Master Plan for Integrated Development of Karli Sub-Basin Water Resources

Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Karli Sub-Basin (WF-77)
Government of Maharashtra
Water Resources Department
Executive Director
Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation
Thane
Chief Engineer
Konkan Region, Mumbai
Superintending Engineer
South Konkan Irrigation Project Circle,
Sindhudurg-nagari
Executive Engineer
Sindhudurg Irrigation Division, Ambadpal
Draft Report
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR

KARLI SUB- BASIN
0
Abbreviations:
A
ACZ Agro climatic Zone
AER Agro Ecological Region
AI/DC Area Irrigated /Day Cusecs
amsl Above mean sea level
APMC Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee
ARG Automatic Rain gauge Station
AWC Available Water Capacity
B
bgl Below Ground level
C
CA Catchment Area
CADA Command Area Development Authority
CBIP Central Board of Irrigation and Power
CDAP Comprehensive District Agricultural Planning
CDO Central Designs Organisation
CGWB Central Ground Water Board
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CWC Central Water Commission
D
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
DIRD Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development
DOA Department of Agriculture, GOM
DOLR Department of Land Resources, GOI
DPA Drought Prone Area
E
Ecdsm Electrical Conductivity of soil
EGS Employment Generation Scheme
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
F
FCS Full Climatological Station
FLD Front Line Demonstration
G
GCA Gross Command Area
GD Gauge and Discharge Station
GIS Geographical Information System
1
GOI Govt. of India

GOM Govt. of Maharashtra
GOS Gate Operation Schedule
GPS Global Positoning System
GSDA Groundwater Survey and Development Agency,Pune
GSI Geological Survey of India
GUI Grapical User Interface
GW Groundwater
H
HP Hydrology Project, WRD
HW Hot weather
I
IBWT Inter Basin Water Transfer
ICA Irrigable command area
ICAR Indian Council for Agriculture Research
ICPO Irrigation cum power outle
IDMWRP Integrated Development and Management of Water Resources Plan
IIT Indian Institute of Technology
IM D India Meteorological Department
IPI Irrigation Projects Investigation
ISWP Integrated State Water Plan
IWRDM Integrated Water Resources Development and Management
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
IWWA Indian Water Works Association
J
JSA Jalyukt Shiwar Abhiyan
L
LIS Lift Irrigation Scheme
lpm Liters per Minute
LUMAPS Land Use Management Activities And Practices
M
MERC Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission
MERI Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute
MI Minor Irrigation
MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
MIS Modern Irrigation System
MJP Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran
MMDB Maharashtra Marketing Development Board
MMISF Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers
2
(MMISF)
MNRE Ministry of Nonconventional and Renewable Energy
MOA Ministry of Agriculture, GOI
MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forest
MOWR Ministry Of Water Resources
MRSAC Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Centre
MSAMB Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board
MSEB Maharashtra State Electricity Board
MSNA Maharashtra Sujal Nirmal Abhiyan
MTPD Metric Ton Per Day
MUS Million Units (Million kWh)
MW&IC Maharashtra Water & Irrigation Commission
MWRRA Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority
MWSIP Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Project
N
NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NBSS&LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning,Nagpur
NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
NFS Non Farm Sector
NGO Non-Government Organisation
NGRI National Geophysical Research Institute
NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme
NWC National Water Council
NWDA National Water Development Authority
NWDPRA National Watershed Development Project in Rain fed Area
NWQMP National Water Quality Monitoring Programme
NWP National Water Policy
O
OB Observation well
OPS Other Priority Sectors
P
PIM Participatory Irrigation Management
PLF Plant Load Factor
PLP Potential linked credit plan
PT Percolation Tank
R
R & RV Renovation and Revitalisation
R& R Rehabilitation and Resettlement
RBA River Basin Agency
3
RIF Rainfall Infiltration Factor

ROS Reservoir Operation Schedule
RR Rainfall Runoff
RRSSC Regional Remote Sensing Services Centre
RS Remote Sensing
RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate
S
SAA Service Area Approach
SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio
SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission
SEZ Special Economic Zones
SRG Standard Rain gauge Station
STP Sewerage Treatment Plant
SW Surface water
SWB State Water Board
SWC State Water Council
SWQMP State Water Quality Monitoring Program
SWP State Water Policy
T
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TGA Total Geographical Area
TMC Thousand Million Cubic Feet
TOR Terms of Reference
U
UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme For Small And Medium
Town
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USSSL U.S.Soil Salinity Laboratory
W
WALMI Water and Land Management Institute
WAMADSS Watershed Management Decision Support Scheme
WER Water Evaporation Retardant
WLF Water Level Fluctuation
WMO World Meteorological Organisation
WRD Water Resources Department
WTP Water Treatment Plants
WUA Water Users Association
4
Executive Summary
This report provides valuable information related to the topographic,
demographic, climatic, surface and ground water resources, hydro-
meteorological and water quality scenario of Karli sub- basin. The core
components of the water network include the river Karli, and its principal
tributaries.
The entire Karli river system flows through the state of Maharashtra in
Sindhudurg and Kolhapur districts .This river receives several tributaries on both
the banks, out of which its principal tributaries joining Karli sub basin are the
Hateri and pitdhaval .The overall catchment comprises of 1 Watersheds.Karli
sub-basin comprises of 812.65 Sq.Km (MRSAC Nagpur) and 825.59 Sq.Km (As
per Hydrology study chp. No.06 Report) catchment area falling entirely in the
state of Maharashtra.
The Karli sub-basin falls in Western Ghats and Coastal part. The Karli
sub-basin has a tropical climate. The mean annual rainfall is more than 350 cm.
The mean July temperature varying between 25 °C and 30 °C and mean January
temperatures between 18 °C and 30 °C.
The Sub basin falls into major agro-climatic zones .Major part of the sub
basin 409 sq.km is covered with agricultural area. Approximately 7.67 % of the
sub basin area is covered byforest; Wasteland covers around 12.94 % of the total
basin area. The important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils,
lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils (red and black, red and yellow, etc.) and
saline and alkaline soils.
As per 2011 census, the total population in the sub basin is about 200547
falling in 2 districts. There are 10 Rain Gauge stations, 2Gauge Discharge (GD)
stations. quality observations are. The GSDA is monitoring the ground water
levels four times a year through a network of 1620 ground water observation
wells.
5
There is not significant floating population in the basin. Karli Sub basin
consists of surface water bodies in the form of ponds, reservoirs, tanks etc.
Generally the water bodies in the basin provide water suitable for irrigation, and
water supply. Water Resource project reservoirs are the most predominant with
the total number of 159 in the sub basin. There are 1 Major, 0 Medium, 13
Minor, 2 K.T Weir (state sector) ,143 (local sector projects) and Zilla Parishad
projects in Karli Basin.
The major crops grown in the basin are mangoes, cashew nuts, jackfruits,
etc. Presently 6102.00 ha are provided with irrigation facility. As per planning
proposed in this report, all cultivable command can be irrigated with the
available resources. Import of water from other basin is not necessary.
The water dependability of Karli sub basin at 50% is 2024.09 Mm3 and at
75% is 1720.96 Mm3.
Salient Features Of Karli River Valley
Basin:- Karli/Maharashtra Salient Features
1 Geographical area 825.59 sq km (As per Hydrology study chp.
No.06)
812.65 Sq.Km (MRSAC Nagpur )
2 Cultivable area 409 Sq.Km (As per Agriculture Dept.)
3 Districts Covered 1) Sindhudurg 2) Kolhapur
4 Taluka Covered 1) Sindhudurg District
1) Kudal, 2) Sawantwadi, 3) Malvan,
4) Kankavali 5) Vengurla
2) Kolhapur District
1) Ajara 2) Bhudargad
5 Population (Lakhs) Year Total
*(As Per census 2011) 2011 2.00 lakh
2030 2.50 lakh
6 No. of Watersheds 1
7 Main River Karli
8 Main Tributaries Hateri,Pitdhaval
9 Geology Major portion of basin consists of Basalt –
92.6 % remaining consists of Alluvium &
laterite formation
10 Soils
6
i) Soil type and Fertility Major texture – Gravelly, sandy clay loam;
shallow to very deep soils. 52% of good
arable land .The soils are laterite and coastal
alluvial.
ii) Soil Suitability for crops Rice, coconut, oilseeds, millets, pulses and are
the main crops.
11 Land Use Pattern
i) Agro Climatic Zone Karli sub-basin fall in Agro climatic zone no.
(vii) i.e. Western coastal plains and Ghats.
ii) Present Land Use( Lakhs ha) 1. Forest-6000 ha
2. Net sown area-25900 ha
3.Cultivable area-40900 ha
4. Gross Cropped area- 26600 Ha
(Data from Agriculture Department)
12 Hydrology
i) Annual Rainfall in mm The mean annual rainfall is more than 350
cm.
ii) Surface water Availability(Mm3) 50% Dep. Average Dep. 75% Dep.
2024.09 2018.20 1720.96
iii) Categorization of Sub basin: CA – 40900 Ha, Surface Water Available -
Surface water available per ha of 1720.96 Mm3
CA i.e. 19458 m3/Ha. Hence basin is abundant.
iv) Ground water availability(mm3) 1) Net GW: 50.90,
2) Utilizable GW (70%):35.63.
3) Current Draft: 25.09
4) Balance GW potential:10.54
It is a safe watershed. Hence, Groundwater
development is possible
vi) Watershed No & category Over exploited:00; Critical:00; Semi
critical:00; Safe:1, Total watersheds: 1
13 Water Quality b) Ground
a) Surface Water
Water(polluted)
Polluted stretches
No of Villages: NA
length: NA
7
Table : Annexture – Water Balance of Karli Valley
Sr. Availability Ref Planning Mm3 Sr. Use Ref Planning Mm3
No Table Present 2030 No Table Present 2030
1 Natural 1 Non Irrigation

Use
a Natural Water Available 1720.96 1720.96 1.1 Domestic 3.378 4.201
2 Manually Managed a Urban
a Regeneration 0 0.44 b Rural +Live
Stock
Urban Use
b Regeneration 0 0 Sub Total (a+b) 3.378 4.201
Ind. Use
SubTotal (a+b) 0 0.44 1.2 Industrial Use 0.72 3.285
Intra Basin/Sub Basin 0 0 Sub Total 4.098 7.486
Transfer (Import) (1.1+1.2)
Water Required through 0 0 2 Intra Basin/Sub 0 0
River Basin Transfer
(Import for
Industry)
3 Water for 0 13.883
Environment
5 Recharge from Irrigation 0 0 Sub Total 4.098 21.369
(1+2+3)
6 Ground water 25.09 35.63 4 Irrigation Use 53.703 361.656
4.1 Major + 0 0
Medium
State + Local
From Import 0 0
Total(1+2+3+4+5+6) 1746.05 1757.47 Total 57.801 383.025
Balance water 1688.25 1374.45
for Irrigation
8
Konkan in Karli - Picture of Intigrated Water Balance

`Status Available Water (Mm3) Total Water Use (Mm3) Balance
Total Water Recycled water Import Water Export Total (6-7)
Domestic
Industrial
Irrigation
Ecology
available from domestic & (2+3+4+5) (7+8+9+10+11)
Intra Inter Intra Inter
1%
Surface + industrial use basin Basin basin Basin
Ground
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Present 1746.05 0 0 - 1746.05 3.378 0.72 53.703 0 0 0 57.801 1688.249
Status
Status by 1757.03 0.44 0 - 1757.47 4.201 3.285 361.656 13.883 0 0 383.025 1374.445
2030
9
Officers involved in Preparing Integrated State Water Plan for Karli Sub Basin :
Basin Incharge :- Shri M. J. Naik Superintending Engineer, South Konkan

Irrigation Project circle, Sindhudurgnagari
Sr.No. Contribution of Officer For Preparation Of ISWP
1 Shri M.U.Girase, Executive Engineer, Sindhudurg Irrigation Division,

Ambadpal
10
INDEX
Page No.
Sr. No. Name
From To
1 Introduction
1.1 Need And Principles Of Integrated Development And

Management Of Water Resources (IDMWR)
1.2 Objectives Of A State Water Plan For A Basin.
1.3 Objectives Of The Maharashtra State Water Policy
1.4 State Water Plan
1.5 Location of basin
1.6 Catchment Area
1.7 Demographic Profile of the Sub Basin
1.8 Topographical description
2 River System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Status of Rivers & Tributaries
2.3 Topographical Description
2.4 Prominent Features
2.5 Geomorphology:
3 Geology and Soils
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Land Capability Classification:
3.3 Soil Erodibility
3.4 Soil Physical Properties
3.4.1 Soil Depth Classification of Karli Sub Basin
3.5 Irrigability Classes
3.5.1Fertility status of soils in Karli Sub Basin
3.6 Saline and Alkaline soil :
3.7 Details of area of textural class :
3.7.1 Details of area of textural class
3.8 Soil suitability and soil health
3.9.1 Land development
3.9.2 Soil Series
4 Hydrometeorology
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Climatic conditions of Basin
4.1.1 Rainfall Data
4.2 Meteorology
5 Agriculture
5. Introduction
5.1 Land Use Pattern in Karli Basin:
5.2 Land Holding in Karli Basin:
5.3. Area & Production for various Crops in Karli Basin
5.3.1 Production for Fruit Crops Karli Basin
5.4. Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Karli Basin
5.5. Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg. /ha.) in
Karli Basin
5.6. Water Saving Techniques in Karli Basin
11
5.7. Agricultural Research Institutions in Karli Basin

5.8 Agricultural Extension Services:
5.8.1 National Horticulture Mission (NHM):
5.8.2 Dryland Agriculture Mission
5.8.3 Extension
5.8.4 Horticulture
5.8.5 Soil Conservation
5.8.6 Input and Quality Control
6 Surface Water Resources
6.1 Preamble
6.1.1 Nodal Points
6.2 Karli Basin
6.3 Past Assessments of Availability of Water
6.4 Data Available:
6.4.1 Rainfall Data
6.4.2 Weighted mean Rainfall
6.4.3 Discharge Data
6.5 Methodology adopted for assessment of availability:
6.6 Water availability:
6.6.1 Rainfall- Runoff Relationship
6.7 Gross yield series
6.8 Directives In State Water Board Meeting:-
7 Ground Water Resources
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Groundwater occurrence
7.2.1 Hydrological Properties of Hard Rock
7.2.1.1 Porosity and Permeability
7.2.1.2 Cleavage
7.2.1.3 Joints
7.2.2 Static Water Level Data
7.2.3 Groundwater level maps of the Karli Basin
7.3 Ground Water Availability
7.3.1 Ground water recharge
7.3.1.1 Norms for estimation of recharge
7.3.2 Ground water draft
7.3.3 Stage of groundwater development and categorization
of units
7.3.3.1 Categorization of areas for groundwater
development
7.3.4 Allocation of ground water resource for utilization
7.3.5 Poor quality ground water
7.3.6 Apportioning of ground water assessment from
watershed to development unit
7.3.7 Additional Potential Recharge
7.3.8 Recommendations of R&D Advisory Committee
7.3.8.1 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment Units
7.3.8.2 Future allocation of groundwater resources
7.3.9 Groundwater Recharge in Karli Basin
7.3.10 Groundwater draft in Karli Basin:
7.3.11 Groundwater Balance and Stage of Development in
Karli Basin
7.3.12 Groundwater Availability & Use of Groundwater
7.3.13 Groundwater Status:
7.4. Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management)
Act 2009
12
8 Irrigation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Area
8.3 Yield
8.4 Directives in state water board meeting
8.5 Irrigation
8.5.1 (A+B) Projects Completed and Under-Construction.
8.5.2 Interstate Project
8.5.3 Lift Irrigation Schemes to other Basins
8.5.4 Well Irrigation
8.5.5 Sewage Irrigation
8.6 Siltation in Reservoirs and Silt monitoring
8.7. Micro Irrigation
8.8. Industrial Water use
8.9 Summary
9 Water Conservation
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Status of Watershed Development and Management
9.2 Soil Conservation Works
9.3 JalyuktShivarAbhiyan
9.3.1 Abstract of JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan Works in Karli
Basin
9.3.2 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan in Karli Basin
9.3.3 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan in Karli Basin – Sindhudurg
9.3.5 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan in Karli Basin – Kolhapur
District
9.4 Review of Impact
9.5- Increase in Recharge due to Completed of Small Scale
Irrigation Schemes
9.6. Construction & Maintenance
9.7 Summary
10 Floods
10.1 Introduction :
10.2 Flood Prone Area of Karli river basin
10.2.1 Prominent floods in History
10.2.2 Flood damage in the year2011
10.2.3 Maharashtra State water Policy
10.3 Critical Points from view of Flood Control
10.4.1 Rainfall Phenomena Pattern
10.5 Preventive Actions
10.5.1 Alert signal
10.5.2 Control Measures for Prevention of Damage
10.5.3 The prohibitive zone
10.5.4 The restrictive zone :
10.6 The Caution Zone.
10.6.1 The information regarding the same is communicated
immediately to Revenue and Police Authorities by WRD.
10.6.2 Blue Zone
10.6.3 Green Zone
10.6.4 Red Zone
10.7 Recommendations related to Flood in the Karli river basin
10.8 Reference:
11 Drainage
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Identification And Norms Of Damaged Area
11.2.1 Identification of water logged area.
13
11.2.2 Identification and norms of salt affected area

11.3 Drainage system
11.4 Water logging and soil salinity.
11.5 Land Damage Index –
12 Drinking Water (Municipal and Rural)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Coverage Of Scheme In The Sub Basin Karli.
12.3 Population, Water Demand And Supply –
12.4 Management Of Water Resources
12.4.1 Following Plans Are Suggested
12.5 Distribution And Management (O&M)
12.6 Management plan and Infrastructure
12.7 Sspecialconsiderationfor rural water supply schemes
12.8 Recycle & Reuse Of Water For Irrigation
13 Industries
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas
13.3 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors
13.4 Present Scenario
13.5 Present use of Water_ Basin wise:
13.5.1 Karli Basin…
14 Legal Issues (Tribunal Awards / Inter State Agreements)
15 Trans Basin Diversions

15.0 Introduction
15.1 Inter-Basin Diversions At National Level
15.2 Intra-Basin Diversion At State Level
15.2.1 Existing Infrastructure
15.2.2 Import and export of water from basin.
16 Other Special Requirements

16.0- Introduction
16.1 Hydro Power Generation in Karli Basin
16.2 Navigation
16.3 Recreation
16.4 Tourism
16.5 Tourism facilities developed near the lakes in future.
17 Environmental Management And Ecology

17.0 Background
17.1 Inrtroduction
17.2 Karli Sub Basin
17.3 Probable Sources of Water Pollution in Karli Sub Basin
17.3.1 Urban Development
17.3.2 Industrial Wastewater
17.3.3 Leachate and Solid Waste
17.3.4 Agricultural Practices
17.3.5 Lack of maintaining minimum water level in water
17.3.6 Algal Growth
17.3.7 Siltation
17.3.8 Miscellaneous sources
17.4. Sewage General Potential
17.5. Industrial Effluent Potential
17.6. Hydraulic and Organic Load
17.7 Local Estimation for Sewage
14
17.8 Water Sampling and Quality Monitoring Stations

17.9 Environment Management
17.10 Control of Pollution at the Source
17.10.1 Sewage Treatment Plants
17.10.2 Sewage Irrigation (Short Term Temporary Relief)
17.11 Control of Pollution in the Path (Short & Long Term
Relief)
17.11.1 Nallah Treatment using In-situ Phytoremediation
17.11.2 Control of Pollution at End of Pipe
17.11.3 Desilting
17.11.4 Mechanical Aeration
17.11.5 Marine Adaption or Biological rejunevation
17.12 Physical Cleaning & Beautification
17.12.1 Minimum Flow in the River
17.13 Conservation& Best Possible Options for Improvement
18 Institutional Arrangements
18.1 River Basin Agencies
18.1.1 At present, five Irrigation Development
Corporations
18.1.2 State Water Policy, 2003
18.1.3 The MWRRA Act 2005
18.1.4 Maharashtra Act No. III of 1998
19 Use of Modern Tools
19.0 Introduction
19.1. Watershed Important:
19.2. Geographic Information System:
19.3 The components of a GIS
19.3.1 Data-
19.3.2 Software-
19.3.3 Platform-
19.3.4 User-
19.4 Environmental application of GIS
19.5 Software used
19.6 Approaches of GIS application in watershed management
19.7 Groundwater modeling in watershed
19.7.1 Related Technologies
19.7.2 Global positioning systems (GPS)
20 Water Balance
20.0 Introduction
20.1 Yield in the Sub basin
20.2 Availability and use of water
20.3 Sectorial Water demands for Surface and Ground water
20.4 Water Available for future use
20.5 Per capita availability of water
20.6 Water availability per ha of Cultivable area
21 Financial Aspects
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Irrigation Potential Status
21.3 Cost Efficiency
21.4 Financial Status in Vaghotan Sub Basin
21.5 Water Supply Schemes
22 Action Plans
22.1 Development Plan
22.1.1 New Irrigation
22.1.2 Water Conservation
15
22.1.2.1 Water Conservation (Local Sector)

22.1.3 Drinking Water MJP action plan
22.1.3.1 MJP Development Plan
22.1.3.2 MJP Action Plan
22.1.3.3 Measures to be taken after completion of schemes
22.2 Flood Management
22.3 Rainfall
22.4 Recommendations of Study Groups/Committees/
Commissions
22.4.1 Recommendations related to flood
22.5 Management Plan
22.5.1 MPCB- Water Quality Management Plan
22.5.1.1 Action Plan for prevention of River Pollution
22.5.1.2 Industrial pollution
22.5.1.3 Financial Management
22.6 GSDA Ground Water Plan
Annexures-
Sr. Title Page No.

No. From To
1 Static water level readings from the observation wells in
Karli Basin.
2 Groundwater Recharge in Karli Sub Basin.

3 Groundwater Draft in Karli Sub Basin.
4 Groundwater Availability and Stage of Development in
Karli Sub Basin.
5 Stage of Development of Watersheds, Categories of
watershed and Groundwater availability.
6 Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes- Water use &
Irrigation Potential of completed, ongoing and Future
Projects.
Maps-
Sr. Title Page No.
No.
1 GSDA Plates (From Plate 01 to Plate 10)
2 Political Map/Road Map
3 Maps Showing all Sub Basins in Sindhudurg
4 Administrative Map Karli Sub Basin
5 Watershed Map Karli Sub Basin
16
Chapter No. 1
Introduction
The need for preparing an Integrated Water Resources Development a
Management Plan arise because water is a limited commodity with respect to its
multiple uses like agriculture, industry, domestic, power generation, flood control and
navigation. These uses lead to the demands that are not static over time and continue to
grow with increase in population and urbanization. The need for IDMWR is also due to
the fact that development of water resources comes only at a cost which changes over
time and in a welfare state the principle of maximum benefit to maximum people with
minimum cost has to be followed.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF A STATE WATER PLAN FOR A BASIN.

The objectives of a State Water Plan for a basin are:
a. To prepare a long term integrated plan for the development of the basin‟s
surface and ground water resources.
b. To identify and set priorities for promoting water resources development
projects
c. To formulate a short term action plan consistent with financial allocations and
priorities of the State Government.
D. To identify steps to promote water conservation, preservation and enhancement
of water quality.
The Total 75% dependable availability of water in this basin is 1720.96 Mm3.
Considering the culturable command statistics, the per hectare availability is 42077 Ha.
This suggests that the entire culturable command can be brought under irrigations even
after deductions for domestic purposes. It further appears that most intensive irrigation
is possible in this area. Even with slightly decreased per capita availability in 2030, all
water needs of this basin can be made available for the future industrial growth and
subsequent urbanization. In future environmental issues like minimum environmental
flow and other environmental demands can also be met with without stretching any
human needs.
1.3 Overall planning strategy.
The State of Maharashtra is geographically divided into five basins viz. 1)

Godavari, 2) Krishna, 3) Tapi, 4) Narmada and 5) West flowing rivers of
Konkan strip. West flowing rivers of Konkan strip are divided into 25 sub-
basins and 26th which includes rivers which directly joins to are. Karli is one of
those sub-basins. The geographical limit of the master plan would be Karli Sub-
17
basin, but it is important to recognize cross basin effects as well as the impact
on other environmental media. The responsibility for the planning process itself
invariably rests with the river basin organizations. The planning process has to
be designed to allow involvement and contribution from all affected parties,
including private sector, community groups and other stakeholders. The plan is
prepared by following “Whole to part approach” by dividing it into
1watersheds. The endeavour is to assess the potential of natural resources,
present management and prepare future plans.
1.4 STATE WATER PLAN
Based on the water resources management and development plans developed by

the respective river basin agencies, the State shall prepare a State Water
Resources Plan to promote a balanced development and by proper coordination
among diverse water uses, which shall include structural measures, operational
measures, watershed management measures, demand management measures
such as conservation, scarcity scheduling and efficient technologies, water
pollution control measures and monitoring measures that will assure
comprehensive sustainable management of the water resources and equity in
water distribution for the benefit of the State and its people.”
1.5 Location of basin
Basin originates near village Shivapur, Tal. Kudal, Dist. Sindhudurg.
Table 1.5.1 Location details of basin.
From To
Latitude 16º-3'-30"N 15º-58'-00"N
Longitude 74º-00'-30"E 73º-30-'00‫״‬E
(Source – Topo sheets)
1.5.1 RAIN FALL VARIATION IN (WF-77) BASIN
Rainfall variation in WF-77 basin ranges from maximum 6326 mm to min 1600
mm, Average rainfall is 3719 mm.
1.6 Catchment Area
The geographical area of Karli-basin in Maharashtra is 86054.36 Sq.Km. with

length of 91 Km. from origin to confluence with Tarkarli creek .
18
Table 1.6.1 Details of catchment area of Basin.
Total Catchment Kolhapur District Sindhudurg District

area of Karli- basin
Area Sq.Km. Percentage Area Sq.Km. Percentage
(Sq.Km)
812.65 27.89 3.43 % 784.75 96.57%
(Source- 1) MRSAC, NAGPUR
1.6.2. Talukas in (WF-77) Basin & their area
Table1.6.2 – Talukawise catchment area details of basin.
Sr. No. Description District Taluka Area in Sq. Km.

1 2 3 4 5
1) Area in (WF-77) Kolhapur Ajara 2.98
Basin (Sq.Km) Bhudargad 24.91
Sindhudurg Sawantwadi 1.00
Kankavali 0.06
kudal 609.79
malvan 138.21
Vengurla 35.67
Total 812.65
(Source- GSDA, Pune)
Map of basin is attached as per Map
Table1.6.3 – Boundary details of sub basin.
Sr.No. Direction Particular

1 North Tal.Kankavali Dist Sindhudurg.
2 East Tal Bhudargad and Tal. Ajara Dist Kolhapur.
3 West Arebian sea.
4 South Goa State.
(Source- Topo sheet)
1.8 Topographical description

Karli basin (WF-77) covers part of western side of Sahyadri ranges .Area divided in two parts
1.Ghat Area and 2. Rest part.
Table 1.8.1 – Elevation details of sub basin

Elevation in Meter
Area of basin
From To
Hill Area 800 220
Ghat area 200 90
Rest Area 90 20
(Source- Google earth)
19
Map shows satellite image of WF-77 basin.
Chapter-2
20
River-System
2.0 River-System
Karli sub-basin is the part of Konkan Sub-Basin covers an area of about812.65sq.km, which
lies completely in Maharashtra in following districts:
Kolhapur,& Sindhudurg district.
2.1 Karli River

The Karli River is main river.Originating at shivapur Tal.kudal,Dist-Sindhudurg. The total
length of karli river is 91km.The important tributaries of the Karli River are
Hateri,Pitdhaval.The Catchment area of entire Karli River is 812.65 km2 which lies completely
in Maharashtra
The important tributaries of the Karli River are:-
(i) Hareri
(ii) Pitdhaval
Table No. 2.1: Details of Tributaries in the Sub-Basin
ORIGIN MERGING PLACE

Sr. SUB LENGTH
RIVER ELEVATION ELEVATION
No RIVER in km PLACE PLACE
in m in m
1 Karli - 91 Shivapur 800 Deobag 20
2 - Hateri 12.40 Narur 500 Pandur 46
3 - Pitdhaval 16.9 Nirukhe 540 Anganewadi 32
2.2 Topographical Description

The spread of the basin lies in following District and Taluka‟s:-
District
Sindhudurg Kolhapur
Taluka
1 Kankavali Ajra
2 Kudal Bhudargad
3 Vengurla
4 Malvan
5 Sawantwadi
Boundaries of basin :- North - Tal-Kankavali,

South -Tal-Bhudargad and Tal-Ajara,
East - Arebian sea,
West - Goa state.
21
Prominient Features Of Karli Sub-Basin

Table No. 2.2
Sr.No. Particulars Total

Topographical Area in km2
1 As per MRSAC,Nagpur 812.65
As per Hydrology Study 825.59
2 No. of watersheds 1
3 Main Tributaries 2
4 No. of villages 188
5 Main Urban Centres
Nagar Nagar
District MahanagarPalika Grampanchayat
Parishad Palika
Sindhudurg Sawantwadi Kudal
Malvan - Kankavali-
vengurla
Population (2011) 200547
A) Ajara 974
B) Bhudargad 3840
C) Kudal 129326
6
D) Sawantwadi 14899
E)vengurla 5992
F)kankavali 1218
G)Malvan 44298
7 Total CCA Ha 40900
Refer Watershede map, and River System & Rain gauge station & Projects in Karli Basin
2.3 Geomorphology of the Sub-Basin

The basin is roughly leaf in shape. Easten end of the area is flanked by western ghat (sahyadri
ranges).The physiography of the basin has given rise to three major characteristics land form
(1) hills, ghats and plateau (2)The foot hill zone (3)plains. This basin consists of 80%hilly area
and 20% flat plateau which is fit for cultivation.
2.4 Geology of the Sub-Basin

The Sub-basin is covered almost entirely by Deccan basalt of Upper Cretaceous to eoceneage
except for a few patches of alluvium occurring in the river valleys. The Deccan Trap is capped
by laterite at a few places.
The Deccan basalt flows are classified as „pahoehoe‟ and „aa‟ and are normally aphyric
to feldspar phyric. At places, some of the feldspar flows are quite extensive and serve as
reliable regional markers for grouping the flows into various formations. Three different
22
megacryst horizons viz. (M1, M2, and M3) have been identified and on the basis of these
marker horizons the lava pile has been divided into six formations. The lowermost Salher
Formation comprises of 11 aphyric flows which is followed by Lower Ratangarh Formation
comprising 7 fine grained feldspar phyric flows. Upper Ratangarh Formation comprising 6
aphyric to feldspar phyric „aa‟ flows appear next in the sequence. The uppermost Karla
Formation comprises of 3 compound pahoehoe flows of aphyric nature.
The overall the drainage course of rivers is very short and shows the drainage pattern
which is controlled by structure of the bed rock i.e. Deccan Lava flows. Hence water flowing in
them causes heavy erosion. Near the confluence of the sea, the rivers are affected by tidal effect
causing the salinity.
Geological formation of Karli sub Basin is mainly consists of

Dharwar,peninsulargneiss,Kaladgi,calnozoic and sausar group (stratographic map is attatched
herewith)
Stratigraphic Information of the Sub basin
LITHOLOGY ROCKTYPE STRATIGRAPHIC

STATUS
Basalt Aa/pahoehoe/Simple flows Deccan trap (Sahyadri
(Mahabaleshwar/Karanja) Group)
Massive Granite & Plutonic Granite/Pegmatite/aplite Peninsular gneiss
Rocks
Phyllite / Schist / Slate Quartz chlorite amphibolite Dharwar
schist/ferruginous phyllite
Laterite Laterite (Ferricrete) Cainozoic
Quartzite with Shale/Phyllite Quartzite/quartz sericite schist Dharwar
bands
Bedded Sandstone/Quartzite Sedimentary quartzite Kaladgi
(Source : MRSAC DATA)
23
Chapter No. 3
Geology & soils
Part I – GEOLOGY
3.1. Introduction:
Karli sub-basin is made up ofriverKarli& its Tributaries Hateri,
Pithdhavalin Sindhudurg district in the states of Maharashtra. River Karli is
major river of length 92 kmwhich originates near village Shivapur, and
meets Arabian sea near villageDevabag of Tal.Malvan..Rainfall variation
in basin ranges from maximum 6500 mm to min 3500 mm, Average rainfall
is 3573.12 mm. The geographical area of Karli -basin in Maharashtra is
825.59.SqKm. with length of 56.50 Km. from origin to confluence with
Arabian sea. Groundwater availability in the sub basin is controlled by
topography, geo-morphology, lithology and geo-hydrology of the surface and
subsurface rocks. The net annual groundwater availability is 1169.62 Mm3.
3.2. Geology:
Geological formation of Karli sub Basin is mainly consists of Dharwar,
peninsulargneiss, Kaladgi, calnozoic and sausar group (stratographic map is attatched
herewith)
Stratigraphic Information of the Sub basin
LITHOLOGY ROCKTYPE STRATIGRAPHIC

