We eat a lot of potatoes” “She gave me a lot of bread”
ENOUGH, TOO.
1) This is my house.
How long ……………………………………… (you live) here?
I ………………………….. (live) here since 1970.
2) He ………………………….. (live) in London for two years and then
…………………….. (go) to Edinburgh.
3) ……………………………….. (you wear) your hair long when you were at
school?
Yes, my mother …………………………… (insist) on it.
4) But when I ………………………. (leave) school I ……………………………
(cut) my hair and ……………………………… (wear) it short ever since.
5) My brother ……………………………….. (write) several plays. He
…………………………….. (just finish) his second tragedy.
6) I …………………………….. (not see) him for three years. I wonder where
he is.
7) He …………………………… (not smoke) for two weeks. He is trying to give
it up.
8) Chopin ……………………… (compose) some of his music in Majorca.
9) I …………………………. (read) his books when I was at school. I
……………………… (enjoy) them very much.
10) I can’t go out because I …………………………. (not finish) my work.
11) I ………………………. (never drink) whisky. Well, have some now.
12) The clock is slow. It isn’t slow, it ………………………….. (stop).
13) I ………………………………. (leave) home at 8:00 and ……………………..
(get) here at twelve.
14) ………………………. (you have) breakfast yet? Yes, I ………………………
(have) it at 8:00.
15) ………………………….. (you be) there before?
Yes, I ……………………… (spend) my holidays here last year.
……………………………. (you have) a good time?
No, it ………………………… (never stop) raining.
EXERCISE 5: Write sentences or questions with already, just or yet.
EXERCISE 6: Make sentences with used to, didn’t use to, or did…..use to.
1) A. …………………?
B. Tomorrow. My flight is in the morning.
a. When will you leave
b. When are you leaving
c. When are you going to leave
2) A. You must bring the money tomorrow.
B. Don’t worry, …………………………….
a. I’m not forgetting.
b. I’m not going to forget.
c. I won’t forget.
3) A. This suitcase is too heavy for me.
B. ………………………….
a. I’ll carry it for you.
b. I’m carrying it for you.
c. I’m going to carry it for you.
4) A. What would you like to drink?
B. ……………………………
a. I’ll have a cappuccino, please.
b. I’m going to have a cappuccino, please.
c. I’m having a cappuccino, please.
5) A. Here’s my email address.
B. Thanks. …………………………………….. tomorrow.
a. I’m going to send you the photos
b. I’m sending you the photos
c. I’ll send you the photos
6) A. England are playing Brazil tomorrow.
B. I’m sure …………………………………….
a. They’ll lose.
b. They’re losing.
c. They’re going to lose.
EXERCISE 8: Quantifiers. Circle the correct answer for each gap.
1) After four years in government, what have you done? Look at the state of
the country: There isn’t …(a)…. money for pensions, there’s …(b)…
Unemployment, and …(c)…. children are failing at school.
a. no / enough
b. too many / too much
c. a lot of / a lot
2) Nonsense! You don’t know what you’re doing! And …(a)… people in your
own party are now saying that, too. You said you haven’t had ….(b)…? I
say you don’t have ….(c)… ideas!
a. much / a lot
b. enough time / time enough
c. any / no
EXERCISE 11: Complete these sentences with all the possible relative
pronouns THAT; WHO; WHICH; - or WHOSE
1) Thank you very much for the present ……………………….. you sent me.
2) She was dancing with a student, ………………………… had a slight limp.
3) I’m looking after some children ……………….…………. are terribly spoilt.
4) Romeo and Juliet were two lovers ………………… parents hated each
other.
5) There wasn’t any directory in the phone box ………………..……. I was
phoning from.
6) The chair …….………………………. I was sitting on, suddenly collapsed.
7) The Smiths, ……………………… house had been destroyed in the
explosions, were given rooms in the hotel.