STATUS
Basalt Aa/pahoehoe/Simple flows Deccan trap (Sahyadri
(Mahabaleshwar/Karanja) Group)
Massive Granite & Plutonic Granite/Pegmatite/aplite Peninsular gneiss
Rocks
Phyllite / Schist / Slate Quartz chlorite amphibolite Dharwar
schist/ferruginous phyllite
Laterite Laterite (Ferricrete) Cainozoic
Quartzite with Shale/Phyllite Quartzite/quartz sericite schist Dharwar
bands
Bedded Sandstone/Quartzite Sedimentary quartzite Kaladgi
(Source : MRSAC DATA)

A. Dharwar Supergroup :
DharwarSupergroup of the Archaean- Palaeo- Protrozoic (> 2500 to 2000 m.y. Age)
occupying maximum area of the SubBasin, forms the oldest lithostatigraphic unit which
comprises Meta-Grewake, Chlorite- Phyllite, Quartz-Sericite / Muscovite Schist,
Metabasalt / Metagabro and Amphibolite / Hornblend Schist which are intruded by
Granit.Inkarli sub basin Dharvarsupergoup lies in east and west direction.
24
B. KaladgiSupergroup :
KaladgiSupergroup of Meso-to Neo-Proterozoic age (1600 to 570 m.y.) lies in the west
of the basin and mainly consist of Shale.It occupies very less area of the basin
C. Peninsular Gneiss
Peninsular Gneiss is a term coined to highlight the olde r gneissic complex
of the metamorphics found all over the Indian Peninsula.
The Archean gneisses and schists, which are the oldest rocks of the Indian
Shield, constitute a considerable area of Peninsular India.It lies almost in
all direction but most of the part is in south direction of basin.
D. Laterite
Laterite belonging to Cainozoic of Quarternary age (< 1.64 m.y.) occurs on isolated
plateaus- Tops with thickness varying from a few meters to as much as 30 m.
Secondary laterite derived by the erosion of the high level (Plateau) laterite, occupies
hill slopes and valley floors.
E. Deccan Trap (sahyadri group)

Basalt flows belonging to Deccan Trap of Late- Cretaceous Palaeogene (68 to 62 m.y.)
occupy major part of the basin. In Karli sub basin Deccan trap lies in the north-East
direction.
Part II - Soils
3.3 Introduction
In any agricultural region or basin choice of appropriate crop is a basic need for
successful farming. Soil is one of the most important factor for deciding crops and
cropping systems. Information on soils and their characteristics are very useful to
planners, administrators and decision makers for planning the basin for sustainable
agricultural production. To take full advantage of soils for increasing productivity of
crops, soil properties such as land capability class, texture, depth, slope, infiltration
rate of water, available water content of soil, irrigability class etc. have been described
below.
3.4 Land Capability Classification:
The suitability of land for irrigation depends on physical and socio-economic factors in
addition to soil irrigability class. Six land irrigability classes are defined. The
definitions for these six land irrigability classes are as below –
Class I : Lands that have few limitations.
Class II : Lands that have moderate limitations.
Class III : Lands that have severe limitations.
Class IV : Lands that are marginal for sustained use under irrigation.
Class V : Lands that are temporarily classed as not suitable for
sustained use under irrigation.
Class VI : Lands not suitable for sustained use under irrigation.
25
Table-3.4.1 Land capability classification in the area of Karli Sub Basin

Sr. Land Capability class AREA OF % of total
No. EACH CLASS area in each
class
1 Class-I Very good cultivable land 10.00 0.00
2 Class-II Good cultivable land 4469.58 5.50
3 Class-III Moderately good cultivable land 18885.99 23.24
4 Class-IV Fairly good land suitable for occasional 14.22
cultivation 11555.88
5 Class-V Nearly level land not suitable for cultivation 0.00
because of stoniness wetness etc. 0.00
6 Class-VI Steep slope highly erosion with shallow soil. 5404.12 6.65
7 Class-VII Steep slope with severe soil erosion resulting in
eroded stony and rough soil surfaces with 22.45
shallow soil depth. 18243.99
8 Class-VIII Very steep slope with very severe soil erosion
resulting in very eroded stony and rough soil 13.60
surfaces shallow. 11052.04
9 Remaining area is consist of waterbody mask and Habitation 11620.90 14.30
(Source :MRSAC DATA.)
3.5 Soil Erodibility

.The large area in this sub-basin is hilly having sleep gradient, hence survey to know
the extent of erodibility is necessary.(Erodibility map is attatched herewith. )
Table-3.4.2 Soil Erodibility classification in the area of Karli Sub Basin

SR. SOIL ERODIBILITY AREA OF EACH % OF TOTAL AREA
NO. CLASS IN EACH CLASS
1 Moderate 15440.35 19.00
2 Moderate to severe 39364.77 48.44
3 None 1186.47 1.46
4 None to slight 5233.47 6.44
5 Severe 1357.13 1.67
6 Slight to moderate 8484.07 10.44
5 Remainig area consist of habitation 11620.90 14.30
mask and water body
3.6 Soil Physical Properties

Soils are dark reddish brown, dark brown & yellowish red in colour. The parent
material from which soils are derived is Lateritic& basalt. The infiltration ranges
between 2.0 to 7.0 cm / hour.
The soils depth determines the quality of soil from the point of view of crop production.
Deep soils offer more volume for proliferation of plant roots and large area for
absorption of water and nutrients.
26
Table-3.4.3- Soil Depth classification of Karli Sub Basin
Sr.No Depth Range (cm) Area Ha Area (%)

1 Extremely shallow 0 - 7.5 10897.64 13.41
2 Very shallow to shallow 7.5 - 25 19544.23 24.05
3 Slightly deep to 25 - 45 10296.28 12.67
Moderately deep
4 Deep 45 and above 34041.91 41.89
5 Remaining area consist of
Habitation mask and water body ----------- 11620.90 14.30

3.7 Chemical Properties
The Project wise test results of chemical properties of soil samples collected during pre
irrigation soil survey in this sub basin are as below.
Table 3.4.4 Fertility status of soils in Karli Sub Basin
Sr. Soil Property No. of soil sample Class No. of samples %
No. analyzed observed
1 pH 1178 Acidic 1147 97.37
Neutral 25 2.12
Alkaline 6 0.51
2 EC (ds/m) 1178 Low 1178 100.00
Medium 0 0.00
High 0 0.00
3 N 1178 Low 54 4.58
Medium 127 10.78
High 997 84.63
4 Available P 1178 Low 383 32.51
Medium 298 25.30
High 497 42.19
5 Available K 1178 Low 309 26.23
Medium 246 20.88
High 623 52.89
(Source :SOIL TESTING LAB SONDHUDURG.)
3.8 Irrigability Classes:

The interpretation of soil & land conditions for irrigation is concerned primarily with
predicting the behavior of soil under greatly altered water regime brought about by
introduction of irrigation. For irrigation projects special interpretations & classification
of the soils for sustained use under irrigation are often required.
The soil survey of the command area is designed to ensure that all the
interpretations are gathered during the course of soil survey. The soils are first grouped
into soil irrigability classes according to their limitations for sustained use under
27
irrigation. Special attention is given to the factors namely the drainability of the land
and the predicted effect of the irrigation water as to soil salinity and alkalinity status of
the soils under equilibrium condition with the irrigation water.
Soil irrigability classes are defined in terms of the degree of soil limitations for
development and their requirement for irrigation as follows.
Class A : None to slight soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Class B : Moderate soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Class C : Severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Class D : Very severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Class E : Not suited for irrigation (or non-irrigable soil classes)
Most of the soilsoccur A, B class of soil irrgability.
The lateritic soils are moderately fertile. These are the soils developed on
laterite. Which is it self derived from the basalt trap. They are composed of a little clay
and much gravel of red sandstone rocks. Although there is no agreement among soil
scientists as regards the origin of laterite, it is widely accepted that the process of
laterization conditions. The lateric soils are as a rule, very poor in phosphoric acid
which is the most important plant food. Due to heavy rainfall the base is leached away
along with the silicic acid and hence the residual rock material is acidic and contains
high proportion of iron and aluminum oxide. These oxides lend the red color that is so
typical of these soils.The laterite soil is the predominant soil in the basin. Extensive
spreads of laterites are noticed throughout the basin. Regionally these laterite soils gets
mixed with trappean soils in the hilly areas while along the coast they form of banks of
loams mixed with alluvium and sand. They vary in color from red to brownish red,
owing to the preponderance of hydrated iron oxides. They are fairly well supplied with
nitrogen and organic matter. Their texture is loamy. They are porous and not moisture
retentive. The acidity and porosity on these soils have posed a problem for the
agricultural development in the basin. These soils are foundin several grades, the main
being paddy soils and varkas soils. Both these soils are available on the slopes of the
hills. Paddy, the principal crop of the basin grows in these soils and more than 50 per
cent of the area is under this crop. The balance land is traditionally cultivated for ragi,
vari etc. but this practice is being abandoned and there is a definite shift towards
horticultural crops in the recent years. There has been rapid increased in the area varkas
soil being brought under horticulture plantations. Entire landscape is also covered with
banana coconut, kokum, arecanut, cashewnut, rubber,jamun, pineapple and jackfruit
trees which thrive well in these soils and climate. Spices like black pepper,cinnamon,
nutmg and other pulses are also cultivated in the basin.
This is initial classification based on primarily natural drainage factor and also
other soil-characteristics as revealed in the present soil survey. A continuous watch on
behavior of sub soil water table will be necessary before and after introduction of
irrigation.
28
3.9 Saline and Alkaline soil :

In this basin soils are well drained, porous and acidic in nature. Therefore due to
introduction of irrigation, soils are not affected. Hence possibility of salt accumulation
is very negligible.
3.10 Details of area of textural class

Soil texture is more important in deciding crops, cropping systems and their
productivity. It has a great influence upon soil structure, bulk density, infiltration rate,
hydraulic conductivity, porousity and aggregate formation. It determines the soils
suitability for the crops. This character of soil is related to storage of water and
nutrients. Medium to fine textured soils can store maximum amount of moisture and
nutrients and is more favourable to the crops The textural classes clearly indicate that
major part of the sub-basin can be put to use for cultivation of difference crops
including horticulture.
Table 3.4.5 – Details of area of textural class

SR. SOIL TYPE AREA IN PERCENTAGE OF
NO. Ha AREA
1 Gravelly clay 0 0
2 Gravelly sandy clay loam 17260.69 21.24
3 Gravelly sandy loam 12368.53 15.22
4 Gravelly clay loam 17512.61 21.55
5 Sandy loam 7126.941 8.77
6 Silty loam 2925.54 3.6
7 Gravelly silty clay 8028.982 9.88
8 Gravelly silty loam 6403.682 7.88
9 Sandy clay loam 3656.925 4.5
10 Silty clay 6298.038 7.75
11 Remaining area is consist of
waterbody mask and Habitation 11620.90 14.30
(Source : MRSAC DATA.)
3.11 Soil suitability and soil health

The soil in KarliSub-basin contains very much good condition as seen. It has shown
good land capability class with 44 % of land is in aerable class. While the soil erosion
is most important part of the study, as there is need to have measures regarding soil
erosion. The depth of soil in Karli Sub-basin is quite good as maximum percentage of
soil lies in middle depth. Also chemical properties of soil in this region performs good,
as some measures are needed to take care. The irrigability of soil in this region is very
good for irrigation purpose. Hence it is seen that the soil in Karli Sub-basin has good
health & have best suitability for agriculture.
29
3.11.1 Land development

In KarliSub-basin the drainability of soil is quite good. In this region no any drainage
schemes are undertaken yet. As the region is not levelled and hilly. The land grading
&levelling for the purpose of agriculture has been done in the region.
3.11.2 Soil Series

Some important soil series done with soil series already formed as mentioned
below.(Soil Series map is attatched herewith)
Table-3.4.6 – Soil Series in Karli Sub Basin

Sr.No. Soil Series Area (ha) % TGA TEXTURE TAXONOMY EROSION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Ambad 13002.4 16.00 Gravelly Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Moderate to
sandy clay TypicUstorthents severe
loam
2 Kandar 893.915 1.10 Gravelly clay Clayey, montmorillonitic, Moderate
Lithic Ustorthents
3 Shirasgaon 365.693 0.45 Gravelly clay Clayey, mixed, Severe
loam TypicUstorthents
4 Katalwadi 9061.05 11.15 Gravelly Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Slight to
sandy loam Lithic Ustorthents moderate
5 Urunwadi 487.59 0.60 Clayey Fine, montmorillonitic, Moderate to
TypicHaplusterts severe
6 Tilari 373.819 0.46 Silty clay Clayey, mixed, Lithic Moderate to
Haplustepts severe
7 Lorenar 1340.87 1.65 Silty loam Clayey, mixed, Lithic Moderate to
Haplustepts severe
8 Lote 2966.17 3.65 Gravelly clay Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Moderate to
loam Lithic Ustorthents severe
9 Sibnery 203.163 0.25 Gravelly Loamy-skeletal, mixed, Severe
sandy loam Lithic Ustorthents
10 Natal 284.428 0.35 Gravelly silty Fine loamy, mixed, Severe
loam DystricHaplustepts
11 Kulhe 7923.34 9.75 Gravelly clay Fine, Mixed, Moderate
loam TypicDystrustepts
12 Bhatle 3656.93 4.50 Gravelly silty Fine, mixed, Moderate to
clay DystricHaplustepts severe
13 Adeli 3738.19 4.60 Gravelly silty Fine, Mixed, Moderate to
loam UlticHaplustalfs severe
14 Salel 243.795 0.30 Sandy loam Fine loamy, mixed, Moderate to
DystricHaplustepts severe
15 Karmali 6094.88 7.50 Gravelly clay Loamy, Mixed, Moderate
loam TypicDystrustepts
17 Tural 1828.46 2.25 Gravelly clay Fine, mixed, Moderate to
loam TypicHaplustepts severe
18 Gotos 682.626 0.84 Sandy loam Loamy, montmorillonitic, Moderate to
TypicHaplustepts severe
19 Aros 3705.68 4.56 Gravelly clay Fine, Mixed, Moderate to
loam UlticHaplustalfs severe
20 Insuli 126.773 0.16 Silty loam Fine loamy, mixed, None to
DystricHaplustepts slight
21 Deshgavan 2681.75 3.30 Sandy clay Fine loamy, mixed, Severe
30
Sr.No. Soil Series Area (ha) % TGA TEXTURE TAXONOMY EROSION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
loam FluventicHaplustepts
22 Banda 276.301 0.34 Silty loam Fine, Mixed, None to
UdicHaplustalfs slight
23 Tendoli 2893.03 3.56 Silty clay Clayey, Mixed, Moderate to
TypicDystrustepts severe
24 Chandvan 5444.76 6.70 Sandy loam Fine, Mixed, None to
TypicDystrustepts slight
25 Desaibandh 601.361 0.74 Silty clay Fine, Montmorillonitic, None
AquicEutrudepts
26 Sirgaon 365.693 0.45 Sandy clay Fine loamy, mixed, Slight
loam UdicHaplustepts
27 Kalbadevi 650.12 0.80 Sandy Mixed, Aquic Slight
Udipsamments
28 Remaining
is consist 11620.90 14.30
of waterbody ………… ……………… …………..
mask and
habitation
Total 81513.68 100 - - -
(Source : MRSAC DATA.)
31
Chapter 4
Hydrometrology
4.0 Introduction
Hydrometrology is a branch of metrology that deals with problems involving the
hydrologic cycle, water budget, and rainfall statistics of storms.
Rainfall is the most important input for the water resources of a basin. A clear
understanding of the rainfall pattern in the basin and its spatial and temporal variability
is thus essential. Other Metrological parameters like wind speed, normal sunshine
hours, radiation, humidity, maximum and minimum temperature are important for crop
planning.
4.1 Climatic conditions of Basin

The Karli River is main river.Originating at shivapur Tal.kudal,Dist-Sindhudurg. The
total length of karli river is 91km.The important tributaries of the Karli River are
Hateri,Pitdhaval. The Catchment area of entire Karli River is 812.65 km2 which lies
completely in Maharashtra.
Basin spreads
Sr. No. District Name Area In Sq.km
1 Kolhapur 27.89
2 Sindhudurg 784.75
4.2 RAINFALL DATA

There are 9 rain gauge stations located in and around the Karli basin. The details
ofaverage annual rainfall and data gaps are given below in Table
Karli River Rainfall Data (Rainfall in mm)

Sr. No. Station Name Average Maximum Minimum
1 Nerur 4267.3 5655.1 3621.2
2 Kudal 3078.1 4201.0 1977.8
3 Malvan 2907.4 5333.0 1847.9
4 Walawal 3086.5 4350.2 -
5 Kasal 3378.6 4438.4 2335.5
6 Sawantwadi 3941.4 5111.0 2780.4
7 Shirshinge 4747.9 6206.4 3644.2
8 Patgaon 4447.1 6326.4 2404.9
9 Awalegaon 3617.1 4781.6 2711.9
32
4.3 Metrology
The major metrological attributes are temperature, humidity, evaporation& wind speed.
The Various metrological parameters for Stations Awalegaon are as follows.
Awalegaon –
If we observe the meteorological data from 2003 to 2014, the min. temps. Observed at
this station was 15.78deg. Celsius & maximum temperature was 37.14deg. Celsius .The
hydrological parameters are useful in analyzing the quantum of water available in the
basin while the meteorological parameters are useful to work out the crop water
requirement & seasonal irrigation planning. Various monthly meteorological
parameters for this station are shown in sheet attached separately.
Monthly Average of Parameters for Awalegaon Station

Avg. Avg. Relative Avg. Min. Avg. Max. Avg. Wind
Paramete Evaporation Humidity Daily Temp Daily Temp speed
r /Month (mm) (%) ( C). (C ). (Km./ Hr.)
Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
January 1.43 2.70 87.60 58.12 15.78 22.76 31.37 35.74 0.52 2.22
Feb 1.58 3.00 85.64 53.89 16.49 24.01 32.64 37.14 0.54 2.93
March 1.83 3.33 82.77 55.47 20.08 26.76 34.38 38.96 0.69 3.70
April 2.10 3.81 80.06 61.68 23.74 29.39 34.08 39.44 0.90 4.17
May 2.36 3.67 79.27 65.29 25.62 30.45 33.73 38.21 0.87 4.34
June 1.38 2.50 90.53 85.41 24.85 27.03 29.61 31.79 0.89 2.67
July 0.93 1.76 93.81 90.27 24.01 25.38 27.50 29.18 0.45 1.60
August 0.95 1.81 93.56 88.66 23.94 25.40 27.59 29.30 0.41 1.53
Sep. 1.08 1.93 92.56 86.35 23.63 25.97 28.50 30.80 0.37 1.48
Oct. 1.10 2.25 90.29 81.90 22.91 26.50 30.05 33.67 0.34 1.41
Nov. 1.28 2.35 86.51 75.86 20.17 25.85 31.16 34.86 0.47 1.61
Dec 1.38 2.53 86.38 66.90 16.47 23.58 30.94 34.72 0.57 1.84
33
Chapter-5
Agriculture
5. Introduction:
Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for more than 52 % of the
population in rural areas. The arrival of monsoon and its distribution over the state of
Maharashtra decides the production and productivity of foodgrains and other crops.
Hence, the sustainability of agricultural production relies mainly on arrival of monsoon.
It also governs the volume of water in irrigation reservoirs, limiting the area under
irrigation in different cropping seasons. Therefore, state has the natural limitations for
agricultural production in irrigated and scarcity areas.
The main source of production is expected from the irrigated command areas of
major, medium and minor projects. The state government is continuously striving for
increasing the production and productivity of rainfed as well as of irrigated agriculture.
Accordingly various schemes and projects are initiated and effectively implemented in
the State by Agriculture Department. But it was necessary to improve productivity of
water of irrigated agriculture by intensification and diversification under irrigation
projects.
The need to grow more food was felt during the 19th Century because of the
increasing pressure of population. According to the recommendation of Famine
Commission(1881), Agriculture Department was established in 1883. Work started
with the aim of helping the rural community to achieve higher productivity in
agriculture. Agriculture and Land Records Departments were functioning together till
1907. After getting encouraging results in an effort made during 1915-16 to stop soil
loss, Mr Kitting, the then Agriculture Director started soil conservation work from
1922.
Agriculture Department took up various land development activities with the

enactment in 1942 and subsequent enforcement of Land Development Act in 1943. For
the first time in 1943, the then Government prepared a comprehensive Agriculture
Policy considering the problems in agriculture and allied sectors. According to this
policy, emphasis was given on use of water as irrigation for agricultural crops.
The post independence period from 1950 to 1965 is recognized as pre Green
Revolution period. During this period several schemes were launched to boost growth
of agriculture sector. Production of quality seeds through Taluka Seed Farms started
during 1957. Emphasis was given on increase in irrigated area along with cultivated
area during this period. A special campaign was launched in 1961-62 to encourage use
of chemical fertilizers.
34
Development of hybrid varieties of different crops since 1965-66 laid down the
foundation of Green Revolution. Five year plans following this period specially
emphasized development of agriculture. Nala bunding work was taken up along with
land development work by the department since 1974 which led to increase in well and
ground water level. Introduction of intensive agriculture, comprising of large scale use
of improved seed, fertilizers, pesticides and available water helped increase in
agriculture production. Lateron, considering the need for providing guidance to the
farmers for proper and judicious use of these inputs, Training and Visit Scheme was
launched in 1981-82. Valuable contribution of this scheme through effective
implementation of programs like Crop Demonstrations, Field Visits, Corner meetings,
Workshops, Fairs, Exhibitions etc. aimed at transfer of technology from Agriculture
Universities to farmers fields was evident from the increased agricultural production.
Though we have become self sufficient in food grain production inspite of the
tremendous increase in population, self sufficiency in agriculture is not the only aim of
the state but assurance of more and more net income to the farmers through the
efficient and sustainable use of available resources is more important. To achieve this,
commercial agriculture should be practiced. Different schemes are implemented to
increase agricultural production, export promotion and to encourage the agro
processing industry with a view to take advantage of liberalized economy and Global
trade. Thus, agriculture department is firmly stepping towards economic progress along
with self sufficiency through agriculture and to achieve important position in the global
agriculture produce market. The innovative horticulture plantation scheme under
employment guarantee scheme implemented since 1990-91 by the state is a part of this
policy.
Recently the Department of Agriculture Government of Maharashtra is using

the Information Communication technology to make the agriculture services more
farmer driven and accountable.
5.1 Land Use Pattern in Sub -Basin

The land use pattern of districts in Karli Sub -Basin is given in the Table No.5.1.The
total cultivable area of this Sub-basin is 52.12 % of the geographical area of total sub
basin. It includes the taluka wise areas spread in this sub basin. Net sown area is 33.06
% and area sown more than once is0.82% whereas the gross cropped area of this sub-
basin is 33.88% and cropping intensity is 102.48%.
5.1 Land Use Pattern in Karli Sub -Basin (Area: 00‟Sq.km.)
Sr.No. Land Use Classification Total Sub Basin (%)
(2010-2011)
1 2 3 4
1 Geographical Area 785 -
2 Forest 60 7.67
3 Barren & uncultivable. 190 24.18
4 Land Under Non- Agril use 33 4.24
35
Sr.No. Land Use Classification Total Sub Basin (%)

(2010-2011)
1 2 3 4
5 Culturable Waste land 102 12.94
6 Permanent Pasture 2 0.21
7 Misc.Trees & groves 55 6.95
8 Current Fallow 25 3.20
9 Other Fallow 65 8.31
10 Cultivable Area 409 52.12
11 Net Area Sown 259 33.06
12 Area Sown more than once 6 0.82
13 Gross Cropped area 266 33.88
14 Cropping Intensity % 102.48
(S´ource :Revenue Dept.)
5.2 Land Holding in Karli Sub Basin:

In Karli Sub -basin the percentage of marginal holding 21.34 %, small 17.83% and
others is 60.23% to the total land holdings. The average holding of this sub- basin is
1.034 ha.
Table-5.2 – Land Holding in Karli Sub -Basin
Sr.No. No. of Average Area Per Head

Category Range of Holding Area (Ha)
Farmers ( Ha)
1 Marginal 0.0 to 1.00 ha. 28490 9116.80 0.32
2 Small 1.0 to 2.00 6456 7618.45 1.18
3 Other s 2.00 to above 6369 25984.75 4.08
Total 41315 42720.00 1.034
(Source : Agri Census 2010-11)
5.3. Area & Production for various Crops in Karli Basin

Area & Production for various Crops in Karli Basin is given in the table No. 5.3. This sub-
basin is having maximum area under cereals (49.27%), oil seeds (2.63%) and
sugarcane(0.38%) and pulses (2.60%).
Table-5.3 Production for Major Crops Karli Basin

Sr. Crop Total Area of Crop in Sub Avg. yield of Front Line State
No Basin crops in sub basin demonstration Avg.
“00”ha. Kg/ha Kg/ha. Kg/ha.
1 Paddy 128 3178 4200
2 Nagli 3 1580 1700
3 Groundnut 5 2260 2500
4 Other Oilseeds 2 1200 -
5 Pulses 7 1500 -
6 Sugarcane 1 90000 -
36
Area under different fruit crops are given in Table No.5.3.1 .The major fruit crops grown in the
sub -basin includes mango. The area and productivity and state averages are also given.
Table-5.3.1 Production for Fruit Crops Karli Basin

Sr.No Crop Total Area of Avg. yield of Front Line State
Crop in Sub crops in sub demonstration Avg.
Basin“00”Ha. basin MT/ha MT/ha. MTs/ha.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Mango 32 27.90 31.40
2 Cashew 67 10.35 13.50
3 Coconut (nuts per ha) 20 9070 -
5.4. Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Karli Basin

The crop duration, water requirement and irrigation requirement of different crops grown in
this sub - basin is given in the Table No5.4
Table-5.4 Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops inKarli Basin

Sr.No Crops Crop Duration Water Requirement
Days (mm)
1 2 3 4
1 Paddy 120-150 1994
2 Nagli 110-120 --
3 Groundnut 100-115 660
4 Other Oilseeds 110-120 420-600
5 Pulses 75-90 480-540
6 Sugarcane 360-480 2800
7 Mango Perrinial crop -
8 Cashew Perrinial crop -
9 Coconut (nuts per ha) Perrinial crop -
5.5 Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg./ha.) in Karli Basin
The irrigation water is always beneficial for different field crops to increase the production and
productivity of crops. The increase in yield of crops is due to irrigation availability during
critical growth stages of crops. The comparative yields of major crops are given in the Table
No.5.5
37
Table-5.5 Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg./ha.) inKarli Basin.
Crop yield under Rainfed and irrigeted conditions for Crop yield under Rainfed and irrigeted conditions for year
year 2010-11 in Basin Karli 2013-14 in Basin Karli
Sr. Crop Average yield in Kg/ha. Sr. Crop Average yield in Kg/ha.
No. Irrigate Rainfed % No. Irrigated Rainfed % increases
d increases in yield
in yield
1 Paddy 3540 3178 11.39 1 Paddy 3600 3169 13.60
2 Nagli 1820 1576 15.48 2 Nagli 1850 1666 11.04
3 Groundnut 2352 2246 4.72 3 Groundnut 2500 2294 8.98
4 OtherOilseeds 4 Other
850 727 16.91884 Oilseeds 880 750 17.3333
5 Pulses 750 563 33.21 5 Pulses 810 620 30.65
6 Sugarcane 90000 - - 6 Sugarcane 105000 - -
7 Mango 3200 2790 14.70 7 Mango 3200 2350 36.17
8 Cashew 1320 1035 27.54 8 Cashew 1350 1042 29.56
Coconut 8850
9 Coconut (nuts
(nuts per ha) - - 9 per ha) 8990 - -
5.6. Water Saving Techniques in Karli Basin

The area under micro-irrigation in this sub-basin is of 132.80 Ha and projected area up to 2030
is given in the Table No 5.6. Karli Basinconsist of five taluka‟s of Sindhudurg district. Total
microirrigation area of Karli basin is 132.80 ha since 1986-87 to 2013-14. About 2000 ha area
will be covered under microirrigation by 2030.
Table-5.6 Water Saving Techniques inKarli Basin

Sr.No Water Saving Micro -Irrigation Techniques Area (Ha)
1 Area under Drip & Sprinkler Irrigation 132.80
2 Projection -2030 (Drip and Sprinkler) 2000
5.7. Agricultural Research Institutions in Karli Basin

District Name of Research Station Address
Agriculture Research Station & At Post Mulade, Tal- Kudal,
Horticulture college, Mulde, Tal- Kudal Dist- Sindhdurg
(DR.B.S.K.K.V. DAPOLI.)
Livestock Research Centre, Nileli, Tal- At post Nileli, Tal- Kudal,
Kudal (DR.B.S.K.K.V. DAPOLI) Dist- Sindhdurg
Taluka Fruit Nursery, Dhamapur, Tal- At post Dhamapur, Tal-
Sindhudurg Malwan (AGRICULTURE Malvan, Dist- Sindhdurg
DEPARTMENT)
Taluka Fruit Nursery, Kumame At post Kumame, Tal-
(AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT) Malvan, Dist- Sindhdurg
Taluka Fruit Nursery, Nileli At post Nileli, Tal- Kudal,
(AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT) Dist- Sindhdurg
Taluka Seed Farm, Mangoan At post Mangoan, Tal-
(AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT) Kudal, Dist- Sindhdurg
38
5.8 Agricultural Extension Services :

Agriculture department considers farmer as the focal point and the whole department is
organized in such a fashion that a single mechanism is working to facilitate the farmer for
adoption of advanced technology and sustainable use of available resources. Every agriculture
assistant working at village level has a jurisdiction of three to four villages with number of
farmers limited to 1000 to 1500, which facilitates more interaction for easier transferof
technology.
Agriculture Assistant at village level undertakes soil conservation work, horticulture
plantation and various extension schemes. He is supervised by Circle Agriculture Officer at
circle level. Administrative control, laison with other departments, monitoring and training
programs etc. are facilitated by Taluka Agriculture Officer at taluka level, Sub Divisional
Agriculture Officer at sub division level, District Superintending Agriculture Officer at district
level and Divisional Joint Director at division level. In addition, Agriculture Officer at
Panchayat Samiti level, working under Agriculture Development Officer, Zilla Parishad at
district level also implement various agro-inputs related schemes.
At district level, an autonomous registered society called, Ägricultural Technology
Management Agency"(ATMA) has been created under the chairmanship of Sindhudurg District
Collector. The main object of this ATMA body is to coordinate all agriculture related research -
technology and marketing linkages through convergences and to promote sustainable farming
systems for various categories of farm communities. It is a participatory approach in planning
and implementation wherein farmers as stake holders have been nominated at various level to
give their valuable inputs in planning and implementation of various agricultural and allied
activities considering the existing agro -ecological situations within each agro-climatic zones .
All the schemes implemented in the field are supervised technically and
administratively by respective directorates of Soil Conservation, Horticulture, Extension and
Training, Inputs and Quality Control, Statistics, Monitoring and Evaluation and Planning and
Budget at state level in the Commissionerate of Agriculture. Also separate sections are there for
the Establishment and Accounts related matters
5.8.1 National Horticulture Mission (NHM):

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is being implemented to promote holistic growth of the
horticulture sector covering fruits,vegetables, roots and tuber crops, mushroom, spices, flowers,
aromatic plants, cashew and cocoa. Programme for the development of coconut will be
implemented by the Coconut Development Board (CDB), independent of the Mission.
5.8.2 Dryland Agriculture Mission

The state is having predominantly rainfed agriculture system. State is also having limitations to
bring more area under irrigation due to its topography. Hence, in coming years about 70 per
cent area is still likely to remain rainfed. So it has become imperative to develop dryland
agriculture to make it remunerative to farming community. The present constraints are very
limited sources of irrigation, drought prone area, degraded and light soils, major area under
degraded and light soils limiting the production and productivity. The percentage of drought
prone area in the state is 52 per cent and 39 % of the soils are light.This mission is being
implemented to minimize risk and to make dryland farming sustainably viable. The main
objectives of this mission are to increase the production, productivity of crops thereby income
of households. To create sustainable source of irrigation to in-situ soil moisture conservation
activities, farm ponds and other water conserving structures. to improve the water use
efficiency through use of micro irrigation system, to promote protective irrigation, value
addition and marketing to get remunerative prices.
39
5.8.3 Extension
1 Accelerated Fodder Development Programme
2 Coarse Cereals Under NFSM Guideline
3 Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project
4 Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Shetkari Din 29 August
5 Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krushi Ratna Puraskar
6 Dryland Farming Mission
7 National Mission of Oil seed and Oil Palm(NMOOP)
8 Integrated Paddy Production Programme
9 Jijamata Krishibhushan Puraskar
10 Krushi Din 1st July
11 National Mission on Oilseed and Oil Palm
12 National Food Security Mission( Commercial Crops)
13 National Food Security Mission (Pulses)
14 National Food Security Mission(Rice)
15 National Food Security Mission (Wheat)
16 National Mission on Sastainable Agriculture(NMSA)
17 Pest Disease Monittoring Information System(PDMIS}
18 Publicity through R.K.V.Y Preparation of Exhibition Material
19 Rainfed Area Development Under NMSA
20 RKVY Pigeon Pea Prduction Programme
21 Seed Treatment
22 Shetkari Masik
23 Vasantrao Naik Krishibhushan Award
24 Vasantrao Naik Sheti Mitra Award
25 Vasantrao Naik ShetiNisht Shetkari
26 Cotton Development Programme Under NFSM Commercial Crops
27 Cotton Development Programme Under RKVY Commercial Crops
28 Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project for 2015-16
29 Final Guidelines and Grants Distribution Under CROPSAP
30 Final Guidelines for SCP Programme 2015-16
31 Final Guidelines for TSP OTSP Programme 2015-16
32 Flexi Funds NMOOP Guideline
33 Interim Guidelines for SCP Programme 2015-16
34 Interim Guidelines for TSP OTSP Programme 2015-16
35 Interim TOF Guidelines 2015-16
36 Krushi Din 1st July Guideline 2015-16
37 Krushi Jagruti Saptah dated on 1 to 7th july 2015
38 Krushi Sevaratna Guidline 2015-16
39 National Food Security Mission Guidelines
40 National Mission on Oil Seeds and Oil Palm
40
41 NMOOP Grants Distribution First Installment

42 Parthenium Control Campaign Guidelines
43 PDMIS Guidelines 2015-16
44 Preparation of Seccess Story flim in DVD under RKVY
45 RKY under Hydroponic Fodder
46 Seed Treatment Campaign
47 Shetinista Puraskar2015-16
48 Shetkari Din 29Aug
49 Shetkari Masik Guideline 2015-16
50 Sugarcane Development Programme Under NFSM Commercial Crops
51 Vividh krushi puraskar 2015-16
5.8.4 Horticulture
1 Coconut Development Board
2 D.P.D.C Sponsored Plant Protection Scheme
3 EGS and MREGES Nursery
4 Employment Guarantee Scheme for cultivation of Horticulture crops.
5 Plant Protection Scheme for TSP
6 Horticulture Crop Pest and Disease Surveillance and Advisory Project
7 Kitchen Garden Plantation of Fruits and Vegetables Scheme
8 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
9 Mangonet Vegnet Grapenet Anarnet Guidelines
10 NMSA On Farm Water Management
11 Strengthening of Govt. Nurseries.
12 Banana Leaf Spot Disease Management Programme
13 Coconut Palm Insurance scheme Guidelines 2015-16
14 DPDC Plant Protection Scheme 2015-16
15 Hiring of Machinaries for Viticulture Management Under RKVY PPPIAD
16 Horticulture Crop Pest and Disease Surveillance and Advisory Project
17 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme 2015-16
18 Mangonet Vegnet Grapenet Anarnet Guidelines
19 Prime Minister Krishi Sinchan Yojana
20 Strengthing of Horticulture Nursuries 2015-16
5.8.5 Soil Conservation

1 Integrated Watershed Development programme
2 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jal Bhumi Sandharan Abhiyan
3 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jalmitra Puraskar
4 Adarshgaon Yojana
41
5 Documentation about Jalyukta Shivar Abhiyan

6 Integrated Watershed Development programme Guidelines
7 Mahatma Phule Jal Bhumi Sandharan Abhiyan 2015-16
8 Mega Watershed DPR Revision Guidelines
9 Panlot Vikas Chalval Guideline
10 R.I.D.F Guideline
11 RVP Guideline
12 Soil Conservation Training Guidelines
13 Vidarbha Intensive Irrigation Development Programme 2015-16
5.8.6 Input and Quality Controls

1 Agro Polyclinics
2 Taluka Seed Farm 100 Percent State Sponsored Scheme
3 Fertilizer Testing Laboratories
4 Seed Testing Laboratories
5 Residue Testing Laboratories
6 Soil Survey and Soil Testing
7 Bio Pesticide Guidelines and Rate Fixation 2015-16
8 Chemical Pesticides Guidelines and Rate Fixation 2015-16
9 District Annual Scheme 2015-16
10 Taluka Seed Farm 100 Percent State Sponsored Scheme
42
Chapter 6
Surface Water Resources
6.1 Introduction
Water being a precious resource without which no life can sustain on
earth. The level of availability and development of infrastructure to harness the water
influence to a considerable extent the quality of life. The rapid growth of population
coupled with increasing economic activities has put a tremendous pressure on the
available water resources. Although irrigation is the major consumer of water at present
in our country and may continue to be so in the years to come demands from other
sectors, such as drinking and industries have been growing significantly. Water
conservation measures to improve the efficiency of water use are being stressed upon
for meeting the ever increasing demands. Inter-basin transfer of water from surplus
basins to deficit basins is being studied as one of the long term strategies.
A proper assessment of water resources potential has, therefore, become a

prerequisite for its sustainable development and management. Without a precise
estimate of the availability of the resource, it is impossible to properly plan, design,
construct, operate and maintain water resources projects catering to competing
demands like irrigation, drought and flood management, domestic and industrial
water supply, generation of electrical energy, fisheries and navigation. The correctness
of assessment of water resource is totally dependent upon the accuracy and length of
hydrological data. Thus, the hydrological data such as gauged flows of river, the
measurement of abstractions of water in the catchment etc. are essential for proper
assessment of water resource for appropriate planning.
An attempt has been made in this chapter to compile the available hydrological
data for ascertaining the water availability at as shown below.
Sr.No. Nodel Point

1 Part-I:- Karli river origin to Arebian sea confluence Entire Karli Valley
6.2 Karli Valley

Karli river rises near Shivapur village Tal. Kudal in western Ghat at an
elevation of 823 mtr. above Mean Sea level, it flows towords West. In the middle
reaches river flow westwords and in the tail reach it turns South west Before joining the
Arabian Sea towards the south of Malvan city. The Length of the river is 92 kms and its
catchment area is 825.59 Sq. Kms. The major tributaries of karli river are
Hateri/Bambarde river and Pithdhaval river.
43
The District wise distribution of the drainage area is shown in Table 6.2.1.
Table : 6.2.1Karli basin - Districtwise distribution of the drainage area

Sl. No. Name of District Drainage area Sq.km. Percentage of total area
1 Sindhudurg 784.76 96.57
2 Kolhapur 27.89 3.43
Total 812.65 100.00
6.3 Past Assessments of Availability of Water:

In the past Hon‟ B. J. Khatal committee studied the water availability in the Karli sub
basin. And as per study of this committee Karli sub basin has catchment area 753.46
Sq.Km. and yield @ 75% dependability is 1169.62 Mcum.
6.4 Data Available:

The observational network of rainfall and discharge data is fairly good in the Karli
River Basin. There are 10 rain-gauge stations and two G & D sites in Karli basin where
long term data is available.
6.4.1 Rainfall Data

There are 10 rain gauge stations located in and around the Karli basin. The details of
period of availability of data average annual rainfall is given below in Table6.4.1.
Table : 6.4.1 - Karli basin- Period of Availability and Average Annual Rainfall
Sr. Name of RG Period of availability Average annual Year of Missing
No. Station of data rainfall in mm data
1 Nerur 1991-2014 4267.3
2 Kudal 1960-2013 3078.1 1986
3 Malvan 1960-2014 2907.4 1986
4 Walawal 1990-2015 3086.5 1999
5 Kasal 1990-2015 3378.6 2011,2014
6 Sawantwadi 1990-2015 3941.4 1986
7 Shirshinge 1984-2015 4747.9
8 Patgaon 1964-2014 4447.1
9 Dukanwad 1999-2014 4158.41
10 Avalegaon 1968-2014 3617.1
The observed rainfall data, of all theabove rain gauge stations, used in the study.
44
6.4.3 Discharge Data

Discharge data is being observed by CWC @ G & D site Dukanwad & Awalegaon is
used to develop R.R. Relations.
Table :6.4.3- Details of G&D sites
Sr. Name of River /Tributary Catchment Period of

No. discharge/gauge site area (Sq Km) availability of data
1 Dukanwad Karli 124.16 1999 to 2014
2 Awalegaon Karli 75.34 1968 to 2014

The flow pattern of all the stations appears to be similar.
6.6.1 Rainfall- Runoff Relationship

The rainfall-runoff relations developed at the G & D sites for monsoon period are given
below.
Monsoon Rainfall-Runoff relations @ sites are as below
Sr. No Location Monsoon R- R Relation

1 Dukanwad R =0 .9438*P-455.27
2 Avalegaon R =0.9878*P-1084.9591
Discharges at Dukanwad and Avalegaon are virgin discharges the relation develop at
this sites gives the virgin yield.
6.4.2 Weighted Average Rainfall
There are 10 raingauge stations in and around the Karli basin. The Weighted Mean
Rainfall for the catchments upto State border and G&D sites have been estimated by
Thiessen Polygon Method. The Influence Factors of the rain-gauge stations for
catchments upto different locations viz. G&D sites where rainfall-runoff relations have
been developed are as under
Sr. No. Name of R.G. Karli river origin to Arebian

station sea confluence
Area Influ. Factor
1 Nerur 153.65 0.1861
2 Kudal 161.58 0.1957
3 Malvan 38.83 0.0470
4 Walawal 137.32 0.1663
5 Kasal 50.82 0.0616
6 Sawantwadi 56.82 0.0688
7 Shirshinge 20.68 0.0250
8 Patgaon 26.03 0.0315
9 Avalegaon 179.86 0.2179
Total 825.59 1.00
The weighted mean rainfall of catchments upto various locations are given attached herewith.
45
6.6 Water availability:

The monsoon model is generally found more robust and realistic to the catchment
compensated. Therefore, monsoon model has been used to derive the monsoon yield.
The non-monsoon yield in this study is miniscule, so it is not considered in this

study. behavior as compared to monthly models as it represents lumped rainfall (from
June to Oct.) of entire season and most of the monthly fluctuations get compensated.
Therefore, monsoon model has been used to derive the monsoon yield. The relations so
developed were used judiciary to obtain realistic yields. All yields using all formulae
were compared to with Inglis and Ghat formulae. The realistic values are chosen. All
these calculations and comparisons are given in the annexure.
Table 6.6.5.1 Yield in Karli Valley
Yield by RR Avalegaon in Mcum

Sr.No Name of Basin
50% 75%
1 Karli Valley 2024.09 1720.96
Above is the total water availability in parts and in entire basin is as summarized:
Thus, it is observed from the above table that the yield for entire valley is
2024.09Mm3 for 50 % dependability and 1720.96Mm3 for 75 % dependability while
2018.20mm3 is average yield. It may also be observed that the summation for parts I to
part III differs slightly from these figures because the number of years for parts (35) are
different than that of series for entire basin.
Classification of Terekhol Valley on the basis of Water Availabilty

Name of CCA in Natural Ground Water Total Water Total m3 / Class
Valley Ha Availabilty Availabilty Available Ha
MCum MCum MCum
Karli 40900 1720.96 35.63 1756.69 42948.41 A
Valley
Table 20.7.2 Norms for Categorization of Valley

Sr. No Surface Water Availability Unit Category of Valley
From To
1 Less than 1500 Cum/Ha Highly Deficit
2 1500 3000 Cum/Ha Deficit
3 3000 8000 Cum/Ha Normal
4 8000 12000 Cum/Ha Surplus
5 More than 12000 Cum/Ha Abundant
Source: Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission 1999 Part I P.N.160
46
Chapter No. 7
Ground Water Resources
7.1.1. Introduction:
In the South Konkan basin, the area is drained by some major rivers viz, Waghotan,
Achara, Gad, Karli, Terekhol, Tillari. The drainage system comprises of Karli River
rises in the sorrounding of Sahyadri Ghat near Village Shivapur Tal. Kudal and after a
course of about 92 kms, joins the sea at about 20 kms South of Malvan @ village
Deobag.
Karli river rises near Shivapur village Tal. Kudal at an elevation of 823 mtr.
above Mean Sea level, it flows towords West. In the middle reaches river flow
westwords and in the tail reach it turns South west Before joining the Arabian Sea
towards the south of Malvan city. The Length of the river is 92 kms and its catchment
area is 825.61 Sq. Kms. The major tributaries of karli river are Hateri/Bambarde river
and Pithdhaval river.
7.1.2. Geology:
The Geological formations in the area investigated are Archaeans, Kaladgis, Deccan
Trap, Tertiary and Secondary laterite and recent formations. The Archaean rocks
represented by Dharwarian Meta Sediments and granite gneisses with mafic and
ultramafic intrusive occupy major part of the area. Kaladgis rest unconfirmably over
the archaeans comprises of conglomerates, grits, ortho-quartzites shales and stand in
relief as narrow ridges. Deccan traps occupy small area in the northern and eastern part
of the area forming isolated patches separated by river valleys. Sedimentary beds
comprising carbonaceous, pyritic and ferruginous shales are noticed below lateritis in
well sentions and dissected valley sections along the coast near Malvan & Kaluswadi,
Laterites both primary and secondary occupy extensive areas in low lying platens and
coastal track in the West as well as East. Beach sand along narrow coastal strip and
along the banks of rivers are recent formations in the area.
Stratigraphic Succession within the Sub basin :

Soil, Laterites, Kankar, etc. - Recent to Sub-recent
Laterites - Pleistocene
Deccan Traps - Cretaceous to Eocene
----------------------------------------------Unconformity ------------------------------------------
( conglomerates, cherty limestones,
Kaladgis -- cherty limestones, quartzites and Upper Pre-cambrian
shales associated with limestones)
----------------------------------------------Unconformity ------------------------------------------
Archaeans – ( Pegmatites and quartz veins,
Basic dykes, Granulites and
Granite gneisses, Hornblende schists, Lower Pre-cambrians
Mafic and Ultra-mafic rocks, Amphibolites,
Banded ferruginous quartzites )
47
i) Archaeans:
The Archeans occur in the southern part of the basin in very small extent.
ii) Kaladgis:
Kaladgis resting unconformably over the Archacans are observed West of Kunkavle,
Chunavrawadi, Asrondi, & Shirawada, South of Shravan and around Golvan, Kaladgis
comprise of conglomerates, grits, Orthoquartzites and shales
The regional strike of the Kaladgi formation veer from NNE_SSW to NW-SE dipping
at low to moderate angles of 50 to 200 towards west. The shales are almost horizontally
bedded at places. The strike N800W-S800E with gentle dip towards south. The kaladgi
formations display joints in diverse directions. The following set of joints is more common.
i) N-S vertical
ii) N400W-S400E vertical
iii) N100E-S100Wdipping 600 East
iv) N100W-S100E dipping 700 East
iii) Deccan Basalts:
Area towards north, west and east are covered by Deccan traps. In the Northern and
Western part the Deccan trape form isolsted patches separated by river valleys. The lava
flows in the North-Eastern portion occur as hard compact formations near Halval, Vagda,
Kasvan, Shirval, Balamwadi and Varde as also in the Eastern part of the area while those
towards north and west occur as boulder outcrops, the continuity of which is observed by
weathering and thick layer of laterite spread
The Deccan lava flows are horizontally disposed and are traversed by vertical and
horizontal joints. Two sets of vertical joints striking NW-SE and NE-SW and horizontal
joints are common.
iv) Tertiary Formations
Laterites along the west coast at places are undergain by sedimentary beds
comprising carbonaceous, pyritic and ferruginous shales. Such rocks are exposed in well
sections and dissected valley sections along the coast near Malvan & Kaluswadi about 10
kms inland.
Laterite :- Laterite both primary and secondary in nature occupy extensive areas of
low lying tracts and coastal part, conce aling wholly or partially the underlying Archaeans,
Kaladgis and deccan traps. Such large patches of laterite are seen around Kelus, Tenduli,
Shiroda, Aronda, sateli, Adali, Morgaon, Mhapan, kochra, hills covered by Deccan traps
near Nandos, Tiravade, Hodul, Kasal, Ovaliya, Asgani, Hirala, vaingavade, dikval, Golvan,
Poip,Gaudwadi,Parabwadi etc. Primary laterites
restricted to plateau tops along the coast exhibit vermicular to pisolitic texture are
red to brownish earthy coloured and are undergain by lithomarge of variated colours. The
laterites are generally ferruginous in nature with occasional concentration of pisolitic
bauxite. The laterites are jointed and fractured. The thickness of the laterite generally does
not exceed 20-25 meters. The exposed surfaces of laterite are frequently irregular, rough
and scoriaceous. The thickness various from place to place and ranges from 5 metrs to as
much as 18.0 meters. The pink ferruginous laterite as seen around Kelus, Shiroda, Aronda
is the not common type.
Recent and Sub recent :- Recent deposits occurring in the area are of two types i) Beach
sands and ii) River alluvium.
48
7.2.1. Hydrogeology:
Groundwater is an important component of Hydro-geological cycle which involves
processes of precipitation, runoff, evaporation and evapotranspiration. The ultimate
source of all groundwater is the meteoric water which precipitates on the land surface.
After its precipitation, some part of it get lost due to runoff, other by evaporation and
evapotranspiration and the remaining part of it percolates in to the ground under
suitable conditions. The sub-surface water is the groundwater.
The physiographic features play an important role in the occurrence of
groundwater. The occurrence of groundwater is also controlled by the geological strata
underneath. The physiographic features profoundly affect the distribution of rainfall
and there by change in the sub-surface water conditions. In the South Konkan Sub
Basin,
A considerable portion of the basin is hilly. On the basis of local variation in
relief and other characteristics the district can be grouped into three parts
(i) The Sahyadri Hills-the main system of hills which runs along the eastern boundary of
the basin
(ii) Plateau and
(iii) The Coast.
(i) The Sahyadri hills cover the eastern portion of the basin in two parts. The first part
occupies Vaibhavvadi tahsil, the second spreads over the parts of Kankavli, and kudal
tahsils. The hills have an elevation of over 200 metres at the bottom while at the upper
reaches they attain a height of about 700 metres. This region has very steep slopes and
is fairly covered by forests. This is the source region for most of the rivers in the basin.
(ii) The Plateau extends in a north-south direction through the central portion of the basin
and covers parts of devgad, kankavali, kudal, malvan, Vengurla tahsils of the
Sindhudurg district. It has transverse chains of small hills, which are projecting from
the Sahyadri hills; develop higher elevation in middle portions. The hill runs parallel to
each other and forms small valleys in the intervening land. In general, the plateau
attains height varying between 100 and 200 meters but there are a number of spot
heights that rise to more than 200 meters. The plateau is drained mainly by parallel
westward flowing streams. Forest cover is limited in this region. The soils on the slopes
of the hills are partly eroded, yellowish red and poor in fertility having shallow depth
and coarse texture. These soils are known as Rice soils and Varkas soils. Rice and ragi
(nagli) are the principal crops in this region. Cashewnut grows in plenty in this area and
the world famous “Alphanso” or “Hapus” mangoes are also grown mainly in rural area
of Kudal, Malvan and Vengurla taluka. Ratamba is other important fruit which is
grown widely and after cutting into pieces is dried and is known as “Kokam”.
(iii) Coastal line is situated along the extreme western fringe of the district and comprises of
parts of Devgad, Malwan, Vengurla tahsils. It is a long narrow strip of land running the
entire length of the basin.
49
Groundwater Occurrence:
Groundwater occurs under water table conditions in the weathered jointed zones of
granite, gneisses, schists, quartzites etc., jointed and weathered zones of Kaladgi
quartzites and shales, Deccan traps and laterites both primary and secondary. In the
case of recent deposits groundwater occurs under water table conditions in beach sands.
The occurance and movement of groundwater in the dharwarian sediments is along
weathered zone, planes of foliation, schistosity and fractured zones. In the upper zone
water moves through permeable weathered zone and in lower portion through fractures
and fissures where as in kaldgi quartzites and shales it is through weathered mantle
joints. In the case of deccan traps it is through weathered portion, joints fractures and
vesicles if they are interconnected and not filled by secondary minerals. The movement
of water in laterite is through the network of conduits and along the jointed surface
right up to the basal portion where lithomarge acts as an aquiclude
7.2.2.1. Static Water Level Data :-
There are 5 number of observation wells located in the Sub Basin. (Plate 5). The pre-
monsoon water level data and post- monsoon water level data for last ten years is
summarized in the Annexure 1
It is revealed from the above Annexure, that the average water level of post-monsoon
(2005 to 2014) ranges from 0.98 to 5.82 m. bgl and Pre-monsoon (2005 to 2014) ranges
from 3.5 to 9.53 m. bgl. Pre-monsoon and post monsoon water table contour shown in
Plate 6 and 7.
7.2.2.2. Groundwater level maps of the Sub Basin
The pre-monsoon and post-monsoon ground water maps are generated from the static
water level data recorded from the observation wells within the sub basin area.
Post-monsoon groundwater level map :-
The post-monsoon groundwater level map ( see plate.6) for year 2014 shows that
maximum area of the Sub Basin records less than 5 m. of static water level. Only small
portion in the Kankavali Tehsil of Sindhudurg the water levels exceed 5 m. of the
groundwater level.
Pre-monsoon groundwater level map:-
The pre-monsoon groundwater map ( see plate.7) for year 2014 shows that except some
part in the Malvan tehasil overall static water level range between 3 to 8 m. Some part
of Malvan tehsil shows water table below 8 mts in pre monsoon season.
7.3.1. Ground Water Availability:
The Groundwater Estimation Committee 1984 methodology was modified in the light
of enhanced database and new findings of experimental studies in the field of
hydrogeology. The present methodology used for resources assessment is known as
Ground Water Resources Methodology - 1997 (GEC'97). In GEC'97, two approaches
are recommended-water level fluctuation method and norms of rainfall infiltration
50
method. The water level fluctuation method is based on the concept of storage change
due to difference between various input and output components. Input refers to
recharge from rainfall and other sources and subsurface inflow into the unit of
assessment. Output refers to ground water draft, ground water evapotranspiration, and
base flow to streams and subsurface outflow from the unit. Since the data on subsurface
inflow / outflow are not readily available, it is advantageous to adopt the unit for
ground water assessment as basin / sub-basin / watershed, as the inflow / outflow across
these boundaries may be taken as negligible.
Thus in general the ground water resources assessment unit is Watershed,
particularly in hard rock areas. In case of alluvial areas, administrative block can also
be the assessment unit. In each assessment unit, hilly areas having slope more than 20%
is deleted from the total area to get the area suitable for recharge. Further areas where
the quality of groundwater is beyond the usable limits should be identified and handled
separately. The remaining area after deleting the hilly area and separating the area with
poor quality groundwater quality is to be delineated into command and non-command
areas and the assessment is done separately for monsoon and non-monsoon seasons.
A) Ground water Recharge :-
Monsoon Season
The resources assessment during monsoon season is estimated as the sum total of the
change in storage and gross draft. The change in storage is computed by multiplying
groundwater level fluctuation between pre and post monsoon periods with the area of
assessment and specific yield. Monsoon recharge can be expressed as :-
R = h × Sy × A + DG
where,
h = Rise in water level in the monsoon season,
Sy = specific yield
A = Area for computation of recharge,
DG = gross ground water draft
The monsoon ground water recharge has two components- rainfall recharge and
recharge from other sources. Mathematically it can be represented as-
R(Normal) = Rrf(normal)+Rc + Rsw + Rt + Rgw + Rwc
where,
Rrf is the normal monsoon rainfall recharge. The other sources of groundwater
recharge during monsoon season include Rc , Rsw , Rt , Rgw , Rwcs which are
recharge from rainfall, seepage from canals, surface water irrigation, tanks and ponds,
ground water irrigation, and water conservation structures respectively.
The rainfall recharge during monsoon season computed by Water Level
Fluctuation (WLF) method is compared with recharge figures from Rainfall Infiltration
Factor (RIF) method. In case the difference between the two sets of data are more than
20%, then RIF figure is considered, otherwise monsoon recharge from WLF is adopted.
51
While adopting the rainfall recharge figures, weightage is to be given to the WLF
method over adhoc norms method of RIF. Hence, wherever the difference between RIF
and WLF is more than 20%, data have to be scrutinized and corrected accordingly.
Non- Monsoon season

During the non-monsoon season, rainfall recharge is computed by using
Rainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF) method. Recharge from other sources is then added to
get total non-monsoon recharge. In case of areas receiving less than 10% of the annual
rainfall during non-monsoon season, the rainfall recharge is ignored.
Total annual ground water recharge

The total annual groundwater recharge of the area is the sum-total of monsoon
and non-monsoon recharge. An allowance is kept for natural discharge in the non-
monsoon season by deducting 5% of total annual ground water recharge, if WLF
method is employed to compute rainfall recharge during monsoon season and 10% of
total annual ground water recharge if RIF method is employed. The balance ground
water available accounts for existing ground water withdrawal for various uses and
potential for future development. This quantity is termed as Net Groundwater
Availability.
Net Groundwater Availability = Annual Ground Water Recharge - Natural

discharge during non monsoon season
Norms for estimation of recharge

GEC97 Methodology has recommended norms for various parameters being
used in ground water recharge estimation. These norms vary depending up on water
bearing formations and agro climatic conditions. While norms for specific yield and
recharge from rainfall values are to be adopted within the guidelines of GEC'97, in case
of other parameters like seepage from canals, return flow from irrigation, recharge from
tanks and ponds, water conservation structures, result of specific case studies may
replace the ad-hoc norms.
B) Ground water draft

The gross yearly ground water draft is to be calculated for irrigation, domestic
and industrial uses. The gross ground water draft would include the ground water
extraction from all existing ground water structures during monsoon as well as during
non-monsoon period. While the number of ground water structures should preferably
be based on the latest well census, the average unit draft from different types of
structures should be based on specific studies or ad -hoc norms in GEC'97 report.
52
C) Stage of groundwater development and categorisation of units

The stage of ground water Development is defined by:
Stage of groundwater = Existing Gross Ground water draft for all uses
Stage of groundwater = ----------------------------------------------------------- × 100
Development (%) Net annual Groundwater Availability
Categorisation of areas for groundwater development
The units of assessment are categorized for groundwater development based on
two criteria - a. stage of groundwater development, and b. long term trend of pre and
post monsoon groundwater levels. Four categories are- Safe areas which have
groundwater potential for development; Semi-Critical areas where cautious
groundwater development is recommended; Critical areas; and Over-exploited areas
where there should be intensive monitoring and evaluation and future ground water
development be linked with water conservation measures. The criteria for
categorization of assessment units are as follows:
Sr. Stage Of GW Significant Long Term Decline

Category
No Development Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon
1 < 70 % No No SAFE
No No SAFE
2 > 70 to < 90 %
Yes/No No/Yes SEMI CRITICAL
Yes/No No/Yes SEMI CRITICAL
3 > 90 to < 100 %
Yes Yes CRITICAL
Yes/No No/Yes OVER EXPLOITED
4 > 100 %
Yes Yes OVER EXPLOITED
The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for the period of 10
years. The significant rate of water level decline/rise may be taken greater than +5 or
less than -5 cm per year depending upon the local hydrogeological conditions. If this
rate is between -5 to +5 cm per year, then the trend will be treated as neither “Neither
Rise nor fall”.
D) Allocation of ground water resource for utilization

The net annual ground water availability is to be apportioned between domestic,
industrial and irrigation uses. Among these, as per the National Water Policy, 2002,
requirement for domestic water supply is to be accorded priority. The requirement for
domestic and industrial water supply is to be kept based on the population as projected
to the year 2025. The water available for irrigation use is obtained by deducting the
allocation for domestic and industrial use, from the net annual ground water
availability.
53
E) Poor quality ground water

Computation of ground water recharge in poor quality ground water is o be done on the
same line as described above. However, in saline areas, there may be practical
difficulty due to non-availability of data, as there will usually be no observation wells
in such areas. Recharge assessment in such cases may be done based on Rainfall
Infiltration Factor method.
F) Apportioning of ground water assessment from watershed to development unit
Where the assessment unit is a watershed, the ground water assessment is converted in
terms of an administrative unit such as Block/Taluka/Mandal. This is done by
converting the volumetric resource in to depth unit and then multiplying this depth with
the corresponding area of the Block.
G) Additional Potential Recharge
In shallow water table areas, particularly in discharge areas rejected recharge would be
considerable and water level fluctuation area subdued resulting in underestimation of
recharge component. In the area where the ground water level is less than 5 m below
ground level or in water logged areas, ground water resources have to be estimated up
to 5m bgl only based on the following equations:
Potential ground water recharge = (5-D) x A x Specific yield
where,
D = depth to water table below ground surface in pre monsoon in shallow aquifers
A = area of shallow water table zone
H) Recommendations of R&D Advisory Committee
To get a more appropriate methodology for groundwater resources estimation for hard
rock terrain, which will supplement GEC – 1997, the GoI has decided to constitute a
Committee for Estimation of Ground Water Resources in Hard Terrain. The Ministry
of Water Resources, Govt. of India, constituted a committee vide circular No. 3/7/2001-
GW II dated 03.09.2001. The committee after detailed deliberations recommended
following modifications in the GEC1997 methodology.
 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment Units
The criterion for categorization of assessment units as recommended by GEC-1997
methodology has been modified. The modified criteria as given in the protocol are as
follows;
a) Long – term ground water level trend
The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for the period of 10 years.
The significant rate of water level decline may be taken between 10 and 20 cm per year
depending upon the local hydrogeological conditions. Accordingly, in Detailed
Guidelines for Implementing the Ground Water Estimation Methodology - 1997 page
153-154, the value of „Z‟ would be read as 10 to 20 cm per year.
54
b) Categorization of Units
In order to remove ambiguities in the categorization by the existing methodology, the
following procedure is suggested.
Sr. Stage Of GW Significant Long Term Decline Category

No. Development Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon
1 < 70 % No No SAFE
Yes/No Yes/No To be re-assessed
Yes Yes To be re-assessed
2 > 70 to < 90 % No No SAFE
Yes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICAL
Yes Yes To be re-assessed
3 > 90 to < 100 % No No To be re-assessed
Yes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICAL
Yes Yes CRITICAL
4 > 100 % No No To be re-assessed
Yes/No Yes/No OVER EXPLOITED
Yes Yes OVER EXPLOITED
Note: 'To be re-assessed' means that data is to be checked for the purpose of categorization.
The above modifications are to be adopted in all type of rock formations including soft rock
and hard rock terrains.
Future allocation of groundwater resources

The criteria given in the GEC-1997 has been modified and the modified criterion for future
allocation of groundwater resources for utilization to be computed as given below
Case I, when GWav > Dgi + Alld
In such cases allocation for future domestic requirement = Alld
Case II, When GWav < Dgi + Alld
In such cases Allocation for future domestic requirement = (GWav-Dgi) or Dgd, whichever is
more.
where,
GWav = Net Annual Ground Water Availability

Dgi = Existing Ground Water draft for Irrigation
Dgd = Existing Ground Water draft for Domestic use
Dg = Existing Ground Water draft for all uses
Alld = Computed value of allocation for domestic use
(based on projected population, fractional load and per capita requirement)
55
7.3.1.1. Groundwater Recharge in Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin:-

The groundwater recharge by different means in South Konkan basin , Sub Basin is
shown in the Annexure 2
7.3.1.2. Groundwater draft in Karli Sub Basin of South Konkan Basin:

The Groundwater draft in the Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin is shown in the
Annexure 3
7.3.1.3. Groundwater Balance and Stage of Development in Sub Basin :-

On the basis of groundwater recharge and the draft conditions, the groundwater balance
is estimated and is shown in the Annexure 4.
The data from the Annexure 4 shows that there is a groundwater balance
available in all the 7 watersheds; which indicates that there us a scope for groundwater
development in all the watersheds.
7.3.1.4. Groundwater Availability & Use of Groundwater

Watershedwise Groundwater Exploitation
Category Watershed Nos. Total

Safe WF-77 01
Semi Critical Nil 00
Critical Nil 00
Over NIL 00
exploited
Total 01
(Source GSDA – Groundwater Assessment Data; GEC97, Year 2011-12)
There is only one elementary watershed further divided into miniwatersheds
Figure 3.1. Watershedwise Groundwater Exploitation
Watersthedwise Groundwater
Exploitation
Safe
56
Groundwater assessment is carried out by the State Groundwater Agency with the help
of data collected from various other state agencies and data available with them. Karli Sub
Basin, in particular in a watershed, as per the Groundwater Assessment 2011-12 there are 1620
dug wells were considered for groundwater assessment. All these dug wells are spread in
863.51 sq.km. area (density one well for 1.87 sq km.)
7.3.1.5. Groundwater Status :

Net annual Utilizable
Groundwater
Nos. of Groundwater Groundwater
District Use (Draft) in
Watersheds availability In Mm3 (70% of
Mm3
Mm3. (2011-12) Availability)
Sindhudurg 1 50.90 35.63 25.09
The groundwater availability for the Sub Basin is 50.90Mm3 Considering 70 %

of the net use, around 35.63Mm3 (GWA 2011-12) is the water availability for use. In
Karli Sub Basin which clearly indicates that there is a scope for the future groundwater
development.
7.4 Groundwater Quality in Karli Sub-basin of South Konkan (Sindhudurg) Basin :-

The analysis of the groundwater undertaken indicates that most of the
parameters are within the standards described by BIS-Specification IS-10500-91. In
case of the Pre-monsoon chemical analysis, some of groundwater samples show
increased concentration of iron and some shows Fluoride .
Furthermore; the post-monsoon analysis of the groundwater samples undertaken

also indicates that most of the parameters are within the standards described by BIS-
Specification IS-10500-91. The overall water quality is good in the Karli Sub Basin.
From the chemical analysis of the groundwater samples collected from the Karli
Sub Basin, a pre-monsoon TDS map is prepared which is given below (Plate 2) And
post monsoon TDS map is shown in (Plate 1)
The TDS values of the water samples analyzed for both; pre-monsoon and post-
monsoon period show that the TDS concentration is within the safe and permissible
limit as per the standards described by BIS-Specification IS-10500-91.
7.5 :- Groundwater Managementplan

Observations and Recommendations
 Observations :
The Stage of development for the watersheds, Categories of the watersheds and
the groundwater availability for the future development in Sub Basin is shown in
Annexure 5
57
i) In the Sub Basin, there is a watershed comprising worthy area of about 863.51 sq.km.
The watershed is in Safe category. The total gross groundwater draft is 25.09 Mm 3.
The Net annual groundwater availability is 50.90 Mm3. While the net groundwater
availability in the Sub Basin for future irrigation use is 22.34 Mm3. The overall
development of the Sub Basin is 49.29%. Hence there is scope for Groundwater
development in future.
ii) From the static water level records of the observation wells within the Sub Basin and
from the groundwater level maps generated thereof it is obvious that the average
groundwater levels are well maintained by the annual replenishment by means of the
precipitation; as the Sub Basin falls in high rainfall zone.
iii) Except for few groundwater samples showing excess iron concentration and Fluoride
content during pre-monsoon, the overall water quality is good in the Sub Basin. The
surplus iron may be due to the iron rich lateritic formations existing in those particular
areas The TDS values are also signifying the overall good quality of the groundwater
in the Sub Basin.
iv) The watershed is in safe categorized watersheds which have substantial scope for
future groundwater development.
Recommendations :
i) In the safe categorized watersheds where the stage of development has reached near
60% and even in other watersheds also the main objective should be to make the
groundwater resources more sustainable. For that recharging the existing ground water
system using surface water, which otherwise is drained as untreated run-off is very
important. The groundwater recharge plans including unconventional measures, above
mentioned newer techniques of Artificial recharge of bore wells, hydrofracturing, roof
top rain water Harvesting, along with conventional groundwater recharge methods of
dug well recharge, check dams has to be implemented on suitable and feasible sites
involving community based water management projects.
7.6 Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009 :-

1. Maharashtra is probably the first State in the country to enact a community driven tool named
The Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009 (Act No. XXVI of
2013) for the sustainable groundwater development and management in the State. The Act
came in force from 1st June 2014.
a. The groundwater resource in the State will be treated as a common property resource and
the community will take care of their resource with GoM support. i.e. the will be acting as
trustee of this precious natural resource.
2. The objective is to facilitate and ensure sustainable and adequate supply of groundwater of
prescribed quality, for various category of users, through supply and demand management
measures, protecting public drinking water sources and to establish the State Groundwater
Authority, District Level Authority and Watershed Water Resources Committee to manage and
to regulate, with community participation, the exploitation of groundwater within the State of
Maharashtra. In the non-notified areas the powers of groundwater planning and development
are with the Grampanchayat.
58
3. Now there will be one Authority in the State for the surface water and groundwater. The
Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority established by the Maharashtra Water
Resources Regulatory Authority Act 2005 will act as the State Groundwater Authority in the
State.
4. The State will now be statutorily following the principle of Integrated Water Resources
Management.
5. Protection of Public Drinking Water Sources along with the polluters pays principle for
protection of public drinking water sources due to contaminations.
6. Preparation of prospective crop plan based on groundwater use plan is mandatory in notified
areas.
7. Prohibition on the sale of groundwater from the notified areas along with the cess on
groundwater withdrawal from the deep wells.
8. Water scarcity declaration and mitigation measures along with preventive management are
integral part.
9. The State Authority shall constitute a Watershed Water Resources Committee as per Section 29
of the Act for each notified area declared by the State Authority. Separate Watershed Water
Resources Committee for each Notified area shall be constituted immediately in 6 Over -
Exploited and 11 Semi- critical watersheds and then in 85 safe Watersheds in Purna - Tapi
Basin.
10. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted for the notified area shall be
responsible for regulating the available replenishable groundwater recharge for sustainable
management by the different users of groundwater by exercising controls to reduce
groundwater extraction as well as taking measures to augment groundwater recharge
structures.
11. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted under this Act shall be
responsible for regulating groundwater utilization for different user sectors and for
development and management of annually replenishable groundwater recharge available for
utilization.
12. The District Authority shall organize workshops in the taluka having Over-Exploited and
Semi - critical watersheds , on rain water harvesting at the District Collectors with the
participation of the Tahsildars, Block Development Officers, Municipal Engineers, Chief
Educational Officers and public representatives for motivating communities, groups,
associations, industries and commercial establishments to adopt rainwater harvesting to
meet their water requirements.
13. References:
1) District Resource Map, Geological Survey of India, Central Region; First Edition-1999.
2) Systematic Hydrogeological Investigation in Parts of Sindhudurg District, Central
Ground Water Board, Ministry of water Resources, Govt. Of India 1984-85
3) Appraisal of Hydrogeological Conditions of Ratnagiri District, Directorate of
GroundwaterSurveys and Development Agency, Government of Maharashtra, Pune;
Year 1975.
4) Detailed Guidelines for Implementing the Groundwater Estimation Metodology-1997,
Central Groundwater Board, Ministry of India, April, 1998.
5) Report On the Dynamic Groundwater Resources of Maharashtra, GEC-97,Year 2011-
12.
Groundwater Prospects Maps, NRSC, ISRO, Hyderabad
59
It seen that the surface water resources are predominant (1720.96 Mm3) in this basin. It
is also obvious that the present water use is very less particularly for irrigation and water
conservation purposes. Hence, it is imperative that the planning process be initiated by making
sectoral allocations and the outset and planning for different sectors be carried out considering
present uses, future needs, recycling, etc. for each of the sectors. Special requirement for flood
control, hydropower generation, quality maintenance, etc. may also be considered when
necessary.
For this exercise, various directives issued by Government of Maharashtra and

regulatory authoritiesare given priority. However, when actual requirement differ
fromdirectives, actual needs shall be given priority over directives.
As per the latest directives, _________, sectoral allocation shall be limited to 15 % for
domestic, 10 % for industrial and 75 % for irrigation and others. Since the basin needs,
assessed from data obtained from various departments are expected to be within the limits in
the GR following sectoral demands are made:
Sr. No. Demands Proposed (Mm3)

1 Domestic use 258.144
2 Irrigation use 1290.72
3 Industrial use 172.09
Total 1720.96
In next 4 chapters, the master plan for each chapters are described in details
60
Chapter- 08
Irrigation
8.0 Introduction
This chapter deals with development of water resources in the basin through Flow
Irrigation and Lift Irrigation Schemes. It also deals with use of water for various
purposes such as Irrigation, non-irrigation (domestic and industrial with due
consideration for recycling and reuse of water wherever participle), environment,
picsiculture, tourism and navigation. Assessment of Irrigation backlog in the basin,
Generation of employment and wealth in the fields of fisheries, tourism, navigation,
etc. also described.
8.1. Area:-
The water resources development in this sub basin having Legth 56.50 Km and Width
39 Km and catchment area 825.59Sq.km spread over two district namely Sindhudurg,&
Kolhapur is taking place through following ways –
The water resources development in this basin is taking place through following ways:-
I. Development through construction of state sector Irrigation projects by water resources

department.
II. Development through water shed based soil and water conservation measures in inter
disciplinary manner by various Government Department like Agriculture, Forest, Water
resources department , Groundwater Survey Development Agency (GSDA),etc.
III. Development through private sector i.e. use of Groundwater wells by users.
8.1.1. Yield:-
The total yield in the sub-basin at 75% dependability is 1720.96 Mm3 and at 50%
dependability is 2024.09Mm3.
8.1.2 Directives in state water board meeting:-
While planning for river basin, the requirement of water for drinking, industrial
requirement, ecological and environmental flow required for downstream etc. are
considered as per the directives given by the Hon‟ble chairman of state water board in
the various meetings as listed below.
a) In 2nd meeting of state water board it is directed that drinking water is basic need and
while preparing the plan the norms of 135 lpcd for urban area and 100 lpcd including
cattle for rural area should be considered.
61
b) It is further directed that it may take some time to finalize the percentage of water in the
dam or reservoir that needs to be allotted or reserved for the environmental flow, hence
10% average non monsoon flow is taken as the requirement for environmental and
ecological flow
c) In the sixth meeting of the state water board, it was decided to prepare the water plan
for the river basin based on 75% dependable yield. Considering the above directives we
have prepared the water plan at 75 % dependability for all purpose.
8.2 Irrigation
8.2.1 Flow Irrigation
The potential of completed Major, Medium and Minor Projects in Karli Basin so far is
given in below Table-8.1(A)
Table-8.1(A) – Status of Potential Created
Actual Avg.
Percentage of actual
Sr.N Designed Live Live storage for
Type of Project Live storage with
o. Storage(Mm3) last 10 years
Designed Live storage
(Mm3)
1 2 3 4 5
1 Major Projects - - -
2 Medium Projects - - -
3 Minor Projects (09 Nos) 21.038 21.038 100
4 Barrges/ KTB (02 Nos) 2.129 2.129 100
Total 23.167 23.167 100
*The details of the same are enclosed as Annexure- Pg No.
(Source: Data from respective Division of all projects)
From the above table it is observed that designed live storage of completed irrigation
projects is 23.167 Mm3, actual water received during last 10 years is almost 100 % of designed
live storage.
The details of completed, ongoing and future projects are given below in Table-8.1(B)
62
Table-8.1(B) – Details of completed, ongoing and future Projects
Sr. Type of Project Planned Gross Designed ICA (Ha.)

No. Utilization Storage Live storage
(Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3)
1 2 3 4 5 6
A Completed Projects
1 Major 0 0 0 0
2 Medium 0 0 0 0
3 Minor 22.195 22.195 21.038 1211
(09 Nos)
4 Barrges/ KTB 2.126 2.126 2.129 327
(02 Nos)
Total 24.321 24.321 23.167 1538
B Ongoing Projects
1 Major (01 Nos) 297.15 297.15 285.63 17000
2 Medium 0 0 0 0
3 Minor (01 Nos) 1.555 1.585 1.555 120
4 Lift Irrigation Scheme 0 0 0 0
Total 298.705 298.735 287.185 17120
C Future Projects
1 Major 0 0 0 0
2 Medium 0 0 0 0
3 Minor (03 Nos) 6.849 6.849 6.754 417
Total 6.849 6.849 6.754 417
Grand Total 329.875 329.896 317.106 19075
The details of Completed, Ongoing and Future projects are attached as Annexure- Pg No.
63
Status of Potential
Planned Utilization for Completed Irrigation Projects
Designed
Planned Utilization (Mm3)
Sr. Type of Project & Live
No. Nos. Storage
(Mm3) Irrigation WWD Domestic Industrial Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Major Projects
1 0 0 0 0 0 00
( 00 Nos)
Medium Projects
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
( 00 Nos)
Minor Projects
3 21.038 19.319 0 0.999 0.72 21.038
( 09 Nos)
KTB/BARRAGES
4 2.129 1.764 0. 0.365 0 2.129
(02 Nos)
Total 21.083 0 1.364 0.72 23.167

23.167
The planned utilization as specified by Karli Water Sub Basin is as given

below
Irrigation : 21.083 /23.167% : 91.00 %Mm3
West Ward Diversion:0.00 X00% : 0.00 Mm3
Domestic : 1.364 / 23.167% : 5.88%Mm3
Industry : 0.72 / 23.167 % : 3.11% Mm3
------------------------------
Total : 100%
Presently the details of projects which have Govt Administrative Approval

but not yet started, projects for which Administrative Approval is awaited and
projects under survey and investigation/ future projects is given inAnnexure- Pg No.
Planned Utilization for Ongoing Irrigation Projects
64
Designed Planned Utilization (Mm3)

Sr. Type of Project Live
No. & Nos. Storage Industri
Irrigation WWD Domestic Total
(Mm3) al
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Major Projects
1 285.63 281.251 0 1.990 0.779 285.63
( 01 Nos)
Medium Projects
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
( 00 Nos)
Minor Projects
3 1.555 1.531 0 0.024 0 1.555
( 01 Nos)
4 LIS (00) 0 0 0 0 0 0
287.18
Total 287.185 282.782 0 2.014 0.779
5
(Source – Data collected from respective offices & District booklets)
Planned Utilization for Completed & Ongoing Irrigation Projects

Sr. Type of Project & Live
No. Nos. Storage Irrigation WWD Domestic Industrial Total
(Mm3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total
310.352 303.865 0 3.378 1.499 310.352
65
Planned Utilization for Future Irrigation Projects

Sr. Type of Project &
Live Storage
No. Nos. Irrigation WWD Domestic* Industrial** Total
(Mm3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Major Projects
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
( 00 Nos)
Medium Projects
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
( 00 Nos)
Minor Projects
3 6.754 6.301 0 0.453 0 6.754
( 03 Nos)
4 LIS (00) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total
317.106 310.166 0 3.831 1.499 317.106
Nos
Note : * As per Technical manual for preparation of State water plan, provision of drinking
water should be done in consultation with MJP. In absence of such data 15 % reservation for
drinking water should be made.
** As per Technical manual for preparation of State water plan, provision for industrial use
should be done in consultation with MIDC. In absence of such data 10 % reservation for
industry in storage should be made.
8.3 Multi-purpose projects in the sub basin

There are in total one major and 13minor projects in the karli sub basin .One
Major projects Talamba planned for irrigation as well as drinking and industrial use
and Hydropower of generation.
Hydro Electric Project: - Hydro Electric Project in Karli sub Basin.
Generation Annual
Sr.No Project Name Taluka Capacity Generation Remarks
M.W. (M.Unit)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Talamba (Proposed) Sindhudurg 4.00 -
Total 4.00 -
8.4 Inter-state Project in the sub basin

66
No inter-state project in this sub basin.

8.5 Extent of area under Micro Irrigation
No under micro Irrigation command Area,
But in future During the course of time, with intensive research in the field of
irrigation, the irrigation techniques have been changed from traditional or conventional
flow irrigation to modern techniques such as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation.
Also to provide irrigation facilities to scarce and un command areas, various Lift
Irrigation Schemes are will be taken by the Government. The water lifted up is very
costly considering the electricity charges and running maintenance charges of scheme.
So to use this water, modern techniques of irrigation will be used.
8.6 Lift Irrigation Schemes
No Lift Irrigation Schemes in this sub basin
8.7 Irrigation Backlog
The physical backlog in this sub basin is NIL.
8.8Sewage irrigation
At present there is no sewage irrigation use in Karli sub-basin.
8.8.1 Siltation in Reservoirs and Silt monitoring:-
The siltation in reservoir is often caused by Soil erosion or sediment spill which is
nothing but the population of water by fine particulate terrestrial plastic material with
particle size dominated by silt or clay.
To ascertain the net available storage regular periodic sedimentation survey of
reservoir must be conducted. Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute at Nasik
under the control of Maharashtra WRD has been monitoring the lakes & reservoirs of
major and medium size mainly in the context of sedimentation by adopting remote
sensing technology. At present situation Karli sub basin have one major dams. SO there
is silt monitoring required.
8.8.2 Micro Irrigation
Presently Government of Maharashtra has issued a GR dated_____ for
promoting micro irrigation. Though water scarcity cannot be motive for this basin,
better yield and effective farm management objectives can induce farmers to resort to
micro irrigation. Active government support from agriculture extension services is
necessary for this. The target of 2400 Ha by 2030 as set by agriculture department
appears quite conservative. Maharashtra as a state has gained a lot of experience in the
field of micro irrigation. A list of valuation of this activity is presented in the table
given on below:
67
Evaluation of Drip and sprinkler irrigation subsidy schemes in Maharashtra5

The important observations and recommendations are summarized below:-
1. The aim of the drip and sprinkler program should be to increase agricultural production
per unit volume of water, per unit area of cropped land. Scientific management of
irrigation provides the best insurance against weather induced fluctuations in total food
production.
2. Proper designing in drip and sprinkler is essential for getting desired success. More
than 95% of the systems were found to be designed by dealers themselves.
3. The role of appropriate pump in drip/sprinkler system has been grossly neglected.
4. Overall quality control of various components is a major grey area. Installation of
testing facilities with agriculture department and agriculture universities is urgent need
of the scheme.
5. Overall research support from the State Agricultural Universities is inadequate. A
perspective plan for various research supports should be considered.
6. The thrust areas could be alternative system in micro-irrigation, optimization with
different water quality, development of low cost technology along with various
fertigation systems and development of micro-irrigation for intercropping as well new
crops of Fruit crops-vegetables..
7. Considering the water needs and water policies of the government, there is immediate
need to have a policy decision to make mandatory budget provisions with certain fixed
percentage as a part of irrigation budget of the state. Agriculture Department also
should earmark the budget provision on similar grounds.
8. The co-ordination among canal irrigation managers and agriculture department is
essential as the drip or sprinkler system is not compatible within rotation of water, as is
being practiced at present. Suitable legal changes in distribution and on farm storages
(farm pond/cement bandhara) are necessary in irrigation command areas so that
irrigation, drip & sprinkler can be increased on large area with suitable cropping pattern
changes (Views of Dr.S.B.Varade, Soil Scientist, Aurangabad). Farmers installing
drip/sprinkler systems in command areas of irrigation projects should get electricity
connections on priority.
9. Credit facilities available for drip and sprinkler schemes should be made more vibrant
among farmers/bankers and extension workers.
68
8.8 Summary
The present water use and requirement in future by year 2030 for various purposes as
worked out from given below Table -
Table-8.2.1 – Summary
PresentUse FutureRequirement
Sr.No. Purpose Remarks
(Mm3) (2030) (Mm3)
1) Irrigation 21.083 310.166
2) Domestic 1.364 3.831
3) Industrial 0.72 1.499
Total 23.167Mm3 315.496 Mm3
Figure No. 1 – Summary

Purposes
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180 present use
160
140 future use
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
irrigation domestic industrial total
69
Chapter 09
Water Conservation
9.0 Introduction
Thewater conservation works are helpful for distribution of water and increasing the
agricultural productivity. These works conserve the water at local level and provides
flexibility for water management by the farmers. The integrated approach for watershed
development helps for protecting the environment. It also useful for Soil Conservation
which results in controlling the siltation of irrigation reservoirs.
The Schemes are implemented by State and Zilla Parishad Irrigation

Department, as well as Agriculture Department, Forest Department. Different irrigation
storage structures are taken, such as Minor Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Ex.Mal.
Tanks, Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks, Cement Nalla bunds, Earthen Nalla bunds,
Farm ponds etc.
9.1 Status of Watershed Development and Management

The status of total 104 Nos. of completed watershed development work carried out by
Small Scale Irrigation (Water Conservation) Division and Zilla Parishad Irrigation
Department is given below,
Sr.No. Description Local Sector Project and Total

Zilla Parishad Project Project
1) Minor Irrigation Tanks. 05 05
2) Barrages /Kolhapur Type 00 00
Weirs
3) Cement Nalla 97 97
Bunds/KTB
4) PT/ VT /L.I. Schemes 2 2
Total 104 104
9.2 Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 0 to 250 ha (Minor Irrigation Tanks,Storage

Tanks, K.T.Weir and etc)
The 0 to 250 ha irrigation schemes are implemented by the Water Conservation

Department. Small Scale Irrigation (Water Conservation) Division undertakes the
Schemes having ICA of 101 to 250 ha and Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department
undertakes the Schemes having ICA below 100 ha.The various irrigation works taken
are such as Minor Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Restoration of Ex.Mal. Tanks,
Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks, Cement Nalla bunds, Lift Irrigation schemes,
Schemes for Reclamation of Saline Lands etc.
70
Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Scheme in Karli Sub Basin (0-250 Ha)
Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)

Category Live
Sr. Cost (in
of Nos. Storage. ICA (ha)
No Irrigatio Drinking Industr
Projects (Mm³) Total. Lacs)
n. . y
Complete 104 4.23 1576 4.23 0 0 4.23 355.00
1
d
Under 16 2.536 1410.59
2 constructi 237 2.506 0.03 0 2.536
on
2811.74
3 Future 23 4.78 553 4.44 0.34 0 4.78
143 11.54 2366 11.176 0.37 0 11.546 4577.33
Total.
Cost in
Live Water-Use Proposed (Mm³) Lacs
Sr. Category of
Nos. Storage. ICA (ha)
No Projects
(Mm³) Irrigation. Drinking. Industry Total.
104 4.23 1576 4.23 0 0 4.23 355
1 Completed
Under 15 0.716 117 0.736 0 0 0.716 165.72
2
construction
492.23
3 Future 21 1.64 298 1.64 0 0 1.64
140 6.586 1991 6.606 0 0 6.586 1012.95

Total.
Sr Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)

Live
. Category of ICA Cost in
Nos. Storage
N Projects (ha)
(Mm3) Irrigation Drinking Industry Total. lacs
o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 Completed
Under 1 1.82 120 1.77 0.03 0 1.79 1244.87
2
construction
2319.51
3 Future 2 3.14 255 2.8 0.34 0 3.14
3 4.96 375 4.57 0.37 0 4.93 3564.38
Total.
71
Table-9.2.1- Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Below 100 ha [ for details see Annexure-
Pg No. ] ( Minor Irrigation Tanks, Storage Tanks, K.T. Weir etc)
Sr. Type of No of Schemes Potential

No. Schemes Completed Ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm3
No Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp
1
M.I.
5 28.86 0 0 0 0 0.395
Scheme 28.86 96
5
2 Storage
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tank 0 0
0
3 Percolation
2 49.79 0 0 0 0 0.56
tank 49.79 80
2
4 Sinchan
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Talav 0 0 0
5 K.T.Weir 0 0 2 38.08 4 201.91 772.45

6 239.99 74.51
6 Diversion
95 271.12 7 79.67 9 216.67 199.6257
bandhara 111 567.46 1512.72
7 Storage
2 5.23 1 14.94 0 0 0
bandhara 3 20.17 15
8 Jal Shivar
0 0 5 33.03 8 73.65 259.6051
Schemes 13 106.68 213
Total 104 355.00 15 165.72 21 492.23 140 1232.636

1012.95 1991.23
72
Table-9.2.2- Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 101 to 250 ha [ for details see
Annexure- Pg No.] ( Minor Irrigation Tanks,Storage Tanks, K.T.Weir etc)
1
M.I.
0 0 1 1244.87 2 2319.51 3.10
Scheme 3564.38 375
3
2 Storage
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tank
3 Percolation
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tank
4 Sinchan
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Talav
5 K.T.Weir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Diversion
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bandhara
7 Storage
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bandhara
8 Jal Shivar
00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0
Schemes
Total 0 0 1 1244.87 2 2319.51 3.10

3564.38 375
3
9.3 Soil /Water Conservation Agriculture Works

The Karli basin (WF-77 ) spreads over the parts of Kolhapur and Sindhudurg districts.
It covers total 81265.48 ha area.
9.3.1Water Conservation Works
There are mainly four types of water conservation works carried out by Agriculture
Department i.e. Earther structures ,cement Nala Bund, Farm Pond & Diversion
Bunds.These structures created approxly 78.79 Mm³ storage potential. Hence 7881.60
ha. Area indirectly created irrigation potential in the sub-basin, which helps to increases
ground water level appr.1 to 3 mtrs. The details are given below.
73
Table -9.3.1 Abstract of Water Conservation Schemes inKarli Sub -Basin
Sr.No Type Of Schemes No of Schemes Potential

Completed Ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm³
1. Mati Nala Bund 167 11 97 275 550 1650
2. Cement Nala 237 8 72 317 1268 2536
Bund
3. Farm Pond 342 5 91 438 525.6 525.6
4. Diversion Bund 162 7 62 231 1848 0
Total 908 31 322 1261 4191.6 4711.6
Note- For Storage potential factors used for no. of Erthen Structure ×6 =TCM, no.of C.N.B.
×8=TCM, no.of Farm Pond×1.20 =TCM
For area potential factors used for Erthen Structure × 2=ha, C.N.B. ×4=ha,
Farm Pond×1.20=ha, No. of Diversion Bund×8=ha
9.3.2 Soil Conservation Works in Basin
The Karlibasin comes under Sindhudurg district. It covers total 81265.48ha area is available
for watershed development works in this sub-basin, and treated area up to March, 2013 is
15808.99ha.The balance area for watershed activites in this sub- basin is of 44730.07ha.
District and Taluka wise proposed area, Treated area and Balance area is as given below.
Table-9.3.2 Soil Conservation Works Karli Sub Basin
Districts Taluka Watershed Total Area Area Proposes Area Balance

Nos. (ha) to be treated treated area to be
with soil & up to 2013 treated
Water (ha.)
Conservation (5-6)
Measures (ha.)
Ajara WF-77 298.24 - - -
Kolhapur
Bhudargad WF-77 2491.31 - - -
Kankavali WF-77 6.57 - - -
Kudal WF-77 60979.76 47271.27 10391.30 36879.97
Sindhudur
Malawan WF-77 13821.46 10864.34 4370.15 6494.19
g
Sawantwadi WF-77 100.75 56.25 10.30 45.95
Vengurla WF-77 3567.39 2347.20 1037.24 1309.96
Total 81265.48
60539.06 15808.99 44730.07
74
9.3.3 Watershedwise Status of Soil & Water Conservation Worksin Karli Sub Basin
Soil & Water Conservation works include different area treatments & drainage line
treatments are implemented by Soil & Water Conservation Department. Under area
treatment, on upper ridges the treatments like continuous contour trenches (CCT),
deep CCT, loose boulder structure, earthen structure, etc. are taken. It checks the soil
erosion and stores water. Stored water is percolated in soil, which increases the water
level of nearby wells in lower-side areas.On landsides, Compartment bunding (0-4%
slope) & Terracing (0 - 6 %) are taken. It stores the rain water & checks the soil
erosion.
On Lower ridges, drainage line treatments like Mati nala bund, Cement nala
bund, Diversion bunds are taken. The water is stored & percolated in soil, which
recharge the ground water. Water becomes available for crops during dry spell &
critical growth stages of crops. It increases the productivity and production.
b) Watershedwise Status of Soil & Water Conservation in Karli Sub Basin
Watershedwise Status of Soil & Water Conservation Works are given in the following Tables
Water Conservation work Soil Conservation Work - area ha/no.of structure
Compartm
Sub Cement Losse
Districts Watershed No. Earthen Farm Diversion Total Majgi ent CCT Gabian Padkai Total
Basin Nala Bolder
Structure pond Bund (ha) Bunding (ha) Structures (ha)
Bund (no)
(ha)
Kolhapur WF-77
Karli
sindhudurg WF-77 167 237 342 162 908 - - - 372 - - 479
435.7 - 3342.3 1482.65 107 - 5260.65
Total Karli 167 237 342 162 908 435.7 0 3342 1482.65 107 0 5260.7
75
9.4- Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan

A flagship program“Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” (JSA) is being implemented as
“Sarvansathi Pani – Tanchaimukt Maharashtra 2019” by the Government of
Maharashtra to permanently overcome scarcity situation in the State. Irregularity and
uneven rainfall consistency always creates scarcity which result bad impact on
agricultural sector and drinking water as well. “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” is being
implemented by the Water Conservation department for sustainable agriculture and to
overcome the drinking water problems in the State.
Objectives of “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan”
1. Assimilate rain water in the village Shivar itself.
2. Increase the ground water level.
3. To increase the Irrigated Area in the State – Providing assured water for Irrigation and
increase the efficiency of water use for sustainable irrigation
4. To provide enough Availability of water to all in the State – increase the water supply
by rejuvenation of the existing water supply schemes in rural area.
5. Implementation of Ground Water Act.
6. Create decentralise water storages.
7. To undertake new works for creating capacity to store water
8. Restoration & increase in the capacity of existing water resources ( Bandharas/ Village
Tanks/ Percolation Tanks/Cement Bandhra)
9. Repairs&Restoration of Storage capacity of existing structures with removal ofSilt.
10. To promote plantation of trees and undertake tree plantation.
11. To create awareness and sensitize people for water audit.
12. To sensitize and promote people for Effective use of water in Agriculture.
13. To encourage and increase the participation of the people for water assimilation.
The following works are being taken under JSA
1. Watershed development works.
2. Series of Cement Concrete Nalla Bandhalong with widening and deepening of nalla.
3. Restoration of old water bodies.
4. Repairs of existing Water bodies (K.T. Weir / Storage Tank / Storage Weir etc.).
5. Repairs, Renovation &Restoration of Minor Irrigation Tanks & Percolation Tanks etc.
6. Removal of Silt from Percolation Tank / Village Tank / Tank constructed during Shiv/
British/Nizam period / Mati Nalla Bandh etc.
7. To undertake measures for utilisation of irrigation capacity of Medium and Major
Irrigation Projects.
8. Joining of small Nallas / tributaries.
9. Recharge of wells/ borewells.
10. Effective use of available water
11. To strengthen the drinking water sources.
12. To promote the Water users Associations
13. Repairing canals.
76
9.4.1 Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan in Karli Basin

Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” works are implemented by the Agriculture Department,
Forest Department, Small Scale Irrigation, Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department, GSDA
and Rural Water Supply Department. In Karli Basin the total 9 Nos of villages are
selected for the first year i.e. 2015-16 in this Abhiyan from Sindhudurg districts.. The
Districtwise abstract of the works undertaken under Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaanby various
departments in Karli Basin is as below,
Table - 9.4.1 - Abstract of Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan Works inKarli Basin
Rs in Lacks
Sr. Name of No of Schemes
No. District Plan Completed On going Balance
166 503.17 139 442.46 8 73.65 147 516.11
1 Sindhudurg
2 Kolhapur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
166 503.17 139 442.46 8 73.65 147 516.11
Total
9.4.2 JalyuktShivar Abhiyaan in Ulhas Basin – Sindhudurg District

JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan” works are implemented by the Agriculture Department,
Forest Department, Small Scale Irrigation, Zilla Parishad Irrigation Department, GSDA
and Rural Water Supply Department. In Sindhudug district total 9 Nos of villages are
selected for the first year i.e. 2015-16 in this Abhiyan are from Karli basin. The different
water conservation works and irrigation storage structures are taken such as Minor
Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Ex.Mal. Tanks, Percolation Tanks, Nalla bunds, Farm
ponds, Terracing, Plantation, Repairs & Restoration of existing structures, Removal of
Silt etc. The abstract of the works undertaken by various departments in Karli Basin -
Sindhudurg District are as below,
Table - 9.4.2 - Abstract of Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan Works inKarli Basin -Sindhudurg District
Rs in Lacs
No of Schemes
Sr.No. Department
Completed On going Future Balance
1 Agriculture Department 163 497.91 134 409.43 0 0 134 409.43
2 Forest Department 3 5.26 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 ZPIrrigation Department 0 0 5 33.03 8 73.65 13 106.68
Total Thane District

JSA 166 503.17 139 442.46 8 73.65 147 516.11
9.5. Review of Impact
77
A] The report of Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee June 1997 [GOI] indicated
about impact of watershed development as given below-
1] Recharge form storage tanks and ponds is 1.4 mm/day for the period in which the tanks
has water [Based on average area of water spread]
2] Recharge form percolation tanks-50% of gross storage considering number of fillings
3] Recharge due to check dams and nalla bunds provided annual desilting is done 50% of
gross storage provided annual desilting is done.
4) As per information furnished by GSDA
5] Case studies
Table 9.5- Increase in Recharge due to Completed of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes-
Sr. Recharge to Groundwater as
Type of Structure Village
No. percentage of Gross Storage
1 K T weir Kaleli And Hirlok 50%
Tal.- Kudal
2 Minor Irrigation Tank Pat and Pawashi 50%
Tal.- Kudal
3 Minor Irrigation Tank Pawashi Tal.- Kudal 50%
9.7. Construction & Maintenance.
As per present Government Rules, Schemes upto 100 ha are being executed by
Zilla Parishad, Schemes from 100 to 250 ha are to be Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Dept
and Schemes above 250 ha irrigation potential are being executed by Water Resources
Dept .As per present government Rules, some of the Schemes like K.T. weirs etc after
completion are, are to be handed over to Water User Associations/Societies for
maintenance and management. However it is seen that for last 30 years or so no such
Scheme has been taken over by Farmers Association for one reason of the other. Hence
it is recommended that all the schemes after construction shall be looked after by
respective Dept for maintenance and management who have constructed the Scheme.
Summary
The present water use and requirement in future by year 2030 for various
purposes as worked out from given below Table –
Table-9.7.1 – Summary
PresentUse FutureRequirement
Sr.No. Purpose 3 Remarks
(Mm ) (2030) (Mm3)
Local sector and Z.P
1) Irrigation 4.23 11.17
2) Domestic 0 0.37
3) Industrial 0 0
Agriculture
1) Irrigation 3.3 4.69
2) Domestic 0 0
3) Industrial 0 0
3
Total 7.53Mm 16.23 Mm3
78
Chapter–10
Floods
10.1 Introduction
The geographical area of Maharashtra state is 308,000 Square Kilometer. Major river basins
the state are the Krishna river, Godavari river, Tapi river and the West flowing rivers of
Konkan strip. Maharashtra receives rainfallfrom south-west and north-east monsoon. The state
has highly variablerainfall ranging from 6500 mm in upper catchments to 500 mm in shadow
areas oflower catchments. Maximum rainfall occurs mainly in four months between June to
September with the number of rainy days varying between 40 to100 days. Karli sub basin has
also highly variable rainfall ranging from 3500 mm 6500mm in the catchment. The state
experienced flash floods particularly in Western Ghats in Karli basin. For instance, Sindhudurg
districts in Karli Basin experienced severe flood many times during recent decade.Karli river
rises near Shivapur village Tal. Kudal in western Ghat at an elevation of 823 mtr. above Mean
Sea level, it flows towords West. In the middle reaches river flow westwords and in the tail
reach it turns South west Before joining the Arabian Sea towards the south of Malvan city. The
Length of the river is 92 kms and its catchment area is 825.61 Sq. Kms. The major tributaries of
karli river are Hateri/Bambarde river and Pithdhaval river.
The Water Resources Department (WRD) of Government of Maharashtra (GoM) is entrusted

with the surface water resources planning, development and management. A large number of
major, medium and minor water resources development projects (reservoirs and weirs) have
been constructed in Maharashtra. Though the reservoirs in Maharashtra are not specifically
provided with flood cushion, they have moderated flood peaks to considerable extent by proper
reservoir operations.
79
10.2 Flood Prone Area of Karli River Basin:

Flood, by definition means an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. It
can also be described as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water.
10.2.1 Prominent Floods In History

Based on the previous history,sindhudurg district has an unexpected rainfall and flash flood
followed by landslides and road accidents.This district receives high amount of rainfall during
the rainy season.As a result most of the rivers get excess water and experience floods.The
heavy rainfall also results in landslides in isolated areas characterized by steep slopes.
The major rivers where flood comes at least once a year are:
1.Waghotan 2.Sukhnadi 3.Tillari 4.Karli 5.Gad nadi
Apart from flood tidal waves may affect the villages close to the Arabian Coast during cyclone
and Tsunami.Flood in 2005 affected almost the whole district by and large.The eastimated loss
resulted by this flood was more than 9 crores.
Identified Flood Prone Villages in Karli Basin Taluka - Kudal
80
Gram Panchayat Flood Prone No of Red Zone or River

Village/Wadi families/Persons Blue Zone /Dam/Khadi
to be affected
Kudal Aambedkarnagar 81 - Karli River
Kavilkate 10 -
Laxmiwadi (Near 31 -
ST Depot)
Pawashi Shelatewadi 146 -
Bao Baagwadi 31 -
Sarambal Dewoolwadi 101 -
Chendvan Malewadi 232 -
Chipi Chipi 22 -
Flood prone villages are not demarcated as Red zone or Blue zone but the work is in
progress.Most of the areas in the district are flood prone and therefore there is a danger to
human life,livestock and property.The living in kaccha mud houses are more vulnerable to
flood.Here most of the people are engaged in agriculture therefore standing crops may be
destroyed.Old people, pregnant women,disabled persons are highly vulnerable.They have to be
shifted to safe shelters.
It is estimated that the above villages are vulnerable to floods and cyclones.The main
elements which are vulnerable are the people staying near riversides,poor people,children,old
people and ailing people.The houses and the belongings of such people will be damaged,As the
main occupation of the people here is agriculture,their crops will be washed away.That is they
will lose their livelihood.The main infrastructures,communication system will be
disturbed.sources of drinking water will become impure.Necessary steps will have to be taken
to restore the same.
List of raingauge stations in Karli Basin
Sr.No. Name of water shed Name of Raingauge station
1. Karli Dukanwad, Nerur,

Walawal,kudal,malvan,Kasal,patgaon,sawantwadi
2. Pithdhawal (Gharkond) Awalegaon Tal-Kudal
3. Bambarde River --------
Yearwise flood damage
damages do to high flood in Karli Basin has been reported by Revenue department.
81
Name Help Provide by Assess

Damages (Nos/Amount)
Sr. of Affected Govt. ment
Year
No Damag Area Animal/Birds Financial Cro Conces
Human No Amount
es No Amount No Amount p sion
70
1 2005 - 5200/- 420 13,65,695/- 217 4,19,790/-
Cock
2 2006 - 1 5000/- 315 14.38,640/- 104 1,86,090/-
3 2007 - - - 270 12,09,596/- 240 5,06,250/-
4 2008 1 - - 439 24,86,762/- 348 7,35,200/-
5 2009 - 6 53800/- 1032 40,16,455/- 1023 32,95,795/-
1
6 2010 High 2 25000/- 866 36,99,565/- ----- 557 15,01,990/-
-------- Injured
Flood --- --------
7 2011 1 3 65000/- 714 48,61,171/- 543 12,95,940/-
8 2012 02 03 54000/- 329 21,27,193/- 145 8,68,400/-
9 2013 - 1 12000/- 348 37,50,269/- 142 5,62,375/-
1,36,000
10 2014 - 8 337 34,74,667/- 46 1,53,230/-
/-
4,20,000
11 2015 1 1 166 15,65,547/- 4 4,27,380/-
/-
Total 99,52,440/-
:- Reservoir operation schedule ( ROS)

There are in all 16 Irrigation Projects are in Karli sub basin out of which Talamba
Major Irrigation project and Verde Minor scheme are in under Construction and Pavashi, Nileli,
Pulas Talewadi, Chorgewadi, Oros, Dhabhachiwadi, Hateri and Dhamapur are nine completed
M.I. project. And Nirukhe Devali And bhadgaon are future scheme in the sub basin. All these
completed M.I. projects have ungated spillways hence their Reservoir operation schedule is
not prepared. The Talamba Major Irrigation Project is under construction ROS is approved The
Kudal K.T. weir & pendur K.T. weir along Karli river are completed projects.
82
Frequency of Flood
Maximum rainfall occurs mainly in following dates.
1. 26/07/2005 2. 03/10/2009
List of Villages likely to be affected by the floods

List of village affected by Karli rivers are as given below, EAP of this major project is under
preparation. After Completion of EAP, demarcation of Blue line & Red line may be carried out in due
course of time. The List of flood affected villages is attached below
– Details of village likely to be affected by floods in Talamba Major projects (No of Villages- 40
Nos.)
Sr. Name of Village Sr. Name of Village

NO. NO.
Tal- Kudal
1. Mahadevache Keravade 22. Sonavade
2. Nileli 23 Sarambal
3. More 24 Anav
4. Vados 25 Vetal Bambarde
5. Amberi 26 Nerur Par
6. Kandoli 27 Walval
7. Mangaon 28 Kavathi
8. Ghavnale 29 Chendavan
9. Naneli 30 Talgaon
10. Salgaon 31 Varad
11. Tulasuli Tarf Mangaon 32 Ambari
12. Keravade Tarf Mangaon Tal. Malvan
13. Mulade 33 Deoli
14. Mankuli 34 Kalse
15. Ambadpal 35 Dhamapur
16. Kudal 36 Pendure
17. Pawashi 37 Parad
18. Bao 38 Chippi
19. Pandur 39 Deobag
20. Kavilkatta 40 Tarkarli
21. Bambuli
Standard operating procedure

Talamba Major Irrigation Project SOP has been prepared approved by W.R.D
Present flood moderation capacity of project is as below.
All the dams in Karli River Basin are planned for conservation purposes andutilization of the stored
water for irrigation, industrial use, water supply and /orpower generation. Provision of specific flood
absorption storage is not consideredin any M.I Projects. The talamba Major Irrigation Project is planned
83
for flood absorption by preparing standard operation schedule. It will be executed after completion of
project.
Table No. 10.2.2. Details of Projects in Karli Basin
Sr.No. Name of dam Max. design inflow Design spillway capacity

(Flood moderation
(Cumecs) capacity) (Cumecs)
Ongoing Project
1 Talamba Major 2533 3686
2. Varde M. I. 29.00 29.00
Completed Project
3 Pawashi M.I. 284.00 284.00
4 Nileli M.I. 235.15 235.15
5 Talewadi M.I. 45.75 45.75
6 Pulas 94.60 94.60
7 Chorgewadi M.I. 55.59 55.59
8 Oros M.I. 37.10 37.10
9 Dabhachiwadi M.I. 38.07 38.07
10 Hateri M.I. 122.34 122.34
11 Dhamapur M.I. 272.00 272.00
Future project
12 Nirukhe M.I. 88.89 88.89
13. Devali Under Investigation
14 Bhadgaon 37.80 37.80
Completed K.T. Weir
15 Kudal K.T. Weir ---- ----
16 Pendur K.T. Weir ---- ----
84
10.2.3 Maharashtra State water Policy:
Maharashtra State water Policy (July 2003) States that (Para 8.0 Flood Control and
management) an adequate flood cushion shall be provided in water storage projects wherever
feasible to facilitate better flood management. The flood control space is provided in the
reservoir for storing flood water temporarily in order to reduce peak discharge and to minimize
flooding on down streams locations.
10.4.1 Rainfall Phenomena Pattern
The occurrence of water from atmosphere is in the form of rain, dew and rarely in hails.
However it is mainly in the form of rain in this sub basin. It occurs from South-West monsoon
mostly in June to September and rarely due to cyclonic showers in May.
Table No. 10.4.1 Rainfall Details for Sindhudurg District
Month Average 2009 2010 2011

June 932.5 528.8 1028.4 1240.4
July 1682.63 1955.4 1768.6 1323.9
August 712.7 439.2 690.8 1008.2
Sept 511.26 388.8 513.4 631.6
Octo. 262.33 313.8 335.2 138
Total 4101.4 3626 4336.4 4342.1
10.5 Preventive Actions
10.5.1 Alert „ Signal
The Deputy Engineer will give „Action‟ signal in same manner as Alert signal if he is of the
opinion that the situation has worsened and a breach is apprehended.
a) The Deputy Engineer, give Dam Breach signals and timing of flood.
b) On receipt of „Action‟ signal Collector, Thane to Supervise arrangements on spot.
c) The District Superintendent of Police Thane to supervise arrangement on spot.
d) The District Superintendent of Police Thane District to assist Collector.
Emergency Action Committee of the following officers may be constituted for important
Cities/Towns by the District Collector.
a) District Collector.
b) Chief Executive Officer of Sindhudurg Zilla Parishad.
c) Superintendent of Police of Sindhudurg District.
d) Executive Engineer, Irrigation )
e) Executive Engineer, (P.W. and Housing.)1-13
f) Representative of the post and telegram Deptt.
85
g) A Representative of Railway if any railway line in inundation.

h) A representative of the State Transport Deptt.
i) A representative of the Civil supplies Deptt.
j) A representative of Fire Brigade.
k) District Agricultural officer.
l) District Health officer.
m) District Commandant of Home Guards.
n) District Publicity Officer.
The District Collector should be the Chairman of the Committee. He may nominate any
additional persons considered useful in the effective implementation of the Emergency Action
Plan to set as members of the committee.
10.5.2Control Measures for Prevention of Damage
The extent of Damage will be very less if the new constructions in the caution zone and Red
zone are restricted.
10.5.3 The Prohibitive Zone
This is the zone consisting of normal river channel for discharge of regular flood from free
catchments. This prohibitive zone is shown on village map in blue colour. The area in
prohibitive zone may not be used for building any development of land or dwelling.
It is seen from records that intensity of flood in 25 years is of the order 4692 Cumces
(Reference from Gate operation Schedule). Since these floods satisfy the criteria the same are
considered for marking prohibitive zone. This zone practically lies in the river channel only.
This is marked with Blue colour.
10.5.4The restrictive zone :
The area required to pass the maximum design outflow flood should be treated as restrictive
zone. The restrictive zone is shown on village map in Red colour. In the red zone the land use
regulation may specify the safe height for the plinth level or the lowest floor level.
Maximum outflow 4700 cumecs as per design. The same is to be considered for defining
restrictive zone as per Design note on spillway from typical calculation it can be seen restrictive
zone is defined for 4700 cumecs.
10.5.5The Caution Zone.:
The caution zone may extend beyond the limit of the restrictive zone to the boundary of the
dam break flood zone. As mentioned in Dam safety Manual 2 times Maximum Design flood is
considered for caution zone definition. No typical failure of monoliths are considered as dam is
based on sound foundation condition.
10.6.1The information regarding the same is communicated immediately to
Revenue and Police Authorities by WRD.
The list of villages likely to be affected by the flood of Karli river basin based on the discharge
released showing a) Blue Zone, b) Green Zone and c) Red Zone.
86
10.6.2Blue Zone: The Blue Zone is known as Prohibitive Zone which is 1.5 times more than river
channel capacity. This area may be used only for the open land type of use such as playgrounds,
gardens, river side esplanades or cultivation of light crops wherever such riparian rights exists.
10.6.3 Green Zone: This Zone is also known as restrictive Zone which is of spillway design flood
capacity. In the restrictive zone the land use regulation may specify the safe height for the
plinth level or the lowest floor level and the type of building method to prevent collapse of the
structure during floods.
Restrictions on the type of uses of buildings in such zones may also be specified. This will take
into account the possibility of floods expected in this zone and also necessity of all prompt
evacuation of people, cattle and goods at short notice, to avoid costly flood damages and loss of
life. While framing constructions in such zones, compulsory insurance may also have to be
considered.
10.6.4 Red Zone:
This Zone is also known as Caution Zone and is of Dam break inundation Zone. Flooding in
this area may be rare but not altogether impossible. The regulation for land use in this zone
should only include a caution about the flood risk and likely flood height in this area and
necessary building precautions for safety under such circumstances, wherever a contingency
may arise.
10.7 Recommendations related to Flood in the Karli river basin :
1. There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood prone basin.
2. Adequate flood cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever feasible, to
facilitate better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood control be given
overriding consideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the cost of sacrificing some
irrigation or power benefits.
3. While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue to been
necessary, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures, such as flood
forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofing for the minimization of losses
and to reduce the recurring expenditure on flood relief.
4. There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the flood plain zones
along with flood proofing, to minimize the loss of life and property on account of floods.
5. The flood forecasting activities should be modernized, value addedand extended to other
uncovered areas. In flow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for their effective
regulation.
6. The recommendation/guidelines have been ensured by Dam Safety Organization, Government
of Maharashtra, Nasik as per Dam Safety Manual, Chapter-7 and 8.
7. NGT orders for fixing blue and red lines.
10.9 Reference:
A. Dams in Maharashtra Major, Medium and Minor River Project, WALMI

Aurangabad, Year-2000
B. State Water Policy includes Chapter of Hydrology of Karli Sub basin.

C. As per the guideline issued by Dam Safety Manual Chapter-7.
D. District Disaster Management Programme 2012 District Sindhudurg & Ratnagiri.
87
Chapter 11
DRAINAGE
11.1 Introduction
Maharashtra has a long history of irrigation. During British era, in the year 1885,
Irrigation from Nira Left and Right Bank Canal started. In the command of these
canals, it was observed that some area of the irrigated land in the command became
waterlogged and saline. The fertility of land goes on reducing. No crop could be grown
on these lands. It is due to excessiveuse of irrigation water and topographical features.
The Bombay Government had set up a Special Irrigation Division at Pune in 1916, to
study the problems of water logged area and suggest remedial measures. DIRD
(Directorate of Irrigation Research & Development) is established in the year 1916.
Since then DIRD is collecting data of water logged and saline land from the command
of various major projects and monitoring the affected area. DIRD is working with 7
Irrigation Research Divisions and 32 sub divisions in all over the state. DIRD, monitors
damage area of major and medium irrigation projects.
Karli basin
88
11.2 Identification And Norms Of Damaged Area
Damaged area can be classified in two categories.

1. Water logged area
2. Saline area.
11.2.1 Identification of water logged area.
Water logged area is identified by observing ground water table levels in the command.
Generally, water levels in the wells are observed twice a year i.e. pre monsoon (March,
April & May) and post monsoon (Nov. Dec. and Jan.) period. The water logged area is
classified in two categories as fully waterlogged and slightly water logged. The area
where ground water is observed on the ground in period 1st Nov. to 31st Jan. is
classified as fully water logged area. The area where water table is within 2 m from the
ground surface is classified as slightly or partially water logged area.
11.2.2Identification and norms of salt affected area

Saline soils contains excess amount of soluble salts like sodium chloride, sodium
sulphate, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate
etc. The saline soil patches are identified by visual inspection and by laboratory test.
A ) Visual inspections
The saline soil patches are identified initially by visual inspection. The key points in the
visual inspections are as follows.
 These soils often have white patches.
 A white line of salt deposition is seen along online field channel and field courses.
 In some cases visible signs of salt injuries such as pick burn of leaves and chlorosis
(Pale yellow colour of crops) of leaves are seen.
B ) Laboratory test
After identifying the saline patches, PH value and Ec (electrical conductivity) tests are
carried on soil to evaluate exact severity.
a) Test to obtain PH value of soils.
b) Test to determine electrical conductivity of soil (Ec)
When Ec is upto 1 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is non saline. When Ec is in
the range of 1 to 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is demarked as slightly or
partially saline. Where the Ec values are more than 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural
land is termed as fully saline.
89
Classification of the soils and there breakup as follows

Depth of soil Texture Drainage
A). Very Sallow ( 10 c.m.) Gravelly sandy loam Exceessibily drained
B) Sallow ( 10 to 25 c.m.) Gravelly sandy loam Well drained
C)Moderatly Deep (25 to Gravelly sandy loam Well drained

50c.m.)
D) Deep (50 to 100 cms) Gravelly sandy loam Well drained
E) Very Deep ( 100 cms ) Silty Loam Well drained
F) Deep to Very Deep ( 50 Silty Loam Well drained

cms)
(As per data given by MRSAC Nagpur)
Sub Surface drainage system.

The soils are free from ither salinity or alkalinity. The texture of the soil various frome coarse
to medium. Soil are well drained with moderately rapid pearmeability. Also the area of has
good slope. The general water table is much below the ground level in summer season. All
these factors indicates that there will be no problem of drainage after irrigation. There is 1
completed minor scheme. No damaged area is noticed in Minor Scheme.
11.5 Land Damage Index

Land Damage Indexfor command area is defined as percentage ratio of damaged area
and irrigable command area.
Land Damage Index = Damage area in Ha X 100
Irrigable command area(Ha).
The damage area (in Ha) in the above definition includes both, Waterlogged area and
area affected due to soil salinity. Every year DIRD collects data of damaged area and
the land damage index is worked out and monitored. In Karli Basin, the land damage
index of these projects is 0%.
90
Chapter 12
.
Drinking Water (Municipal & Rural)
12.1 Introduction
All water supply schemes are designed for 15 years projected population. As per
the availability, Bore wells, Percolation Wells, Percolation Tanks, Dams are the
main sources for water supply schemes. Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, Zilla
Parishad and local bodies under takes various types of schemes i.e.
Regional/Individual Schemes, Full Deposit Schemes depends upon the requirement
of local bodies. As the Govt. of India incorporated Bharat Nirman Programme for
drinking water in rural areas. I.e. NRDWP (National Rural Drinking Water
Programme.)
There are various type of heads like, UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure
Development Scheme for Small & Medium Town), MSNA (Maharashtra Sujal
Nirmal Abhiyan), NAGROTTHAN etc. to execute the schemes in Urban areas,
depends upon the cost of the scheme or requirement of local body. Maharashtra
Jeevan Pradhikaran executes the schemes whose cost more than Rs. 7.50 crores and
the schemes up to Rs. 7.50 crores are executed by local Zilla Parishad as per the
Govt. resolution. After the successful completion of the one year trial runs all the
scheme (individual/regional) handed over to the local body for regular operation
and maintenance.
In rural area rate of water supply is 40 to 70 LPCD depends upon the population.
Whereas In Urban areas the design rate of water supply scheme is 100 LPCD. For
the underground drainage system, design rate of water supply scheme i s considered
as 135 LPCD which is minimum requirement for running the drainage system. All
water supply schemes are based on guideline issued by GOI/GOM. All projects
have been developed based on sector reforms adopted of GOI/GOM.
Our approach in this respect should be such that the local bodies should essentially
stickto the supply norms after fulfillment of the conditions prescribed by CPHEEO
Manual. Till the time this is achieved, and they should be content with and accept
a lower supply rate from the municipal system. In other words the local bodies
even for larger towns and cities should manage their present demand with 100
LPCD supply. Concurrently they should take up sewerage schemes and after the
schemes are completed (which is a time consuming process) proposals for
augmentation of water supply for increasing supply rate from 100 LPCD to 135
LPCD a requisite for sewerage schemes can be initiated. It is possible that this
would be resisted by the people at large and also by the local Politicians. Ho wever
in the larger interest this has to be insisted.
As per the State Water Board guidelines, requirement of rural water is worked
@100 LPCD including cattle demand and the Urban Water demand is considered
@ 135 LPCD.
91
Alternative source for the local bodies, such as,

a) Roof rain water harvesting,
b) Recharging /restoring of groundwater,
c) Making best use of local wells which might have been abandoned.
12.2 Coverage Of Scheme In The Sub Basin
Sub Basin includedistrict Kolhapur & Sindhudurg.

Municipal Corporation - 00 No
NagarParishad
A - 00 No
B - 00 No
C - 01 No
No of Schemes Urban - 01 No
Rural - 38 No
12.3 Population, Water Demand And Supply

Estimation of Rural Population – The details of rural area such as the village names,
population (Year 2014) and projected population (Year 2030) are given in Annexure
no. I. The population growth rate is depending upon last five decades population. The
trend of population growth is reducing due to urbanization as well as due to up-
gradation of few villages from Village Panchayat status to Municipal Council level, and
therefore the future growth of village population in the villages under Karli Sub Basin
is considered as 25 % up-to year 2030.
For rural area (villages), the design rate of water supply is at 40 liters/capita/day. The
water demand at 100 liters/day/person including live stock. (gross at source) for the
year 2030 is considered which includes the system losses and other use and at this
rate of supply, the gross annual water demand at the abstraction points would be 2.14
Mm3of ground and surface water.
The details of rural and urban Water Supply Schemes are received from MJP, ZP and
other local bodies. The drinking water requirement for urban and rural area is given in
following Table-12.1 –The rural water requirement including live stock is considered
@ 100 liters/capita/day and the urban water requirement is considered @ 135
liters/capita/day.
It is a common experience that villages face water scarcity during summer. It is
therefore proposed that every village shall have a storage tank (similar to village tank)
to store raw water and its capacity shall be to meet needs for 100 days. This will be in
the form of a water bank and would enable villages to tide over the situation during
scarcity period the combined grid system, every year.
92
Table 12.1A Domestic Use
Category No. of Present Present Water Population Water Requirement

Schemes Populati Use in (Mm3) @ 100 Liters/day/
on (Mm3) 2030 capita for rural & @
(in (in lakhs) 135Liters/day/capita for
lakhs) Urban
Surface Ground Surface Ground Total
Water Water Water Water
Urban 1 17137 0.25 0 25705 1.26 0 1.26
Councils
Rural 38 16053 0.23 0 24080 0.88 0 0.88
Total 39 33190 0.48 0 49785 2.14 0 2.14
Note: In future, the supply rate in rural areas is expected to be adopted as 100 LPCD (which
would be inclusive of demand of cattle) and in that case the requirement of water would be
2.14Mm3 from surface and0Mm3 ground water. For scarcity purpose water requirement of
0.01Mm3@ 20 LPCD is assumed.
12.4 Management of Water Resources
The Rural as well as Urban Water Supply Schemes (WSS)are based on lifting the water
from some source like irrigation tanks or weirs and supplying water through piped
distribution system. At present the water supply is not metered but water meter fixing
work is in progress, so in future the supply will be made on meter basis.
To calculate the actual water losses from schemes the water audit is in progress and
accordingly the remedies will be done.
Following problems are faced by domestic water supply agencies –
i) The water supply schemes are not self supporting.
ii) The supply is not metered.
iii) Losses are high due to illegal connections/ tapping, leakages in pipes and valves.
Local organizations (Gram Panchayat /Municipalities /Corporations) are not willing
to take WSS for O&M.
iv) In some areas, as there is no sewerage system more water is used to drain
sewage. Also polluted water directly mix in source causing high load on purifying
the water.
v) No permissions will be given to use tap water from municipal system for activities
like Construction of buildings, gardening etc.
93
Table 12.2- Status OfCompleted Water Supply Schemes
Sr. Number of Rural W.S Number of Urban W.S

Basin Dist.
No Scheme Scheme
1 Karli Sindhudurg 38 1
Total 38 1
12.4.1 Following Plans Are Suggested

 Total domestic water requirement for the village/town to be worked out based on
standard norms. Deduct from it the existing water supply available from the local
sources (e.g. Wells, Tanks, etc.)
 Augmenting the existing water sources through watershed development works and
deducts it from the total requirement.
 Balance requirement, if any, may be satisfied from the resource available outside of
the area.
 Supply should be metered and charged on volumetric basis.
 Training should be provided to operating staff.
 Sewerage system in each area shall be done to avoid water pollutions.
 Recycling of waste water.
 Participation of Local bodies, (e.g. G.P., M.C.s,) for operation and maintenance of
water supply scheme.
 While permission given for Construction of buildings, roof rain water harvesting
should be made compulsory.
 Making best use of local sources (wells, bores ,tanks etc)
12.5 Distribution and Management (O&M)
In urban areas, the distribution of drinking water is through underground pipeline

network. The Zonal Elevated Service Reservoirs supply water to the distribution
network. Mostly, there is limited time (3 to 4 hours/day) of water supply and timing
varies from area to area in the city.
There are no sincere efforts from local bodies to minimize the losses but these are about
20% to 30% or may be more in some towns. (Refer Annexure XIX Pg. No. 362)There
is prime need to identify the leakage spots and rectify the leakages regularly. Zone wise
water meter should be provided to control uniform distribution of water
For rural area, previously the water supply is through stand post. There are no water
meters and line losses are more but not definitely assessed. Now as per the NRDWP
norms, 100% water connections are to be provided.
94
Assessment of the present situation of the O and M of water in cities / towns

reveals:
i) Meters are fixed at source.
ii) Flow meters should be provided as per the zones.
iii) As well as water meters should be provided in distribution system
Table 12.3 Water charge Recovery And O & M Expenditure
Water charge O&M

Type of Rate/No
Dist. Number Recovery Expenditure
Connections (Rs)
Lakhs (Lacs)
Domestic 5985 1000 49.59 55.57
Thane
Commercial - - - -
Total 5985 1000 49.59 55.57
(For Details please refer Annexure XVIII Pg No. 360-361)
12.6 Management Plan and Infrastructure

Survey of leakage detection in the distribution system be taken up. In the mean time there
should be focus on replacement of old, unserviceable distribution mains.
i) Installation of ultrasonic flow meters for raw as well as treated water system.
Requirement of meters needs to be assessed and provided. In addition adequate
staff for measurement and maintenance needs to be provided for Installation of
wireless flow monitoring system for better water supply management has to be
adopted. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition i.e. "SCADA" system to be
adopted.
ii) Improve quality of services of old water supply system.
iii) Ensure connectivity to 100% area should be tanker free.
iv) Ultimate aim should be to adopt 24 x 7 water supply, such continuous supply is
introduced which has shown appreciable improvement in the system and
thereby achieved consumers‟ satisfaction.
v) a) Supply of water through piped system from source.
b) Financial management.
c) Telescopic tariff.
d) Water Quality Monitoring.
12.7 Special Consideration For Rural And Urban Water Supply Schemes
It is a common experience that Rural Schemes are not properly operated and
maintained. This is observed both in case of individual as well as Regional water
supply Schemes. Reasons are however different. In case of individual schemes, apart
from source getting dried up, there are un-attended leakages and their electricity bills
are not paid which is often the result of poor recovery of water charges.
In case of Regional water supply Schemes, another aspect needs serious consideration.
Since electricity bill charges are not paid, the system stops functioning but this is
mostly due to differences among villages covered and Apex committee. Sustainability
95
of the schemes is thus in danger. With the result valuable assets remain unutilised and
this is a serious case of wastage of assets. There are cases where, instead of finding a
solution, New individual schemes are proposed and implemented.This is essentially a
sensitive issue but nobody appears to pay any attention.
It is, therefore, suggested that in case of Regional water supply Schemes, the Statewide
agency (MJP) shall be involved, which has a long standing experience and technically
expertise. This Agency shall take responsibility of supplying water upto the point of
bulk supply (Metered) on the village boundary. If required, an underground storage be
constructed to store day's requirement. The local body shall be responsible for further
pumping and distribution including additional disinfection if required. The statewide
agency shall bear all the expenses for bulk supply inclusive of electric bills, so that the
system does not stop functioning for non payment of electricity bills. The agency shall
fix water charges to recover both the operating charges as well as capital cost.
12.8 Recycle & Reuse Of Water For Irrigation
In view of recycling of water it is proposed to construct a Sewerage Treatment

Plant(STP) in urban areas by which the B.O.D. & C.O.D. can be brought to accepteble
limits so that the treated water can be use for irrigation & other purpose.
At the Municipal council area, waste water can be collected from sewerage treatment
plant and any other measures available with local body. As per the water supply norms,
nearly 80% waste water is proposed for Irrigation & other purpose after recycle and
reuse.
However Recycle and reuse of sewage water is Nil at present. In future, out of 80 % of
waste water, nearly 40 to 70 % waste water is proposed for recycle and reuse.
Hence, additional water that can be made available after recycling for non irrigation &
other purpose would be 0.44 Mm3 by the year 2030. The details of Expected cost of the
water after the treatment are given in table 12.4 below,
TABLE 12.4- RECYCLE & REUSE

Sr. Sub Dist. Use of Water Return Qty. of Investment Remark
No. Basin for Urban/ flow water for Cost. Rs.
Rural & expected recycle & Crores
Industries (80%) Reuse
(Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3)
Urban 1.26 0.51 0.26 2.00 .
1 Karli Sindhud Rural 0.88 0.35 0.18 1.00
urg
Total 2.14 0.86 0.44 3.00
As the basin is classified as abundant, recycling should be considered only at a later

stage if industrialization takes priority and resultant pollution reaches a level where major
freshwater sources are contaminated
96
Chapter 13
Industrial Use
13.1 Introduction
Industries department is instrumental for development of industries in the State. To
speed up the industrial development, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
(MIDC) was constituted on August 1, 1962 under the provisions of Maharashtra
Industrial Development (MID) Act, 1961. Industrial areas managed by MIDC are
located in different parts of the States with major industrial centers at Mumbai, Pune,
Aurangabad, Nasik, Nagpur and Kolhapur. These industrial areas have been classified
as five star industrial area, major industrial area mini industrial area and growth centers
based on certain criteria. Besides this MIDC have also established Information
Technology/ Bio-Technology/Floriculture Parks. The broad objectives of MIDC are as
follows:
 To achieve balanced industrial development of Maharashtra with an emphasis on
developing parts and underdeveloped parts of the State
 Infrastructural development of each and every district of Maharashtra and

facilitate entrepreneurs in setting up industries at various locations
The MIDC has been declared as an agent of the State Government for carrying out the activities
within the framework of the MID Act and the MID Rules. These activities can be divided into
following 3 broad categories.
• Acquisition and disposal of land
• Provision of infrastructure facilities
• Providing of services.
In the context of provision of various services, the Corporation provides water supply services
to the units in its industrial areas. The investment on the water supply scheme (Head works)
made by MIDC is more than Rs. 1000 Crores with installed capacity of water supply of 1941
Million Liter per Day (MLD) & present supply all over the state is 1545 MLD.
13.2 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas

For the purpose of regulating the water supply operations of the Corporation, the GoM has
prescribed a legal and financial mechanism between them. The salient features of the
mechanism are as given below:
• A water supply scheme providing water to more than one industrial area in grid system is
termed as centralized water supply scheme, the asset ownership of which remains with the
MIDC. On the other hand a water supply scheme catering the need of only one industrial area is
termed as localized water supply scheme with asset ownership remaining with Government.
97
• The water supply made either from centralized or localized water supply scheme is treated as
supply made on behalf of Government and the revenue thus collected is shown as revenue
accruing to the Government.
• The operating expenditure of centralized water supply scheme is debited to the Corporations
account while the operating expenditure of localized water supply scheme is debited to the
account of Government through its function agency.
• The Corporation is allocated the portion of the water revenue so as to meet its net operating
and other expenses.
• The surplus/deficit accrued after deducting operating expenses for water supply from the
water revenues is borne by the Government.
13.3 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors

 Boiler and Cooling
 Paper Pulp and Processing
 Beverages and Food processing
 Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
 Textiles, Jute fiber, Wool Silk etc
 Repair and Services
 Washing, Cleaning, Solvent
The details of Water use in various sector is classified as below:
Type of Industry Water Use Intensity

Manufacture of Food Products Medium
Manufacture of Beverages, Tobacco & Related Products High
Manufacture of Cotton Textiles Low
Manufacture of Wool, Silk and Man – made Fiber Low
Textiles
Manufacture of Jute and other Vegetable Fiber Textiles Low
(except Cotton)
Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products and Printing, High
Publishing & Allied Industries
Manufacture of Leather and Leather Products, Fur & Medium
Leather Substitutes
Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and Chemical Products Medium
(Except Products of Petroleum and Coal)
Manufacture of Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum and Coal Low
Products; Processing of Nuclear Fuels
Manufacture of Non Metallic Mineral Products Low
Basic Mental and Alloys Industries Low
Manufacture of Metal Products and parts, except Low
machinery and Equipment
Electricity Medium
Gas and Steam Generation and Distribution Through High
Pipes
98
13.4 Present Scenario

Rapid industrialization and urbanization coupled with continuous decline in per capita water
availability is putting a lot of pressure on the available water resources. As per the Central
Water Commission (India) estimates, the future water requirements for meeting the demands of
various sections would be about 1093 BCM for the year 2025 and 1447 BCM for the year
2050. The increasing gap between water availability and demand highlights the need for
conservation of water.
All the water supply schemes in designated Industrial are of MIDC are based on efficient Water
Use and Conservation Efficient water use means reducing the demand by improving personal
habits; reducing wastes; creating an adequate rate schedule; deriving benefits from technical
developments as well as from water management techniques, coordinating the management of
hydraulic resources with that of the land and economical and social aspects; promoting norms
and regulations. In short, efficient water use consists of optimizing water usage. There is
absolute efficiency, to use the least amount of water possible; economic efficiency, which seeks
to derive maximum economical benefits; social efficiency, which strives to fulfill the needs of
the user community; ecological efficiency, which guarantees natural resources \conservation;
and institutional efficiency, which qualifies the function of an institution regarding its water
related tasks.
13.5 Present use of Water in Karli Basin :

Karli basin there are one MIDCs viz. kudal MIDC, There are 76 No. of Agro Industries and 56
No. of Non agro industries including 1 Airport (Chipi) These industries uses water 0.365
Mm3.
a) The list and details of industries is as given below –
Agro based industries : 76 Nos. Chemical industries : 1 No.

Paper industries : 4 Nos. Electrical industries : 7 Nos.
Educational Institute : 2 Nos. Cement Product Material : 11 Nos.
Rubber & Plastic : 21 Nos. Engineering Works : 9 Nos.
Airport : 1 No.
The water requirement of the above industries is varying from 1 kl/unit to 1000 kl/unit
depending upon the type of industries.
The present and future water requirement for industries is as follow.
Table.13.5.1 :-StatusofWater for Industries ( Taluka -Kudal )
Sr. Category of Industries No. Present Water Use Industrial Water req. for
No. of (Mm3) Development
Units Surface Ground Total in 2030 Industries in
Water Water 2030
1) Agro based industries 76
2) Chemical industries 1
3) Paper industries 4
4) Engineering works 9 0.365 0.000 0.365 3.285
5) Ruber @ Plastic 21
6) Electrical Work 7
7) Cement Product 11
8) Educational Institute 2
9) Airport 1
99
The provision for industrial water use in this Karli basin is 3.285Mm3 through various
Medium and Minor Irrigation Projects. The total present water requirement for above industries
is actual water is being used 0.365 Mm3.
a) Annual Turnover and No. of Workers—

In This industrial area mainly mechanical factories developled which ara depending on
avaibility of local raw material. About 4 to 5 thousand labours have got employment in this
industries area.
Another aspect of dealing with demands of water for industrial use is , to

estimate the demand of the water for the industrial estate or individual industry on the
basis of nature of the industry and requirements of that type of industry.
When the question of reservation of surface water crops up, blanket permissions
should not be granted. This is in context of experience that actual consumption of water
is for less than quota reserved. Since the entire quota is reserved irrigation department
also cannot make any use of it. Initially a beginning should be made with minimum
quantity to be reserved, which can be reviewed when more number of industries start
functioning.
b) Future industrial water requirement for the basin.

Future industrial water requirement as obtained from various industries in
the basin is 3.285 Mm3. Thus the demand of water for Industrial purposes for
year 2030 would thus be 3.285 Mm3
100
Chapter-14
Legal Issues
I) LEGAL ISSUES
Karli Sub Basin (WF 77) having area is 812.65 Sq KM and The Karli River is main river
Originating at shivapur Tal.kudal,Dist-Sindhudurg. The total length of karli river is 91km.The
important tributaries of the Karli River are Hateri,Pitdhaval..Total maximum and minimum
rainfall is 1600 mm to 6326 mm. Average available yield in WF 77 sub basin is 2018.20Mcum
In WF 77 sub basin no any legal issue related to water.
II) WATER LAWS

Following are the Water Laws is operation in the State/Country.
The list of water laws is as given below –
1) Article 21 of the Constitution.
4) Land Acquisition Act, 1894.
5) Indian Forest Act, 1927.
6) The Bombay Land Improvements Schemes Act, 1942.
7) River Boards Act, 1956.
8) Land Revenue Code, 1956.
9) Inter State Water Dispute Act, 1956.
10) The Bombay Village Panchayat Act, 1958.
11) Maharashtra Fisheries Act, 1960.
12) Maharashtra ZillaParishad&Panchayat Act, 1961.
13) Insecticides Act, 1968.
14) Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
15) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
16) Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976.
17) Water Cess Act, 1977.
18) Maharashtra Kharland Development Act 1979.
19) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980.
20) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
21) Environmental Protection Act, 1986.
22) Maharashtra Project affected persons Rehabilitation Act, 1986.
23) Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993.
24) Krishna Valley Development Corporation Act, 1996.
25) Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1996.
26) Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.
27) Kokan Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.
28) Godavari Marathwada Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998.
29) Maharashtra District Planning Committees Act, 1998.
30) Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act, 2001.
31) Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
32) National Water Policy, 2002.
33) The Biodiversity Act, 2003.
34) State Water Policy – Maharashtra, 2003.
35) Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005.
101
36) Hydro-power Policy Water Resource Department (WRD), Government of Maharashtra

through its Policy No. PVT-1204/(160/2004)/HP, dated 15th September, 2005.
37) Guidelines for EIA, 1997, 2006.
38) Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers (MMISF) Act, 2005.
39) The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Rights)
Act, 2006.
40) SC Green Bench, NEAA-2009.
III) Some important Policies, Laws and Acts of Maharashtra State-
1. State Water Policy, 2003

Objectives-
The objectives of Maharashtra State Water Policy, 2003 are to ensure sustainable development
and optimal use and management of the State‟s Water Resources to provide the greatest
economic and social benifits for the people of Maharashtra in a manner that maintains
important ecological values within rivers and adjoining lands.
To adopt an Integrated, multi-sectoral and river basin Approach to the water resources
planning, development and management on a sustainable basis taking a river basin and sub
basin as the unit. The State Water Policy also stipulates that the river basin agencies shall have
the responsibility and authority for the integrated planning, development and management of
the water resources and watersheds of their respective river basins; for flood management,
drought management and operation and maintenance of water storage and delivery
infrastructure. These river basin agencies shall prepare integrated river basin plans with the
effective inclusion and participation of representative of all basin water user entities, categories
of water users and other stake holders. Such basin plans shall include a development plan, a
long-term operation plan, a monitoring plan, a comprehensive watershed management plan, an
efficiency improvement and water conservation plan and a waste minimization and water
quality management plan.
2. The Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005

(ACT NO. XVIII OF 2005)
At the beginning of this century, the State faced the following problems in the water sector:
i. Inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral conflicts amongst various categories of water users.
ii. Fragmented approach to water resources planning and development
iii.Low water useefficiency
iv. Fiscal strain in meeting operation and management costs from water tariff revenue
v. Large number of incomplete irrigation projects and inadequate funds to complete them.
These problems necessitated a radical change in the approach to water resources
development and management in order to meet the challenges of the 21st century. An act to
provide for the establishment of the Maharashtra WaterResources Regulatory Authority to
regulate water resources within the State of Maharashtra, facilitate and ensure judicious,
equitable and sustainable management, allocation and utilization of water resources, fix the
rates for use of water for agriculture, industrial, drinking and other purposes, and matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto
102
It was expedient to make a law to provide forthe establishment of the Maharashtra Water
Resources Regularity Authority to regulate water resources within the State of Maharashtra,
facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation andutilization
of water resources, fix the rates for use of water for agriculture, industrial, drinking and other
purposes, and matters connected therewith or incidental thereto, for the purposes aforesaid,
realizing such a need, the state government initiated a number of administrative and legal
reforms which constitute broadly what is known as the „Water Sector Reforms‟. These include
the formulation of the comprehensive State Water Policy 2003, implementation of a Water
Sector Improvement Project to rehabilitate 286 irrigation projects (major, medium and minor)
and the enactment, in March 2005, of two statutes namely the Maharashtra Management of
Irrigation Systems by Famers (MMISF) Act and the Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory
Authority Act. The MWRRA was established in August 2005 and became operational in mid-
2006.
3. PROPOSED NEW ACT
The Integrated Water Resources Management Plan after finalization will have to be
implemented by various Agencies such as WRD, Agriculture Department, SDA, PCB, MJP,
MIDC, etc. under overall control of River Basin Authority (RBA). A new act with respect to
this will have to be enacted.
103
Chapter-15
Trans Basin Diversions
15.0 Introduction
This chapter deals with inter basin diversions links identified at National level and State
level. The intra-basin transfer of water in Karli Sub Basin is also discussed.
The rainfall over the country is primarily orographic, associated with tropical
depressions originating in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The monsoon
accounts for more than 85 per cent of the precipitation. The uncertainty of occurrence
of rainfall marked by prolonged dry spells and fluctuations in seasonal and annual
rainfall is a serious problem for the country. Large parts of Maharashtra, are not only in
deficit in rainfall but also subject to large variations, resulting in frequent droughts and
causing immense hardship to the population and enormous loss to the nation. The
water availability even for drinking purposes becomes critical, particularly in the
summer months as the rivers dry up and the ground water recedes. Irrigation using
river water and ground water has been the prime factor for raising the food grain
production in our country.
One of the most effective ways to increase the irrigation potential for increasing the
food grain production, mitigate floods and droughts and reduce regional imbalance in
the availability of water is the Inter Basin Water Transfer (IBWT) from the surplus
basins to deficit basins. Rivers originating from the Western Ghats are found to be
surplus in water resources. If we can build diversion weirs on these rivers and connect
them to other basins by gravity, regional imbalances could be reduced significantly and
lot of benefits by way of additional irrigation, domestic and industrial water supply,
hydropower generation, navigational facilities etc. would occurs.
15.1 Inter-Basin Diversions at National Level

In none of inter basin water transfer links (at national level) water has been proposed to
be transferred to any area within Maharashtra. Obviously the Karli Sub Basin is not
getting any benefit of National Inter-basin Transfer under the above Scheme.
15.2 Intra-Basin Diversion at State Level

No Intra-State projects proposed in Karli Sub Basin as per NWDA report.
15.3 Import & Export of Water in Basin

.Karli Basin has 75% dependable yied of 1720.96 Mcum (60.75 TMC) of available
water. In Karli basin the storage created is 317.077 Mm3 ( 11.351 TMC ) against
1720.96 Mcum( 60.75 TMC ). This water will be more than sufficient to fulfill the
needs of basin hence there is no any requirement of import or export of water from
another basin or sub basin
104
.
15.4 Recommendations of Study Groups /Commissions/ Committees
15.4.1 Fact Finding Committee for Drought Prone Area, (Sukthankar

Samiti), 1973
The water from high rainfall zone may be given to drought prone area through lift
irrigation schemes.
15.4.2 Maharashtra Water Irrigation Commission, 1999

i)Water from surplus basins should be diverted to water deficit basin. In this respect
inter-state and intra-state water diversions projects be pursued.
ii)The inter-state and intra-state diversion projects be investigated.
15.4.3 National Water Policy, 2002

i)Non-conventional methods for utilization of water such as through inter-basin
transfers etc. need to be practiced to further increase the utilizable water resources.
15.4.4 State Water Policy, 2003
i)The transfer of surface water from surplus areas where feasible and appropriate may
be undertaken for drought mitigation.
ii) Non-conventional methods for utilization of water such as through inter-basin
transfers from surplus basins to deficits one be practiced.
105
Chapter- 16
Other Special Requirements
16.0 Introduction
In ancient times, dams were built for the single purpose of water supply or irrigation.
Demand for water is steadily increasing throughout the world. There is no life on earth
without water, our most important resource apart from air and land.
Water is essential for sustenance of all form of life on earth. It is not evenly distributed
all over the world and even it‟s availability at the same locations is not uniform over the
year. While the parts of the world, which are scare in water, prone drought, other parts
of the world, which are abundant in water, face a challenging job of optimally
managing the available water resources.
As civilization develops there was a greater need for water supply, irrigation, flood
control, navigation, water quality, sediment control and energy. Therefore, dams are
constructed for a specific purpose such as water supply, flood control, irrigation,
navigation, sedimentation control, and hydro power.
A dam is the corner stone in the development and management of water resources
development of a river basin. The multipurpose dam is a very important project for
developing countries, because the population receives domestic and economic benefits
from a single investment.
Most of the dams are single purpose dams. However now the number of dams built for
multipurpose are growing.
Dams and reservoirs contribute significantly in fulfilling basic human needs
 Water for drinking and industrial use

 Irrigation
 Hydro power generation
 Flood control
 Navigation
 Recreation
 Tourism
16.1 Hydropower Generation in Karli Basin

In Karli Sub Basin there is one proposed Hydro Electric Project. viz. Talamba H.E.P.
After completion of this project 4.00 M.W. electricity will be generated in future.
However, no separate water is allocated for hydropower generation of this project

106
16.2 Navigation :-Karli river is not a perennial river & at most of the places it becomes dry
from month of December onwards. Water is flowing only in rainy season The width of the
river is also too much less. The length of Karli river is only 92 kms. Hence the river is not
useful for navigation purpose no provisions are made on the completed projects.
16.3 Recreation:-In Karli sub-Basin almost all major and minor dams are situated in
Sahyadry ranges, dam and reservoir premises are surrounded by mountains with
reserved/unreserved forest area and very beautiful sceneries. The most of the M.I.dams, such
as Chorgewadi, Pulas, Nileli, etc. are the vicinity of Ranganagad. They are also near to
proposed Sahyadry High Way. In future, after completion of proposed Talamba Major
Irrigation Project there is lot of potential for water sports, such as boating, swimming, fishing,
Garden Development in & around these dam site area.
However no sizeable water is allocated for recreation.
.16.4 Tourism
In Karli Sub-Basin following places are best for tourism.
RANGANAGAD FORT:-
Rangnagad Fort lies near village Narur and nearby the submergence of Talamba major
irrigation (ongoing) project in the Kudal taluka of Sindhudurg District of Maharashtra. This
fort is one of the fifteen fortresses raised during the Shilahar Bhoj's reign. It came under the
control of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1659. Situated at a height of around 2600 ft (790 m.)
above sea level, this fort can be reached by trekking. The fort is well known for the Rangnai
Devi Temple located inside it.
DHAMAPUR LAKE :-
Dhamapur Lake is located in Kalse & Dhamapur Villege and formed by Dhamapur
M.I. Project which is 10 Km. away from Kudal Taluka place, in the Konkan region of
Sindhudurg District. The boating facilitiy provided in tourieum point of view. Tourist can
enjoy lake boating here. It is one of the famous tourist point surrounding natural beauty The
Bhagawati Temple, located in the vicinity of the lake, which is the other major attraction of
this site.
107
DHAMAPUR LAKE BOATING
TARKARLI BEACH:-
Tarkarli Beach, is a beautiful beach on the coastal strip of the Konkan region, near Malvan
Town,. The beach is located at the confluence of the Karli River and the Arabian Sea.
Watersports like snorkelling and scuba diving can be enjoyed at the beach. It is one of the
famous tourist point surrounding natural beauty of costal area of Arebian Sea.
The MTDC resort on the beach is a good place to stay; their open air restaurant serves
tasty sea food and generous portions which seemed to be quite popular.
108
TARKARLI BEACH
KARLI BACKWATERS:-
Karli Backwaters refers to the region where the Karli River flows near the Karli Creek and
ultimately merges into the Arabian Sea. It is home to numerous estuarine species of animals
that one can spot while boating here. The Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation
(MTDC) has been successful in attracting tourists to the backwaters by creating an ambience
similar to that of the backwaters of Kerala. The MTDC also introduced houseboats in the
backwaters in 2003, which resemble the ones found in Kerala.
109
KARLI BACKWATERS
FORECAST OF GENERATION OF WEALTH AND EMPLOMENT:-
1) In Karli Basin there are one major irrigation project and 15 minor Irrigation projects
including storage tanks. In future these tanks can be developed from tourisum& fishing
point of view. Fisheries deparment is providing fish seeds to the co-operative fishing
societies. At present fish production in Kudal, Malvan and Vengurla taluka is about
249.26 MT. from completed M. I. Projects in Karli basin. & in future with proper
planning of fish production in storage tanks of verious irrigation projects can be
enhanced 830.48 MT.upto Year 2030. This will also creat employment in nearby
villages in dam site area.
Fisheris Fisheris
Area under
Sr.No District Taluka Production Production In
fisheries (ha)
(MT) Rs.Lack
A) Sindhudurg Kudal 171.92 215.36
Malvan 26.50 33.90
Vengurla 0 0 0
B) Kolhapur Bhudargad 0 0 0
Ajara 0 0 0
Total 198.42 249.26
110
2) There is also scope for developing Agro tourism and Horticulture. The Kudal Taluka is
famous for Cashu nut. This cashu is famous for its test & Quality. For large scale
marketing of this cashu proper infrastructural support to farmers is needed from Govt.
This will enhance economic condition of farmers and will create employment and
national wealth.
3) Major part of area in Karli sub basin is under resevered/unreserved forest, and
remaining major part of area is under various cash crops viz cashew, Mango etc. The
cashew grouth in this basin has lot of potential to grow with support & guidence of
Govt. & Agriculture scientist. Hence due to horticultural activity and tourism will also
grown up & it will create employment opportunities to the farmers of the Basin
111
Chapter– 17
Environmental Management And Ecology
17.0 Background
Eco-system protection and poverty alleviation are of utmost importance in achieving
the Millennium Development Goals. In most developing countries, the two are closely
interlinked. But, due to unsustainable anthropogenic pressures, the carrying capacity of
ecosystems is severely jeopardized, thus affecting ecosystem goods and services on
which the rural poor depend directly. Attempts at focusing on one of these aspects
without working on the other have proven to be unsustainable. An approach focused
entirely on ecosystems, that does not perceive the local communities as a part of
ecosystems or conversely, an approach focused entirely on communities and
livelihoods that does not prioritize the urgent need for preservation and restoration of
degrading ecosystems have shown to have limited relevance in tackling ground
realities. In the two options mentioned above, the approaches have been developed by
well-meaning external organizations or governments that seek to 'manage' their projects
from a distance, while the vision, wisdom or problems of the local community are
seldom seen as the building blocks for developing the approach further.
17.1 Introduction
The rate of growth of urban development in the recent years has been exponential
whereas the city infrastructure growth has not been able to match this pace. This has led
to enormous pressures on the existing ecological resources, surface water body being
one of the most affected. The conventional philosophy of human habitat settlements
have always been inspired around the banks of river and thus the dependency on these
surface waters for consumption and waste discharges kept on increasing day by day.
Though the city governments and local bodies have been trying to cope up with the
infrastructure fulfillment, the fact that natural resources have been over exploited shall
remain true in times to come.
Water has remained as one of the most demanded commodity for humans. The problem
of water is twofold, one that surface water is exploited for domestic & industrial
consumption and most of the treated and untreated sewage & industrial wastewater are
released back into the surrounding surface water bodies. The problem is further
aggravated when these water bodies are perennial and ultimately become sewage of
wastewater conveyance systems rather than rivulets. Not only is the sewage a major
culprit but many industrial setups around river have been discharging their waste into
these rivers and have resulted in total disruption of the existing ecological balance in
these water bodies. Thus, the carrying capacity of these ecological resources have been
saturated in the recent past which means these river bodies do not have any further
natural healing process & if the wastewater discharges continue at this pace, the rivers
shall be dead in no time. Many such examples have been quoted in the past and several
attempts have been made to rejuvenate / remediate such waste courses like Ganga,
Yamuna and many others.
112
17.2 Karli Sub-Basin

In Sindhudurg District of Karli Sub basin comprises Karli main river and its tributaries
named Hateri/Bambarde nadi & Pithdhaval river. Karli Main River originates near
village Shivapur of Kudal & flows through Kudal, Vengurla&Malvan & finally meets
to Arebian Sea at village Deobag of Malvan Tahasil.The tributary Bambarde Nadi
originate near village Nirukhe of Kudal & flows towards Karli river through Kudal &
finally meets to Karli River river at village Anganewadiof Kudal Tahasil.Second
tributary Pithdhaval river originate near village Pangrad of Kudal Tahasil & flows
towards Karli river through Kudal Tehsil & finally meets to Karli River river at village
Anavof Kudal Tahasil.
17.3 Probable Sources of Water Pollution in Karli Sub-basin

This section describes the most probable reasons of water pollution in the Karli sub-
basin. This shall not be considered as only limited to these but may be thought as the
major sources of pollution.
17.3.1 Urban Development
There is only one Municipal Council in this basin namely Kudal Municipal Council and
major villages located nearby Karli river. Sewage generated from Local Bodies located
on bank of river is being disposed as it is in rivers causing river pollution.
.
17.3.2 Industrial wastewater
There is no any chemical project located in the basin. There is only one industrial area
is located near the river basins, i.e. Kudal MIDC. Most of the industries consume the
surface water in process and for domestic use and though most of these industrial areas
and industries within are equipped with wastewater treatment plants, it cannot be ruled
out that there may be several incidences that this wastewater may form one of the
reasons for water pollution. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board does not give
permission to any industry of Industrial Area for disposal of treated industrial effluent
into the River or water body.
.17.3.4 Agricultural Practices

Due to the present pesticdes of chemical based agriculture (enormous use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides), runoffs from these areas during monsoon season may meet to
the river.
17.3.5Sand Dredging
Bloom of construction industry in the recent past has led to over exploitation of river
resources especially sand. Dredging in Karli Sub-basin is common practice that is
supposed to lead to changes in bathymetry of the river basin (due to creation of huge
voids). These voids tend to accumulate excessive water and reduces natural percolation
rate ultimately affecting ground water level in surrounding areas and also leading to
ingression of minerals in connected water bodies leading to higher hardness. Ultimately
these man-made interference slowdowns the natural water purification process of river.
113
17.3.6 Lack of maintaining Minimum Water Level in River

Excessive construction of Check Dams (KPT) across the river beds restricts minimal
flow of water throughout the river bed thereby affecting the ecological balance of the
river. The bigger picture suggests that except for the perennial flow of rain water, these
rivers tend to carry sewage due to reduced dilution potential. Furthermore, stagnation of
sewage waters in the river due to minimal flow also leads to percolation of this polluted
water into aquifers further aggravating the situation and extending pollution from
surface water to other sources.
17.3.7 Algal Growth

Stagnation of water on one hand & continuous sewage flow on the other enhances the
growth of algae and other similar organisms that further deteriorate the quality of river
water.
17.3.8 Siltation
Soil erosion due to runoffs and compounding of water due to changes in the river beds
lead to possibility of increased siltation. The detritus effect of algae and other
organisms at high siltation spots further leads to septic conditions adding to the
pollution problems.
17.4 Sewage Generation Potential
There is none of Municipal Councils in this basin. Hence there is no any discharge from
local body during summer and winter season, however in monsoon season surface
runoff alongwith sewage may reach upto the River. Details about sewage generation
are mentioned in Table 17.1
Table 17.1 Water Consumption, Wastewater Generation and Treatment

capacity
Name District River Sewage Sewage Percentage Disposal Type of
Generation Treatment Treatment Treatment
MLD MLD
Municipal Corporations
Kudal Sindhudurg Karli 2.4 Nil 0 Open Disinfection

sewer & only
irrigation
All the above Corporations / Councils have submitted action plan and assured that they will
complete STP work within stipulated period.
114
17.5 Industrial effluent potential

As per the stipulated norms of the State Pollution Regulatory Authority, there is no any
industry allowed to discharge treated/untreated effluent into the drinking water zone
directly/indirectly.
The details of industrial estates on the bank of rivers of Karli sub-basin are enclosed as an
Table-17.2
Table-17.2 Details of individual industries & industrial estates in Karli Sub-Basin
Name District Population River Sewage Sewage Percentag Disposal Type of

Generation Treatment e Treatment
MLD MLD Treatment
Industrial Estate
MIDC Sindhudur About 01 Karli 0.001 0.001 100% On land Septic

Kudal. g unit in (Dom.) for tank
operation gardening
There is one industrial estate come in this sub-basin; all industries have provided their own
Effluent Treatment facilities and treated effluent is used for gardening/irrigation in their own
premises. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board does not give permission to any industry of
Industrial Area for disposal of treated industrial effluent into the River or water body.
17.6 Water Sampling and Quality Monitoring Stations
This office is not having any water sampling station as per NWMP program at Karli river and
its trabutaries inSub basin. Also there is no any major Industrial Estate or Chemical project in
the Karli Sub- basin jurisdiction of Sindhudurg and Kolhapur district.
17. 7 Hydraulic & Organic Load

As discussed in the earlier section of this report, it has been essential to understand the extent of
water usage and wastewater disposal in the treated and untreated form that has been happening
in the course of this river in order to determine the present environmental status & future
carrying capacity of the same. This could be achieved by calculating the theoretical organic and
hydraulic loads entering the river on one hand, whereas a more systematic approach that has
been used by several of the agencies has been to take up extensive monitoring and analysis of
the representative sections for environmental parameterization. The scope of the present study
is to theoretically calculate such hydraulic and organic load & further delineate options for its
management.
Municipal sewage may be defined as “waste (mostly liquid) originating from a
community; may be composed of domestic wastewaters and/or industrial discharges”. It is
major source of water pollution in Karli Sub-Basin, particularly in and around large urban
centers.
115
17.8. Load Estimations for Sewage

Thus, taking an average of 80 -85% of the water consumed to be wasted as domestic sewage,
the total hydraulic load adding into the river sums up to be about 3.2 MLD.
It is essential to understand that the organic loading or strength of the sewage and/or pollution
potential of the sewage is determined by a chemical parameter known as Biochemical /
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). Based on the past experience from sewage organic
loading, the total amount of BOD load as expressed inmg/Lit is found to be in the range of 200
to 250. Thus, considering the worst case scenario and assuming the BOD to be 250 Mg/Lit, the
total organic load from sewage into the river body accumulates to be about 0.8 tons/day. Thus,
in order to remove this entire BOD, theoretically 1.44 tons/day of air shall be required to be
replenished into the river stretch (considering 20% O2 in air) assuming 100% diffusivity in
order to neutralize the organic load entering the system
Technological trend in the jurisdiction
1) Small Villages – Septic tank followed by soak pit.
2) Municipal Councils – Collection system through underground network with technologies
such as Trickling Filter, Phytoremediation, Facultative Lagoon or Aerated Lagoons.
3) Municipal Corporations – Collection system through underground network for
decentralized treatment using technologies such as ASP, SBR, MBBR or UASB.
17.9 Load Estimations for Industries

All industries have provided their own Effluent Treatment facilities and treated effluent is used
for gardening/irrigation in their own premises. Maharashtra Pollution Control Board does not
give permission to any industry of Industrial Area for disposal of treated industrial effluent into
the River or water body.
17.10 River Water Quality of Karli Sub-Basin
This office is not having any water sampling station as per NWMP program at Karli
river in Karli Sub basin. Also there is no any major industrial area in the Karli Sub
basin in the jurisdiction of Sindhudurg and Kolhapur district.
17.11Environment Management
Management of ecological resources is an emerging field of environmental systems
development. Riverine systems have been in discussions since long but with the increasing
pressures due to resource exploitation & vast development in and around the water bodies with
its limited infrastructure for domestic sewage disposal have augmented the problems. Though
there have been several other issues related to waste disposal, augmenting the organic as well
as solids load in the riverine system, the present report outlines an integrated approach for
wastewater management as discussed in the following sections.
17.11.1 Control of Pollution at the Source

As the name indicates, measures shall be taken at the source itself that are leading to pollution
in the water body. This is normally achieved either by optimizing the water supply in these
areas as well as decentralized wastewater treatment system development. Though this option
seem to be workable in long run, a detailed technical and financial feasibility of the same needs
to be undertaken.
116
17.11.2 Sewage Treatment Plants

In other words implementing control measures to avoid the discharge of the pollutants into the
river. The most widely used method is the planning of Sewage Treatment Plant, where the
domestic effluent shall be treated followed by discharge of treated water into the nearby water
body or reused as and when applicable / required. This shall serve two fold management
options. On one hand it shall serve as treatment facility for effective environmental up-
gradation and on the other hand it shall also render huge amounts of dilution in the receiving
water body leading to its healthy behavior.
Though sounding very easy, the evaluation of various parameters for STP is a difficult task and
shall require time as well as resources including huge financial aid and thereby this option shall
be considered to be a LONG TERM one. Total of about 1.6 MLD sewage is generated from
municipal council.
17.11.3 Sewage Irrigation (Short Term Temporary Relief)

Another such option at the source management is that instead of constructing full-fledged STP,
the wastewater may be primarily treated for removal of solids and pathogens (settling of solids
& disinfection) & oxygenated through low cost mechanisms such as creation of turbulence
through traversing wastewater in open channel restricting the flows using bunds, fountains,
and/or oxidation ditch etc to be further used for irrigation purposes.
Many studies have been carried out on the same nationally as well as internationally. Similar
type of sewage based irrigation are practiced successfully in the Dharwad district of Karnataka,
India as well as many other places include Greece, Pakistan, Israel, etc.
17.12 Control of Pollution in the Path (Short & Long Term Relief)
Many streams, nallah‟s and such other water bodies converge into the river & many of them in
the present case of Krishna carry sewage wastewater, though detailed assessment of the loads
needs to be done before undertaking any such measures. This particular section delineates
conceptual option for In the Path treatment.
These streams account for the indirect source of pollution for the river. Hence there is need of
mitigation measures for the pollution of these sources. Phytoremediation is one such
technology that can be used to curb the pollution of the water bodies, both static and flowing.
17.12.1Nallah Treatment using In-situ Phytoremediation

Phytorid technology comprises of constructed phyto-filtration system which is functionally
similar to the natural wetlands. This technology is based on the principle of working root
systems of plants combined with the natural attenuation process. It can be used for pollution
control and waste management of municipal or industrial effluents from rural as well as urban
areas. Various species of aquatic plants have been utilized to attain maximum efficiency in the
treatment of domestic wastes. These include species like Phramites australis, Phalaris
arundinacea, Glyceria maxima, Typha spp., Scirpus spp., other common grasses etc.
17.13 Control of Pollution at End of Pipe

End of the pipe treatment is the most resource consuming and tedious process. This shall be
taken up only in case of extreme pollution and deterioration of the river when none of the above
mentioned options are available or feasible. Most of this process is physical, mechanical and
biological and may be required at regular time intervals.
117
17.13.1 De-silting
One of the best possible options for immediate overturn of the existing problems is de-silting
with the use of mechanical devices also termed as Dredging. Though highly cost intensive,
such methods have been conventionally utilized for immediate relief from pollution and
increasing the carrying capacity of the river bodies all across the globe. Such examples can be
taken up from lakes like Pashan in Pune, Powai in Mumbai, Kacharali in Thane and many
others. As far as rivers are concerned the greatest example to be quoted for the same is
MithiRiver wherein every year de-silting has been carried out since past several decades. This
de-silting also helps rejuvenate the existing ecosystem and diffuse air through mechanical
turbulence caused during this process. Though not a very sustainable practice, but this seems to
be an immediate and short terms remedy for most tedious issues of environmental degradation
of rivers.
17.13.2 Mechanical Aeration
This can be mainly achieved by implementation of mechanical aerators. The aerators will help
in providing the excess oxygen required to reduce the BOD of the waste water. From the
calculations mentioned earlier in the report, each site along the ulhas river basin will have a
different oxygen demand.
17.13.3 Marina Adaptation or Biological Rejuvenation
Establishing the lost ecological balance is the most effective way of rejuvenation of any water
body. Though a sensitive and time consuming process, it shall still form the basis of
sustainability which is the prime goal desired out of all this studies and action plans.Use of
balanced blend of eco flora and fauna along with symbiotic microbial cultures has been very
effective in restoring lakes and rivers. It shall be again borne in mind that such systems are
usually effective in steady state conditions which are difficult to achieve in rivers but a detailed
feasibility of such systems along with an integrated approach of mechanical and natural process
may render most suitable options of all.
17.13.4 Physical Cleaning & Beautification
Human perception about clean water is more of an psychological preference than chemical
nature. Thus, it is very important to have cleanliness especially related to the removal /
eradication of weeds such as hyacinth and others that have been long considered to be aesthetic
and environmental nuisance. Similarly, aesthetic improvement in the form of beautification
along the banks of canals as well as along the river wherever possible shall be done.
17.13.5Minimum Flow in the River
It is very essential that there is constant flow maintained in the river. It has been an experience
in the past that stagnation or low flow velocities leads to anaerobic or septic conditions in water
bodies leading to foul smell due to release of anaerobic end products such as methane and
hydrogen sulphide. This also leads to change over of the whole aquatic flora which otherwise is
aerobic in nature and ultimately increasing the BOD requirements. Hence it is very essential to
maintain a minimum optimum flow in the river that shall be sufficient enough to flush the
riverine system. Though the concept of optimum or minimal flow is not scientifically unclear
but it shall be sufficient enough to have certain amount of turbulence and flowing so as to avoid
anaerobic conditions in any stretch of the river.
17.13.6 Conservation & Best Possible Options for Improvement
It shall be important that decisions regarding selection of technology for treatment of
wastewater along all the identified sources shall include the end use of treated water which in
most of the cases shall be for agricultural use in and geographical area of these sources.
118
Chapter-18
Institutional arrangements
18.1 Legal arrangements

Irrigation sector continues to be a major consumer of water. WRD has developed a vast
network of canals and pipelines. Water from these dams is also supplied for other needs
of agriculture, domestic and industry. WRD manage and allocate the surface water
resources for irrigation, drinking water & sanitation, and industrial purposes.
Groundwater is regulated and monitored by the Water Supply and Sanitation
Department. The constitutional provision, Acts and Policies regulating the State water
sector are:-
1) Indian Easements Act, 1882
2) Right to life and personal liberty-Article 21 of the Constitution.
3) Right to an adequate means of livelihood-Article 39 of the Constitution.
5) The Land Acquisition Act 1894[The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill,
2012]
6) Indian Forest Act 1928[The Indian forest (Amendment) Bill, 2012]
7) The Bombay land improvements schemes Act 1942
8) The River Boards Act 1956
9) Land revenue code 1956.
10) Interstate Water Disputes Act-1956
11) The Bombay village Panchayat Act 1958.
12) Maharashtra Fisheries Act, 1960
13) Maharashtra ZillaParishad&Panchayat Act 1961.
14) Insecticides Act 1968
15) Wild life (Protection)Act 1982
16) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1984
17) Maharashtra Water Supply and Sewarage Board Act-1986
18) Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986
19) The Water Cess Act 1988
20) Maharashtra Khar land development Act 1989.
21) The Forest Conservation Act 1980
22) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
23) Environmental Protection Act-1986
24) Maharashtra Project affected persons Rehabilitation Act 1986.
25) Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993
26) Krishna Valley Development Corporation Act, 1996
27) Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1996
28) Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998
29) Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998
30) Biomedical Waste (M&H) Rules, 1998
31) Godavari Marathwada Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998
32) Maharashtra district planning committees Act 1998.
33) Hazardous Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000
119
34) Municipal Solid Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000

35) Maharashtra Project-Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act, 2001
36) Biological Diversity Act 2002.
37) National Water policy 2002 [Revised National Water policy 2002].
38) The Biodiversity Act 2003.
39) State Water policy-Maharashtra 2003.
40) Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005
41) Hydro power policy,WRD, GoM-2005 (Under revision)
42) Disaster Management Act, 2005
43) Uniform protocol for after quality monitoring order-2005,GOI Notification
dated 15.06.2005
44) Guidelines for Environtal Impact Assessment (EIA) 1998, 2001, 2006.
45) Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers (MMISF)Act, 2005
46) The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers(Recognition of
Rights)Act2006
47) Supreme Court-Green Bench, National Environment Appellate Authority
(NEAA) 2009.
Appellate and Redressal forum: It is also proposed to form an appellate and redressal
forum at sub-basin level to look into the suggestions, demands, complaints, etc.
18.2 Review of various acts and policies
1. Standardization of the nomenclature of watersheds at State and National level.

2. Notification of sub-basin and rivers
3. Indian Easements Act, 1882
Frameworkof law must recognize water not only as a scarce resource but also as
aSustainer of life and ecology. Therefore, water needs to be managed as a
communityresource held, by the state, under public trust doctrine to achieve food
security, livelihood,and equitable and sustainable development for all. Existing
Acts, such as Indian EasementsAct, 1882may have to be modified accordingly in as
much as it appearsto give proprietary rights to a land owner on groundwater under
his/her land.
4. Rules have been framed for MMISFAct-2005 whereas for MWRRA-2005 the
formulation of rules is in progress.
5. Amendments to Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986 is under consideration with
GOM, by detailed and comparative study of Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986 ,
MMISFAct-2005, MWRRA Act-2005 and State Water Policy-2003
120
Master Plan Review Committee

MD KIDC
(Chairman)
CE, KIDC
Member -1 Member -2 Member -3 Member -4 Member -5 Member -6 Member -7 Member -8 Member -9 Member -10 Member -11 Member -12 Member -13 Member -14
WRD Agri GW WC MJP MIDC Fishries MTDC ZP Urban C MPCB Hydrology Revenue Energy
M1-WRD : 1. DG,(MERI), DG(WALMI),CE(WRD),CE(Hydro), CE (WRD), CE(CADA), CE(NMR), SE(DIRD)

M2 (Agriculture) : Joint Director (Thane, Raigad)
M3 (GSDA) : Dy.Director (Thane, Raigad)
M4 (Water Conservation) : CW (WC) (Thane)
M5 (MJP) : CE (MJP) (Thane, Raigad)
M6 (MIDC) : CE (MIDC)(Thane, Raigad)
M8 (Fisheries) : Joint Director (Thane, Raigad)
M8 (MTDC) : Regional Manager(Thane, Raigad)
M9 (ZP) : Chief Executive Officer (ZP)(Thane, Raigad)
M10 (Urban centres) : Commissioner (Thane, Raigad) and Chief Officer (Thane, Raigad)
M11 (MPCB) : Regional Manager (Thane, Raigad)
M12 (Hydrology) : Chief Engineer, Hydrology (Mumbai)
M13 (Revenue) : Collector (Thane, Raigad)
M14 (Energy) : CE, MAHAGENCO (Thane, Raigad)
Invitees : As required
Note: Frequency of meeting twice in a year
Fig 28.1.1: Master Plan Review Committee
121
Master Plan Implementation Committee
Chief Engineer,WR
(Chairman)
Member -1 Member -2 Member -3 Member -4 Member -5 Member -6 Member -7 Member -8 Member -9 Member -10 Member -11 Member -12 Member -13 Member -14
Member Secretary Agri GW WC MJP MIDC Fishries MTDC ZP Urban C MPCB Forest Revenue Energy
M1-WRD : Executive Engineer (districts Thane, Raigad)

M2 (Agriculture) : Joint Director (Raigad and Thane)
M3 (GSDA) : Dy. Director (Raigad and Thane)
M4 (Water Conservation) : SE, Minor Irrigation (Thane Local Sector)
M5 (MJP) : SE (MJP) (Raigad and Thane)
M6 (MIDC) : SE (MIDC) (Raigad and Thane)
M8 (Fisheries) : Regional Deputy Commissioner (Raigad and Thane)
M8 (MTDC) : Regional Manager(Raigad and Thane)
M9 (ZP) : Addl. CEO (ZP) (districts Nashik, Thane and Palghar)
M10 (Urban centres) : Commissioner and Chief Officer of Corporation and Municipality
M11 (MPCB) : Regional Officer (Raigad and Thane)
M12 (Forest) : Chief Conservator of Forest (Raigad and Thane)
M13 (Revenue) : Addl. Collector (Thane and Raigad)
M14 (Energy) : SE, MAHAGENCO
Note: Frequency of meeting once in three months
Fig 28.1.2: Master Plan Implementation Committee
122
The Government has decided to make this Act more comprehensive and compatible
with the intent of the Model Billand to enact a new act “Maharashtra Ground Water
(Development and Management Act -2009”
a) To facilitate and ensure the sustainable and adequate supply of groundwater of
the prescribed quality for various category of users ;
b) To protect drinking water sources ;
c) To conserve the groundwater sources and to ensure the balance between the
groundwater recharge and its exploitation ;
d) To make regulatory mechanism more effective and to manage groundwater in
over-exploited and critical watershed areas ;
e) To provide for an institutional framework to ensure community participation
both at planning as well as implementation level ;and
f) To establish forum to avoid overlapping and maximize the benefits of
Government schemes in rural areas and also to focus on groundwater issues in
the urban areas, such as rainwater harvesting including rooftop harvesting to
improve the groundwater as a support to the existing water supply system in the
State.
The new bill related to this act, seeks to achieve the above mentioned objectives by
including the important provision that groundwater belongs to the state and the state
reserves the prerogative to decide the priority of appropriation and apportionment of the
groundwater to meet public good as it deems fit.
S.P.Bagade1,in his comparative analysis of cases of success and failure, attributed

successful implementation of the act due to notification of sources as per the rules
framed under the Act, awareness of the Sarpanch about the provisions of the Act and
his vigilance and follow up in getting the provisions implemented in case of violation;
prompt action and diligent use of powers vested by the Act in them by competent
authorities in stopping construction of new wells in violation of the Act and due
procedures being followed for notification of scarcity. He attributes laxity or failure in
implementation of the Act to lack of awareness on the part of the people; unwillingness
of the Panchayat representatives in making a formal complaint or in following it up;
clear and emphatic preference of the farmers in applying water to growing irrigated
crops; pressure group activity of the farmers irrigating the crops being stronger than the
voice of those whose subsistence needs are affected and lacunae in the Act. He also
complains of procedural complexities that make it difficult to implement the Act in
time and the tendency of the officials and elected representatives to press for starting
supply of water in tanker to avoid distress induced by scarcity of water.
In 2005, GoM passed the „Maharashtra Water Resources regulatory Authority Act,
2005‟ regarding water resources with wider ramifications and stronger teeth. The
precedence of the groundwater regulation is accepted explicitly in section (12) (8) of
the MWRRA Act, 2005 which stipulates that „the Authority shall abide by the relevant
provisions of the Maharashtra Groundwater Regulation (Drinking Water Purposes) Act,
1993‟.
123
6. Sand mining–GOM has approved a new sand mining policy (20.10.2010), which
makes it compulsory for contractors to obtain permission from the Gramsabha, (the
elected body of villagers) for sand mining and extraction. The policy has given
direct control to the local bodies over the sand mining activities and has placed
severe restrictions to protect river beds from damage.
7. Hydro power policy (2005)
a. The present policy is not conducive for projects in the sub-basin and therefore
this policy should be prepared for river basin or sub-basin wise to covert the
available hydro power potential in the physical projects.
b. In all ongoing and future irrigation projects irrespective of its capacity,
provision of ICPO should be made compulsory.
c. Conversion of irrigation sluice to ICPO in existing irrigation projects should be
done on priority.
8. Land acquisition
a. WRD should insist revenue department to maintain the records of diversion of
irrigated land to non-agricultural purposes and intimate concerned irrigation
project authorities to update their records.
b. The powers of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural purpose are
vested with revenue department and that too at very low level this needs serious
review and appropriate amendments.
9. River pollution disaster
a. A new policy to be prepared
10. Maharashtra Irrigation Act,1986
a. Irrigation management is looked after by WUA‟s. There is water supply on
volumetric basis and no bar on cropping pattern. Assessment and recovery will
be done by WUA‟s. Amendments in Irrigation Act to this effect are necessary.
b. Rules for MMISF Act, 2005 have been already framed and For MWRRA act,
2005 are under preparation. Improvement in the Maharashtra Irrigation Act,
1986 are under consideration of the GoM on detailed and comparative studies of
the Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1986, MWRRA Act, 2005 and MMISF Act,
2005.
11. Conversion of Irrigation Development Corporations in to River Basin
Agencies.
As per provisions in MWRRA act, 2005,all Irrigation Development Corporations
are to be converted in to River Basin Agencies step by step. Conversion of The
Krishna Valley Development Corporation in to River Basin Agency is being
undertaken by GoM. Draft bill is already prepared for the purpose. Suitable
provisions be made in the said bill to include the formation of sub-basin monitoring
committee (SMC), its duties & responsibilities, Power & functions etc.
12. Constitution of „State Water Board „ and „State Water Council‟

MWRRA Act 2005 , provisions under Section 15, subsection(1) and (2),GoM
constituted3 „State Water Board‟ to prepare integrated State Water Plan based on
sub-basin wise project plan and under Section 16, sub-section(1) „State Water
Council‟ to approve the integrated State Water Plan.
124
13. Amendment to Maharashtra State Water Policy2

Vide amendment dt. 18/05/2011, water use priority is changed.
14. Watershed Development and Management
Thrust will have to be given on local water harvesting and artificial recharge of
groundwater through watershed development and management program on large
scale on time bound basis. An act to include participatory approach and mandatory
geological investigations before implementing watershed development program is
pre-requisite.
Thus it is inferred that the existing acts and policies need to be reviewed for more effective
natural resources development and management.
18.3 Commission/Committees and its recommendations

The pertinent recommendation/s of the Commission/Committees at Central/State level
are:-
Maharashtra State Irrigation Commission-1962 (Shri. S.G. Barve)
1. A special inquiry commission be appointed every 10-15 years to undertake a
review of irrigation-related policy.
Water and Irrigation -National Irrigation Commission -1982 (Shri. Ajit Prasad
Jain)
1. A separate director be there to carry out hydrological study. There should be a
separate Agency at State level to deal with groundwater.
Waste Land Development Committee,(1995) Shri. Mohan Dharia
1. Create one central authority at national level to develop waste and infertile land.
White Paperon Drinking Water by the Government of Maharashtra (1995)
1. Creation of new independent drinking water supply department is necessary to

handle both the rural and urban parts combined so as to implement the water supply
programme in an integrated and coherent manner.
18.4.1 Present Scenario

Drought prevailing conditions are also occurring frequently in the sub-basin. At
present one circle office fully and (1) circle offices partly and (6) Divisional Offices are
looking after water resources development activities partly for the sub-basin. Water
resources development activities are similarly looked after by other Departments also
(like GSDA, Agriculture, etc.). Therefore an inter-disciplinary approach is necessary
for strengthening or otherwise combining various Departments for implementation of
the proposed plan.
In order to have integrated approach to Water Resources Development and

Management, following models of KIDC (RBA) are suggested.
125
Model-I –
1) In the office of KIDC, Senior Officers from the fields of Geology, Agriculture,
Engineering, Environment, Hydrology, Soils, Water Supply Department, Industries,
Tourism, Revenue, Economy, Co-operative and Banking sector need to be recruited
who will plan and monitor the water resources projects with an integrated approach.
The KIDC will prepare and monitor an integrated plan annually as well as a short term
plan say for 5 years. A senior level officer of the rank of Secretary who is competent in
administration, management and execution who can deliver the goods may have to be
posted if necessary by open advertisement. The structure of Office of KIDC (RBA) is
proposed in general will be as below –
i) Executive Director, to be further called as Commissioner of River Basin as head of
RBA. Following Officers from various Departments will work under him who will
assist in preparation and monitoring of integrated plan of Water Resources
Development and Management with multi-sectoral approach.
a) Chief Finance Officer to look after all financial matters related with water resources
projects including credit and finance facilities.
b) Joint Director/Deputy Director of Agricultural to look after all agricultural activities,
economical use of water, achieving best efficiency of irrigation projects.
c) Superintending Engineer, Executive Engineer, Deputy Engineer from Water Resources
Department.
d) Executive Engineer from Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran.
e) Environmental Engineer.
f) Officer from Co-operative, Fisheries, Tourism, Revenue (for LA and R&R) and
Marketing, Industries Department each.
g) Senior Geologist (for Ground Water Management).
h) Socio-economic expert preferably Agricultural Economist.
i) Statistician.
j) Executive Engineer from M S E Dist Co. Ltd. (Old MSEB).
If any assistance from officers of departments other than above is required, it shall be
made mandatory for other departments to give such assistance as and when required for
preparation and monitoring of the integrated plan.
2) Similar Officers as above from various fields also will have to be recruited in the Office of
Chief Engineers, Superintending Engineers, Executive Engineers for implementations and
monitoring of the water resources projects as planned by KIDC as above (1). Officers at
appropriate levels from various Departments will also have to be posted in the Offices of
Chief Engineers, Superintending Engineers, Executive Engineers etc. who will implement
the plan with respect to their Department.
Model-II –
1) Senior Officers from various fields as mentioned in Para 1 above under head of RBA will
prepare and monitor an integrated plan of water resources project. The present structure of
offices of Chief Engineers, Superintending Engineer, Executive Engineer etc. may
continue for implementation of water resources projects. However, the implementation of
water resources project with respect to subjects/parameters other than engineering will
have to be looked after by the respective Departments like Geology, Agriculture, MJP,
Environment, Industries, Co-operative, etc. Departments entrusted with implementation
of the above plan will however be accountable and answerable to RBA.
126
Chapter-19
Use of modern tools
19.0 Introduction:
Traditionally watersheds were spatial extents that capture rainwater. Recently it has been
identified that unless the watersheds are not managed in an integrated sustainable manner, then
not only the water resources but also other resources such as vegetation, fertile soil, fauna and
flora get depleted. Rational management of upper and lower parts of a watershed is equally
important for the sustenance of the environment. Therefore it is extremely important to use an
integrated spatial approach for managing watersheds and river basins. The remote sensing and
GIS for watershed management constitutes theoretical aspects of Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) & Remote Sensing and their application for watershed management.
19.1. Watershed Importants:

Watershed is an area, which catches the water from precipitation and then is drained by a river
and its tributaries. It is a “resource region” where the eco-system is closely interconnected around
a basic resource water. The watershed or river basin is therefore an ideal management unit. The
watershed provides a powerful study and management unit, which integrates ecological,
geographical, geological, and cultural aspects of the land. The watershed is also a useful concept
for integrating science with historical, cultural, economic, and political issues. Water (movement,
cycling, use, quality, etc.) provides a focus for integrating various aspects of watershed use and
for making regional and global connections Using the watershed concept, one can start with
study of any number of small sub systems (e.g., a particular marsh or sub-watershed; or a
particular pollutant, such as salt), and continually relate these small-scale issues to questions of
larger-scale watershed system health. We all live in a watershed. Watersheds are the places we
call home, where we work and where we play. Everyone relies on water and other natural
resources to exist. What you and others do on the land impacts the quality and quantity of water
and our other natural resources. Healthy watersheds are vital for a healthy environment and
economy. Our watersheds provide water for drinking, irrigation and industry. Many people also
enjoy lakes and streams for their beauty and for boating, fishing and swimming. Wildlife also
needshealthy watersheds for food and shelter. effective and efficient way to sustain the local
economy and environmental health. Scientists and leaders now recognize the best way to protect
the vital natural resources is to understand and manage them on a watershed basis. Everything
that is done in a watershed affects the watershed's system.
19.2. Geographic Informaton System:

GIS stands for geographic information system. An information system is a computer program
that manages data. A GIS, then, is a type of information system that deals specifically with
geographic, or spatial, information. Like other information systems, a GIS requires lots of data
that it can access, manipulate, and use to produce a product.Geographic information describes the
spatial (location) factors of an object or area. This can be simply latitude and longitude
coordinates, but in most cases more complex factors are included. A geographic information
system (GIS) is a computer-based information system that enables capture, modeling,
manipulation, retrieval, analysis and presentation of geographically referenced data.The
definition provided by The Oak Ridge National Laboratory: GIS is “a digital representation of
the landscape of a place (site, region, planet),structured to support analysis.” Under this broad
definition, GIS conceivably may include process models and transport models as well as
127
mapping and other spatial functions. The ability to integrate and analyze spatial data is what sets
GIS apart from the multitude of graphics, computer-aided design and drafting, and mapping
software systems.
Fig. No.19.1 Fig. No.19.2.
Fig. No.19.3
128
Fig. No.19.4.
19.3 The components of a GIS

In order to function properly, a GIS needs several basic components:
19.3.1 Data-
Organized in a database. The database includes the locational data (where things are
located)and the spatial relationships between data features. The database may also include
additional relevant information.
19.3.2 Software-
A program or group of programs, such as ArcView or Arc/Info, that can access the database,
manipulate the data, and produce a product. Others: Idrisi, GRASS, Erdas, etc.
19.3.3 Plaform-
The hardware, including disk space, terminals, network supporting devices, etc., that support the
software and database.
19.3.4 User-
People who operate the GIS and use its results for analysis and decision-making The fourth, and
final, component of a GIS is the user (this means you!). Without know- ledgeable, competent
operators, the entire system is useless. Users that are able to creatively employ the functions of
the GIS to their fullest extent (not just making maps!) justify the cost and effort required to
build and maintain a GIS.
129
19.4 Environmental application of GIS

· Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Non-point Source Pollution Control
· Storm water Management
· Watershed Management
· Spill Control Planning & Response
· Hazardous Material Management
· Air Pollution Management & Planning
· Wetlands Delineation
· Forestry Management
· Mining & Geologic Resource Management
· Wildlife Habitat Management
19.5 Software used

System MMS Modular Modeling like HSPF Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran PRMS
Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System. Some softwares such as E jalseva and Jalshruti are also
used for collective information about water resource department.
E-Jalseva
E jalseva software used for e governance operation. In water resources department . E jalseva
contains 33 modules , of services in which the water storage , consumption , NI customers
utilisation and billing , project construction and execution, design, quality control , irrigation
management and its details , maintenance and repairs, , training, research and E-service book of
supporting staff work. Etc details are loaded and available for usage.
Jalshruti Application
Jalshruti is mobile application ,which can be used on Android based mobiles , by MRSAC
Nagpur in tandem with MERI Nashik . The Application is also used for collecting information
about Dam, canal . offices, rivers in various basin, water bodies and canal mapping module, send
manager are presently in use for getting the required information.
We all have ideas about the state and history of the watershed and about how that watershed will
respond to alternative land management plans. Our personal ideas are models of the world
around us. These models are used to help us understand the present and predict the future. Often
each of us has different views of the present and the future and we find it very difficult to
communicate why in a particular set of future consequences. To help this communication, it may
become necessary to formalize those views and ideas for better communication between
us.Geographic information systems (GIS) allow us to formally define our understanding of the
past and present state of our watershed and landscapes. Geographic modeling systems (GMS)
allow us to formally define how we believe the watershed works.GIS is commonly accepted and
often required by watershed managers. Acceptance and use of GMS technologies is growing
among management groups to test the consequences of alter ative land management scenarios.
130
19.6 Approaches of GIS application in watershed management
The integrated approach of GIS and Remote Sensing is being recognized universally as
the unique highly effective and extremely versatile technology for evaluation,
management and monitoring of natural resources and environment. With the concept of
multidisciplinary integrated approach got an impetus in monitoring and management of
resources and environment.
19.7 Watershed management decision support system
There is a growing consensus that an effective way to control non-point source pollution and
enhance the long-term sustainability of agriculture and rural communities is through locally
based planning and management at the watershed scale. Coordinated resource management of a
watershed requires the simultaneous consideration of physical and socioeconomic
interrelationships and impacts. In order to address these considerations, it is necessary to
integrate a large amount of spatial information and knowledge from several disciplines. To be
useful, the information and knowledge must be made available to decision makers in a rational
framework.Advances in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), multiple
objective decision making, and physical simulation make it possible to develop user-friendly,
interactive, decision support systems for watershed planning and management.
The goal of the study is to incorporate these advances by designing a user friendly,
interactive watershed management decision support system (WAMADSS) that identifies the
relative contribution of sub-watershed areas to agricultural non-point source pollution and
evaluates the effects of alternative land use/management activities and practices (LUMAPs) on
farm income, soil erosion and surface water quality at the watershed scale. LUMAPs to be
included in WAMADSS are: crop rotations, tillage practices, conservation practices (grass
waterways, terraces), pollution prevention practices (timing, rate and method of application of
fertilizers and pesticides) and other landscape elements such as improved vegetative cover in
riparian areas. The decision support system (DSS) adopts a landscape perspective, which is a
way to view interactive parts of a watershed rather than focusing on isolated components.
The watershed management decision supp-ort system has three major components: a GIS, a
modeling system, and a graphical user interface (GUI). ARC Macro Language (AML) is used
to construct the GUIs, which interface the simulation models and the economic model in a
seamless decision support system framework. AML handles all simulation-related activities,
including generating input files, executing the environmental models, and viewing results in the
GIS.
19.8 Groundwater modeling in watershed

GIS applications are beneficial in terms of watershed management issues, such as locating
possible sites suitable for groundwater recharge, because:
(1) A large amount of the information required (soils, land-use, and slope maps) to evaluate
potential recharge sites currently exists in digital format.
(2) GIS allows a great number of factors to be viewed on uniform media.
(3) GIS has the ability to update information on features and corresponding data. This is essential
for water resource management projects
131
(4) A GIS database provides decision-makers with a comprehensive visual and tabular means for
analyses on which to construct and support decisions.
(5) Utility of this type of database would be for regional and city planners as well as for water
supply and water quality monitoring.
Groundwater modeling is an attempt to replicate the behaviors of natural groundwater or

hydrologic system by defining the essential features of the system in some controlled physical or
mathematical manner. Modeling plays an extremely important role in the management of
hydrologic and groundwater system.
19.8.1 Related Technologies

Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about a phenomenoa without being
in contact with it. Remote sensing deals with the detection and measurement of phenomena with
devices sensitive to elecromag- netic energy such as:
·Light (cameras and scanners)
·Heat (thermal scanners)
·Radio Waves (radar)
19.8.2 Global positioning systems (GPS)
The NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging) Global Positioning
System (GPS) is a space-based radio-navigation and time transfer system. It is an all-
weather system operated by the Department of Defense and is available world-wide 24
hours a day.
132
Chapter-20
Water Balance
20.0 Introduction
Water Balance estimation is an important tool to assess the current status and trends in water
resource availability in an area over specific period of time. This chapter deals with availability
of surface water, present use for various purposes, future requirement of water by 2030 and the
balance water.
20.1 Yield in the Sub basin
The gross yield as approved by Chief Engineer, Planning and Hydrology, Nashik is given
below.
Table No. 20.1: Yield in the sub-basin
Dependability 50% 75%
Yield in Mm3 2024.09 1720.96
20.3 Per capita availability of water
The per capita availability of water is worked out for present and future (2030) population as
below.
Table No.20.5: A. Per capita availability of water
Population in Lacs Total water available

(cum)
2011 2030 2011 2030
2.26 2.82
It is observed through the pilot study conducted at an international level that well being of
people is compromised if per capita water availability drops down than 1000 m3. Per capita
availability of 1700 m3 is considered as satisfactory. If the same is reduced to 1000 m3,
hardships are set in. These include uses of water for various purposes (agriculture, industry,
urban use etc.) of human life. The requirement on count of livestock necessary to support the
masses is also being fulfilled there from.

20.4 Water availability per Ha of Cultivable area
The Water availability per ha of Cultivable area is as given below. The criterion for
categorization of basin is as per II nd commission for water and irrigation; these norms are
given in table no. 20.7
20.2 Availability and use of water
The planned use in the Karli sub basin is finalized in view of allocation of water. The
availability and use of water is as follows.
20.4 Water Balance:-
Water Balance for the Karli Valley is worked out for Surface Water plus ground water
available. Water Balance takes into account all type of uses i.e.for present status completed and
ongoing is considered and for future2030 completed, ongoing and future are considered in
planning.
133
Table : Annexture – Water Balance of Karli Valley
Sr. Availability Ref Planning Mm3 Sr. Use Ref Planning Mm3
No Table Present 2030 No Table Present 2030
1 Natural 1 Non Irrigation

Use
a Natural Water Available 1720.96 1720.96 1.1 Domestic 3.378 4.201
2 Manually Managed a Urban
a Regeneration 0 0.44 b Rural +Live
Urban Use Stock
b Regeneration 0 0 Sub Total 3.378 4.201
Ind. Use (a+b)
SubTotal (a+b) 0 0.44 1.2 Industrial Use 0.72 3.285
Intra Basin/Sub Basin 0 0 Sub Total 4.098 7.486
Transfer (Import) (1.1+1.2)
Water Required through 0 0 2 Intra Basin/Sub 0 0
River Basin Transfer
(Import for
Industry)
3 Water for 0 13.883
Environment
5 Recharge from Irrigation 0 0 Sub Total 4.098 21.369
(1+2+3)
6 Ground water 25.09 35.63 4 Irrigation Use 53.703 361.656
4.1 Major + 0 0
Medium
State + Local
From Import 0 0
Total(1+2+3+4+5+6) 1746.05 1757.47 Total 57.801 383.025
Balance water 1688.25 1374.45
for Irrigation
134
Konkan in Karlii - Picture of Intigrated Water Balance
`Status Available Water (Mm3) Total Water Use (Mm3) Balance

Total Water Recycled water Import Water Export Total (6-7)
Domestic
Industrial
Irrigation
Ecology
available from domestic & (2+3+4+5) (7+8+9+10+11)
Intra Inter Intra Inter
1%
Surface + industrial use basin Basin basin Basin
Ground
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Present 1746.05 0 0 - 1746.05 3.378 0.72 53.703 0 0 0 57.801 1688.249

Status
Status by 1757.03 0.44 0 - 1757.47 4.201 3.285 361.656 13.883 0 0 383.025 1374.445
2030
135
Table No.20.2: Availability of Water

All figures in Mm3
Particular Present Availability (2030)
1)Surface Water
a)Maximum Permissible use 1720.96

1720.96
b)Recycling :
Domestic 0.00 0.44
Industrial 0.00 0.00
Total of (b) 0.00 0.44
c)Import from other sub basin 0.00
d)Regeneration 0.00 0.00
G. Total (a)to(d) 1720.96 1721.40
2)Ground Water 35.63 35.63
G. Total (1) to (2) 1756.59 1757.03
Table No.20.6: Water availability per Ha of Cultivable area
Water Availability at CCA Water Availability Category of

75 % Dep. Cum per Ha Sub basin
Mm3 Ha
1720.96 40900 42077.26 Abundant
Table No.20.7: Norms for Categorization of Basin
Sr. Surface Water Availability Unit Category of Basin

No From To
1 Less than 1500 Cum/Ha Highly Deficit
2 1500 3000 Cum/Ha Deficit
3 3000 8000 Cum/Ha Normal
4 8000 12000 Cum/Ha Surplus
5 More than 12000 Cum/Ha Abundant
136
Chapter 21
Financial Aspects
21.0 INTRODUCTION:
The Irrigation Sector of Maharashtra is one of the largest in the Country, both in terms of Large
Dams and the Live Storage capacity. Also the demand of water for irrigation & drinking
purpose has been alarmingly increasing due to agricultural expansion and intensification. This
chapter deals with the financial aspects of Water supply schemes & irrigation potential
available, potential created, total expenditure incurred and expenditure required in future for the
creation of remaining potential in the Karli sub basinwhich Shindhudurg and Kolhapur
District.Two talukas namely Ajara, Bhudargad in Kolhapur & Kankawali, Kudal, Malwan,
Sawantwadi,Vengurla in Shindhudurg District are covered under this basin. Karli river rises
near Shivapur village Tal. Kudal in western Ghat at an elevation of 823 mtr. above Mean Sea
level, it flows towords West. In the middle reaches river flow westwords and in the tail reach it
turns South west Before joining the Arabian Sea towards the south of Malvan city. The Length
of the river is 92 kms and its catchment area is 825.61 Sq. Kms. The major tributaries of karli
river are Hateri/Bambarde river and Pithdhaval river.This chapter deals with district wise
irrigation potential available, potential created, total expenditure incurred and expenditure
required in future for potential to be created in Karli Sub Basin. It also covers the relation
between potential created and the investment made on different types of irrigation projects viz.
Major, Medium, Minor projects in Karli Sub Basin. Investment required to create one hector of
irrigation (cost efficiency) is also studied.
The Karli sub basin has total potential 21441 hectors through state sector and local sector
projects, out of which 14.38 percent i.e.3014 ha potential achieved so far. Total investment of
Rs.926.47crores requires to create irrigation potential of 21441 ha, out of which
Rs.163.67crores expenditure incurred up to March 2014. There is still 18427 ha potential to be
created in future for which amount of Rs. 762.81 crores is to be invested in Karli sub basin.
There are 11 completed, 2 ongoing and 3 new administratively approved projects in state
sector, while 104 completed 16 ongoing and 23 new administratively approved projects in local
sector in Karli Sub Basin. Further these projects are categorized as Major, Medium and Minor
for state sector projects and Irrigation Tank, Storage Tank and K.T. Weir for local sector
projects.
Karli sub basin includes total 16 state sector projects (Major, Medium, Minor) in Karli
sub basin having 19075 ha irrigation potential. Out of which 1438 ha potential has been created
and expenditure incurred for this is Rs.160.12crores. Still 17637 ha irrigation potential is to be
created through state sector projects for which amount of Rs.720.59crores is to be invested in
future.
There are total 143 no of local sector projects having irrigation potential capacity 2366
Ha. Out of this 1576 ha potential has been created and expenditure incurred for this is
Rs.3.55crores. Still 790 ha irrigation potential is to be created through local sector projects for
which amount of Rs.42.22crores are to be invested in future.
137
Table 21.1 Status of Irrigation projects completed, Ongoing, and for Future are given below:
Description State Sector Local Sector

Major Medium M.I. M.I. , P.T. & KTW
Completed Projects 0 0 11 104
Ongoing Projects 1 0 1 16
Future Projects 0 0 3 23
Total 1 0 15 143
(Source- Water Resources Department, Dist: Sindhudurg and Agriculture Dept. and ZP Sindhudurg.)
Table No. 21.2 Financial Status of the Projects in Vaghotan Sub Basin. (Figs. in Crores)
Description Total State Sector

Major Medium Minor
Updated Cost 880.71 816.65 - 64.06
Expenditure Incurred 160.12 145.48 - 14.64
Balance Cost 720.59 671.17 - 49.42
Funds Required 720.59 671.17 - 49.42
(Source- Water Resources Department, Dist: Sindhudurg)
Table No. 21.3 Irrigation Potential Status of Projects on Vaghotan Sub Basin:
(Area in Ha)
Description Total State Sector
Major Medium Minor
Area ICA ICA ICA ICA
Present Potential 1438 - - 1438
Future Potential 17637 17000 - 637
(Source- Water Resources Department, Dist: Sindhudurg
21.3 Cost Efficiency:
i)State Sector Projects:
Total potential of state sector projects in Karli sub basin is 19075 Out of which 1438 ha
potential created at the end of March 2014 and expenditure incurred for this is Rs.160.12 crores.
Hence the cost efficiency for created potential of state sector projects in Karli sub basin is
Rs.11.13 lakhs per Ha.
Conclusion-
The total irrigation potential developed through the irrigation projects in the Karli Sub Basin is 1438 ha.
(State Sector).
138
Local Sector Projects:--

Table No. 21.4 Financial Status of the Projects in KarliSub Basin. (Local Sector) (0 – 100 ha)
1 M.I. 5 28.86 0 0 0 0 28.86 96 0.395
Scheme 5
2 Storage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tank 0
3 Percolation 2 49.79 0 0 0 0 49.79 80 0.56
tank 2
4 Sinchan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Talav
5 K.T.Weir 0 0 2 38.08 4 201.91 6 239.99 74.51 772.45
6 Diversion 95 271.12 7 79.67 9 216.67 111 567.46 1512.72 199.6257
bandhara
7 Storage 2 5.23 1 14.94 0 0 3 20.17 15 0
bandhara
8 Jal Shivar 0 0 5 33.03 8 73.65 13 106.68 213 259.6051
Schemes
Total 104 355.00 15 165.72 21 492.23 140 1012.95 1991.23 1232.636
Financial Status of the Projects in Karli Sub Basin. (Local Sector) (101– 250 ha)

1 M.I.
0 0 1 1244.87 2 2319.51 3564.38 375 3.10
Scheme 3
2 Storage
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tank
3 Percolation
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tank
4 Sinchan
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Talav
5 K.T.Weir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Diversion
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bandhara
7 Storage
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bandhara
8 Jal Shivar
00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0
Schemes
Total 0 0 1 1244.87 2 2319.51 3 3564.38 375 3.10
(Source- Jal Sandharan Ratnagiri)
139
21.4 Cost efficiency

i) Local Sector Projects:
Total potential of local sector projects in Karli sub basin is 2366 Ha. Out of which 1576 ha potential
created at the end of March 2014 and expenditure incurred for this is Rs.3.55 crores. Hence the cost
efficiency for created potential of local sector projects in Karli sub basin is Rs.0.22 lakhs per Ha.
Conclusion
Total Irrigation Potential in Karli sub basin is 21441 Ha out of which 3014 Ha irrigtion potential
developed through State sector and local sector in Karli Basin and expenditure incurred for this is
Rs.163.67 Crores. Hence cost efficiency for created irrigation potential in Karli sub basin is Rs 5.43
lakhs per Ha. Still 18427 Ha irrigation potential likeley to be achieved in Karli Basin for which amount
of Rs.762.81 crores is to be invested in future. Per Ha cost for future potential creation in Karli Basin is
Rs.4.13 Lakhs
140
Chapter 23
Action Plan
23.1 Development Plan –
23.1.1 New irrigation– There are about 159 irrigation projects in karli sub Basin, Out of
which 11 Minor (S.S), 104 Minor (L.S) and Minor (Z.P) Projects are completed, 1 major, 1
Minor (S.S), 16 Minor (L.S) and Minor (Z.P) Projects are on-going and 3 Minor (S.S), 23
Minor (L.S) and Minor (Z.P) future projects in this sub basin.
.
23.1.2 Water Conservation – Water conservation works are jointly carried out by
Agriculture department & Water Conservation (Local Sector) department. Future plan of both
the department is given below.
22.1.2.1 - Water Conservation (Local Sector) Department –

Future plan for year 2015 to 2020 & 2021 to 2025 are as below.
Table - Future Investment for Irrigation Development in Karli Sub Basin
Cost of
Expenditure Future Balance
Sr. Potential Balance
Category of Works Incurred Cost (Rs. Potential
No Created (ha.) Potential
(Rs.Crores) Crores) (ha.)
(Rs./ha.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (5/6)
1 WRD 0 0 0 0 0.00
Major 145.48 0 671.17 17000 0.039
Medium 0.00 0 0 0 0
Minor (SS) 0.00 0 49.42 537 0.09
Minor (LS) +Z.P 0.00 0 42.21 790 0.053
Total 145.48 0 762.80 17327 0.044
2 Watershed Development Works
a) Local Sector 0 0 0 0 0
b) Agriculture Dept. 0 0 13.19 1203.2 0.010
3 Soil Conservation
Sewage Irrigation 0 0 0 0 0
4 Works
Galper Land 0 0 0 0 0
5 Surplus Land 0 0 0 0 0
6 Modern Irrigation 0 0 0 0 0
Methods
Total 0 0 13.19 1203.2 0.010
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Action Plan (2015-2020)
Ongoing Schemes 0 to 100 Ha.
Sr. No Category of Ongoing Potential (ha) Capacity Mm³

Works schemes
1 M.I. Scheme 0 0 -
2 Storage Tank 0 0 -
3 Percolation tank 0 0 -
4 Sinchan Talav 0 0 -
5 K.T.Weir 2 18 -
6 Diversion bandhara 7 23 -
7 Storage bandhara 1 15 -
8 Jal Shivar Schemes 5 61 -
Total 15 117 -
Ongoing Schemes 101 to 250 Ha.

Works schemes
1 M.I. Scheme 1 120 1.793
2 Storage Tank 0 0 0
3 Percolation tank 0 0 0
4 Sinchan Talav 0 0 0
5 K.T.Weir 0 0 0
6 Diversion bandhara 0 0 0
7 Storage bandhara 0 0 0
8 Jal Shivar Schemes 0 0 0
Total 1 120 1.793
Future Schemes 101 to 250 Ha.

Works schemes
1 M.I. Scheme 2 255 3.097
5 K.T.Weir 0 0 0
Total 2 255 3.097
142
Future Schemes 0 to 100 Ha.

Works schemes
1 M.I. Scheme 0 0 0
5 K.T.Weir 4 57 0
Total 21 298 -
23.1.3 Drinking Water MJP Action Plan –
23.1.3.1 MJP DEVELOPMENT PLAN

State Government should set aside required funds from budget allocation to ensure un-
interrupted functioning of the scheme in the context of larger interest of social and public
health issues.State Government spends considerable amount for provision of water supply to
rural areas and it should not be difficult for Government to make relatively small provisions for
operation and maintenance part also. If Government decides to provide financial assistance
then proportionate amount of subsidy shall be credited to the account of the agency (MJP). In
cases where the local body does not pay the water charges then the agency shall have freedom
to stop the water supply. In that case the local body cannot have the plea that the Government
neglects the important aspect of rural water supply.
23.1.3.2 MJP ACTION PLAN
As per the requirement of the local body i.e. Grampanchyat, Nagarparishad, Municipal
Council. Water supply schemes are designed for the projected population (15 Years). Initial
cost of the scheme depends upon the population as well as source of the scheme. After the
necessary administrative approval, the rural scheme is considered in to the Action Plan for
execution of the scheme. For approximately 30 months duration for the completion of the
scheme from the demand of Local Body to completion of the scheme. Accordingly provision
of funds is made in the action plan.
Urban & Rural water Supply schemes, for drinking water purpose, with respective sub
basin wise, total demand as per the norms & as per the availability of water should be
calculated in the combined Grid system as per the site conditions If the demand is more,
combined Grid system should not be implemented.
For Rural water supply schemes in Karli Sub basin, Annual Action Plan for 2015-2016 under
NRDWP will be as follows.
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Table No- 23.1.3.2 - Annual Action Plan for 2015-2016 under NRDWP
Name of Dist. No. of Villages Cost Rs. (In Croes)

Sindhudurg Nil -
Total Nil -
There is no any specific Action Plan of Urban Water Supply Schemes.
23.1.3.3 - MEASURES TO BE TAKEN AFTER THE COMPLETION OF THE

SCHEME
 100% meter for all water connections in distribution system and water meters installation
for measuring quantity abstracted from source, at outlet of water treatment plant and at
outlet of service reservoir.
 Water audit to know the losses in the system, to locate the leakage points and rectification
of losses to achieve most economical use of available water.
 Timely replacement of old leakage pipelines.
 To achieve consumers‟ satisfaction by introducing 24x7 supply system and thereby to
reduce water consumption and water losses in the system and to have equitable supply to
all the consumers.
23.2 - FLOOD management Plan –

Importance of Flood Control in Karli Basin ;- There 1 major projects are in Karli
basin which are coming under Jurisdiction of Chief Engineer (WRD.) Konkan Region , Water
Resource Department Mumbai..
In Flood Position dam controlled by Collector office,Disaster and Flood Control Unit
on situation of flood in rainy season (June to Oct). In between these month daily rainfall on
dam site, Incoming flow, Discharge Pass from Canal & Spill way, important places in river
water level & danger level, these above all situation of all dams & all river controlled by these
flood control unit.
This Collective information given to collector, corporation, office of police

Commissioner, Press (Media), all department of Govt. also Mantralaya, Mumbai etc. at 10.00
a.m. daily. In Flood situation these information updated by every hours and same time
dangerous situation advance notice given to department from five years back these information
are available on this web site.
Geographical situation of Rivers & Reservoir in Vaghotan Basin.
Geographical Situation – The entire Karli river system flows through the state of Maharashtra
in Sindhudurg and Kolhapur districts .This river receives several tributaries on both the banks,
out of which its principal tributaries joining Karli sub basin are the Hateri and pitdhaval .The
144
overall catchment comprises of 1 Watersheds.Karli sub-basin comprises of 812.65 Sq.Km

(MRSAC Nagpur )and 825.59 Sq.Km (As per Hydrology study chp. No.06 Report) catchment
area falling entirely in the state of Maharashtra.
The Karli sub-basin falls in Western Ghats and Coastal part. The Karli sub-basin has a tropical
climate. The mean annual rainfall is more than 350 cm. The mean July temperature varying
between 25 °C and 30 °C and mean January temperatures between 18 °C and 30 °C.
The Sub basin falls into major agro-climatic zones .Major part of the sub basin 409sq.km is
covered with agricultural area. Approximately 52.12 % of the sub basin area is covered
byforest; Wasteland covers around 12.94 % of the total basin area. The important soil types
found in the basin are black soils, red soils, lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils (red and black,
red and yellow, etc.) and saline and alkaline soils.
3.3 Rainfall :
Rainfall is the only source of water in the River. The quantity of inflow and flow forecasts
depends on the intensity and timeliness of rainfall data. In the river basin, the flood forecasting
and reservoir operations are based on the guidelines given in “Dam Safety Manual Chapter 7 :
Flood Forecasting, Reservoir Operation and Gate Operation, 1984, Irrigation Department,
Government of Maharashtra”. This manual had been prepared mainly based on the circulars
issued by the GOM, the literature published by the Central Water Commission, New Delhi and
the Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi and provisions in IS: 7323-1974.
The gates of the Dam are operated according to the approved ROS & GOS . . But there is no
question of operating gates here, as there is not any gates on Karli Sub Basin.
ROS & GOS of important dams are attached .
The locations of villages have been marked on the Map showing a) Blue Zone, b) Green
Zone and c) Red Zone.
a) Blue Zone : As per the guideline issued by Dam Safety Manual Chapter-7, Page No. 28,
these Blue Zone is known as Prohibitive Zone which is 1.5 times river channel capacity.
This area may be used only for the open land type of use such as playgrounds, gardens,
river side esplanades or cultivation of light crops wherever such riparian rights exists.
b) Green Zone : This Zone is also known as restrictive Zone which is of spillway design
flood capacity. In the restrictive zone the land use regulation may specify the safe height for
the plinth level of the lowest floor level and the type of building method to prevent collapse of
the structure during floods.
145
Restrictions on the type of uses of buildings in such zones may also be specified. This will
take into account the possibility of floods expected in this zone and also necessity of all prompt
evacuation of people, cattle and goods at short notice, to avoid costly flood damages and loss
of life. While framing constructions in such zones, compulsory insurance may also have to be
considered.
c) Red Zone : This Zone is also known as Caution Zone and is of Dam break inundation
Zone. Flooding in this area may be rare but not altogether impossible. The regulation for
land use in this zone should only include a caution about the flood risk and likely flood
height in this area and necessary building precautions for safety under such circumstances,
wherever a contingency may arise.
The disaster management plan has been prepared by the concerned authorities of
revenue and WRD for this emergency and circulated amongst all the concerned office
also, as well as the public representative of Karli Sub Basin.
Flood Control Cell :
For Karli river basin , the Flood Control Cell is established at ,Region Circle , which
collects the reservoir levels, rainfall, spillway discharge for each of the reservoirs twice a
day (07:00 Hrs and 17:00 Hrs) in normal circumstances and hourly in flood like situation.
The data is received by any available means viz. Cell Phones, Wireless, Land Line etc.
Flood control cell is under
the Executive Engineer, Thane Minor Irrigation Division, Oras-Sindhudurgnagari and

during monsoon (from June to October) is operational 24X7 in three shifts. Everyday, at
08:00 Hrs Report is generated and send to The Chief Engineer, Water Resources
Department Mumbai. The Chief Engineer , Water Resources,Mumbai ; Divisional
Commissioner, Konkan Bhawan Navi Mumbai and the District Administration. The
Disaster Management Cell under District Collector with the help of other departments is
prepared for emergency response.
Recommendations of Study Groups/Commissions/Committees
Recommendations related to Floods
i) The recommendation/guidelines have been ensured by Dam Safety Organization,

Government of Maharashtra, Nasik as per Dam Safety Manual, Chapter-7 and 8.
ii) The National Water Policy, 2002 provides for –
a) There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood prone
basin.
b) Adequate flood cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever feasible, to
146
facilitate better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood control be given
overriding consideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the cost of sacrificing some
irrigation or power benefits.
c) While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue to be
necessary, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures such as flood
forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofing for the minimization of
losses and to reduce the recurring expenditure on flood relief.
d) There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the flood plain
zones along with flood proofing, to minimize the loss of life and property on account of
floods.
e) The flood forecasting activities should be modernized, value added and extended to other
uncovered areas. In flow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for their effective
regulation.
Disaster Management Plan :
The Disaster Management Plan prepared for Village/Municipality level has two parts.
Part-1 of the Plan contains information on-
1. Information about Village / Municipality
2. Hazardous, Vulnerable and Risk Areas in the Village / Municipality and Map
showing Disaster Prone area
3. Response and Improvement Plan
4. Early Warning and Preparedness Plan
5. Mitigation, Relief and rehabilitation Plan
Part-2 of the Plan includes-
1.Telephone numbers of Government Officials (State/District/Tal./Control Room)
2. List of Members of Disaster Management Committee, Groups, Swimmers etc.
3. Mitigation Measures for Hazardous, Vulnerable and Risk Areas
4. List of Emergency and Important Services
5. List of NGOs, Addresses, Telephone Numbers, Specialization
6. Inventory of available resources and equipment.
23.4 Management Plan –

Improvement in Water use efficiency- The coming years are going to exert maximum
pressure on availability of water for irrigation, as domestic as well as industrial demands are
certainly going to increase, within the fixed total available quantum. The challenge lies in
147
using every drop of water judiciously. The chapter of use of modern tools (no 19) deals at
length about this. Many modern techniques, like drip, sprinkler, automated and controlled
environment will be extensively used to combat the stress and enhance the area under
irrigation..Varieties of crops needing less water and maturity period have to be developed in
lab and the same should be transferred to farmers at the earliest. Reasearch at various agro
universities will play a very important role in this regard.
Fuller Utilization of created potential and increasing productivity in existing projects –

Water Audit , Bench-Marking and ISR- By using these two tools, the monitoring of every
parameter is possible and with help of set yardsticks, the performance can be constantly
compared and improvised with study of findings and proper recommendations from the
monitoring authority at Maharashtra Water Resources Development Centre at Aurangabad.
22.5.1 MPCB - WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN –
22.5.1.1 Action Plan for prevention of River Pollution
The Karli River is one of the main river in this basin.As there, is no major industries
in/near Karli Sub Basin, so there is negligible river pollution
22.5.1.2 Industrial pollution:

There are no major industries in Karli Basin, so there is negligible industrial pollution.
But, the following measure has to be taken into consideration.
a. Installation continuous online monitoring systems at outlet of Effluent Treatment plant &
display on main gate of industry.
b. Connect to online monitoring system to MPCB server
c. Increase the vigilance by MPCB for verifying the performance of Effluent Treatment
Plant
d. Insist industries to adopt newly advanced technologies to achieve zero discharge
23.5.3 Financial Management
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) is law enforcement body for protection
of environment in the state of Maharashtra. MPCB has no financial liability for
infrastructure development for treatment of sewage. However, Ministery of
Environemtn & Forest, New Delhi (MoEF) and Environment Department Govt of
Maharashtra has formulated National River Conservation Directorate & State River
Conservation Scheme respectively to provide funds for treatment of domestic sewage
generated from local body area. Local body should prepare proposals for treatment of
sewage respective to their jurisdiction and shall seek funds from above schemes
formulated by MOEF and Environment Department Govt of Maharashtra.
MPCB monitors river water quality under central government schemes at predefined
locations.
148
23.6 GSDA Ground Water Plan -

In the Karli sub basin as per GSDA norms is one watershed comprising an area of
about 825.59 sq.km and this watershed is safe. The total gross ground water draft is
25.09 Mm3. Net annual groundwater availability is 50.90 Mm3. Net groundwater
availability for future irrigation is 22.34 Mm3.
In the Karli sub basin the total water available in the one watershed is 50.90 Mm 3, but
the overall average stage of development of this basin is 49.29 %, hence there is scope
for future groundwater development. The available groundwater has to be managed
with the public participation or the community based water management projects.
149
Annexure 1
Static water level readings from the observation wells in Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin
Year 2005 Year 2006 Year 2007 Year 2008 Year 2009
Sr.
District Taluka Village Depth Watershed
no
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
1. Sindhudurg Malwan Kumbharmath 9.7 WF-77 9.70 6.6 9.70 4.98 9.25 5.6 9.05 7.1 9.70 5.80
2. Sindhudurg Malwan Nandrukh 4.6 WF-77 4.60 1.35 4.60 1.00 4.00 1.26 4.30 1.30 3.80 1.35
3. Sindhudurg Kudal Keravade K.N. 3.6 WF-77 3.25 1.25 3.30 0.58 3.60 1.3 3.80 1.2 3.60 1.50
4. Sindhudurg Kudal Nirukhe 5.7 WF-77 5.70 2.90 5.40 2.30 5.20 2.75 5.30 3.00 5.4 3.00
5. Sindhudurg Kudal Pandur 8.45 WF-77 7.60 2.4 7.30 2.2 7.35 2 7.55 2.9 7.45 2.39
150
Year 2010 Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013 Year 2014
Sr. Watershe Average Average
District Taluka Village Depth
no d Pre Post
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
1. Sindhudurg Malwan Kumbharmath 9.7 WF-77 9.66 5.60 9.55 5.50 9.20 6.00 9.70 5.90 9.80 5.10 9.53 5.82
2. Sindhudurg Malwan Nandrukh 4.6 WF-77 4.25 1.20 4.50 1.10 4.60 1.20 4.60 1.00 4.60 0.60 4.39 1.14
3. Sindhudurg Kudal Keravade K.N. 3.6 WF-77 3.52 0.60 3.25 0.90 3.50 0.60 3.6 1.00 3.6 0.90 3.50 0.98
4. Sindhudurg Kudal Nirukhe 5.7 WF-77 5.36 1.80 5.35 2.30 5.10 2.60 4.90 2.10 4.70 2.20 5.24 2.50
5. Sindhudurg Kudal Pandur 8.45 WF-77 7.51 1.20 7.42 1.50 8.10 1.90 7.70 1.80 7.70 2.00 7.57 2.03
(Source : GSDA – Observation well data)
151
Annexure 2
Groundwater Recharge in Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin :-
Sr. Water Area Number of Recharge in Ham from

No. -shed (ha.) Irriga- Rain Surface GW Tanks Conservat Total
No. -tion Fall Irrigation Irrigation ion
Wells for (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) Structure (ham)
GWE (ham)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. WF 77 86351 1620 4615.41 16.72 127.76 540.78 42.66 14.96
Total 86351 1620 4615.41 16.72 127.76 540.78 42.66 14.96
Values in
Mm3 46.15 0.16 1.27 5.40 0.42 0.14
152
Annexure 3
Groundwater draft in in Karli sub basin of South Konkan Basin: -
Sr. Watershed No. Natural Discharge Net Annual GW Gross

(Ham) Availability (Ham) Draft
(Ham)
1 2 3 4 5
1 WF 77 267.91 5090.36 2509.27
2 Total 267.91 5090.36 2509.27
Values in Mm3 (2.67) (50.90) (25.09)
Source GSDA – Groundwater Assessment Data; GEC97, Year 2011-12)
153
Annexure 4:-
Groundwater Availability and Stage of Development in South Konkan (Sindhudurg) sub

basin
Sr. Water- Net Annual Gross Stage of Water Table Trend Category Net GW
No. -shed GW Draft Devel. Pre Post of avail. For
No. Availability (Ham) (%) Mon- Mon- Watershed Future Irri.
(Ham) -soon -soon Use (Ham)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 WF 77 5090.36 2509.27 49.29 RISING RISING SAFE 2234.93
Total 5090.36 2509.27 49.29 2234.93
Values in Mm3 50.90 25.09 4.9 22.34
154
155
Annexure 5
The Stage of development for the watersheds, Categories of the watersheds and the groundwater
availability for the future development in Sub Basin.
Stage of Net Groundwater Additional

Add.land to
Watershed Category of available for Future Feasible
Sr. Development be Irrigated
No. Watershed Irrigation use Wells @1.5
@2 Ha/Well
(%) (Ham.) Ham/Well
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 WF 77 49.29 SAFE 2234.93 1490 1117
TOTAL 49.29 2234.93 1490 1117
(Source GSDA – Groundwater Assessment Data; GEC 2011-12)
156
ANNEXURE-6
Table- 8.1.3 (A) – Planned Utilization for Irrigation Projects
( Completed , Ongoing & Future Projects)
Sr. Type of Project Design Live Planned Utilization (Mm3)
No & Nos. Storage (Mm3) Irrigation Domestic Industrial Total
A Completed Projects
1 Major
2 Medium (nos.0)
Minor (Nos.9)
1 Pawashi MI 3.031 2.531 0.5 0 3.031
2 Nileli MI 1.633 1.474 0.159 0 1.633
3 Pulas Mi 1.416 1.416 0 0 1.416
4 Talewadi Mi 2.507 2.507 0 2.507
5 Choragewadi MI 3.2 3.2 0 3.2
6 Oras MI 2.406 2.406 0 2.406
7 Dhabachiwadi MI 2.441 1.721 0.72 2.441
8 Hateri Mi 1.963 1.963 0 0 1.963
9 Dhamanpur MI 2.441 2.101 0.34 0 2.441
Minor (Nos.9)Total 21.038 19.319 0.999 0.72 21.038
K.T.Weirs
1.Kudal 1.549 1.184 0.365 1.549
2.Pendur 0.58 0.58 0 0 0.58
Total 2.129 1.764 0.365 0 2.129
Total 23.167 21.083 1.364 0.72 23.167
B Ongoing Projects
1 Major 285.63 281.251 1.99 0.779 284.02
2 Medium (nos.0) 0 0 0 0 0
3 Minor(Nos.1) Varde 1.555 1.531 0.024 0 1.555
Total 287.185 282.782 2.014 0.779 285.575
C Future Projects
Medium (nos.3)
1. Nirukhe 3.6572 3.5392 0.118 0 3.6572
2.Bhadagaon 2.235 1.9 0.335 0 2.235
3. Dewali 0.862 0.862 0 0 0.862
Total 6.7542 6.3012 0.453 0 6.7542
Total(A+B+C) 317.1062 310.1662 3.831 1.499 315.4962
157
ANNEXURE-7
0 to 250 ha.
Sub basin-
Basin - Western flowing river Karli
S.S.I. (W.C.) DivisionRatnagiri + M.I. (Z.P.)Sindhudurg.
Gross Live Water -Use proposed (Mm3)

Sr. no of COST Rs
Type of project Taluka District Storage Storage ICA (ha)
No. projects
(Mm3) (Mm3)
Irrigation Drinking Industry Total in Lacs
A) Work Completed
1 0 to 100 ha. 104 4.23 4.23 1576 33.87 0 0 3.83 355
2 101 to 250 ha. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 104 4.23 4.23 1576 33.87 0.00 0.00 3.83 355.00
B) Work in progress
1 0 to 100 ha. 15 396.81 396.65 117 102.43 0 0 102.43 165.72
2 101 to 250 ha. 1 1.82 1.79 120 1.77 0.03 0 1.79 1244.87
Total 16 398.63 398.44 237 104.20 0.03 0.00 104.22 1410.59
C) Project in future
1 0 to 100 ha. 21 832.55 831.76 298 213.48 0 0 213.48 492.23
2 101 to 250 ha. 2 3.14 3.1 255 2.76 0.34 0 3.1 2319.51
Total 23 835.69 834.86 553 216.24 0.34 0.00 216.58 2811.74
Total Sub Basin 143 1238.55 1237.53 2366.00 354.31 0.37 0.00 324.63 4577.33
158
ANNEXURE-8
WATER BALANCE
Sr.no particulars Water Utilisation @PRESENT ICA
Irrigation Domestic Industries Total No of schemes
A Completed project
1 State sector 21.083 1.364 0.72 23.167 11 1538
2 local sector and Z.P 4.23 0 0 4.23 104 1576
3 Agriculture 3.3 0 0 3.3 908 2988.4
Total 28.613 1.364 0.72 30.697 1023 6102.4
B Under construction
1 State sector 282.782 2.014 0.779 285.575 2 17120
2 local sector and Z.P 2.506 0.03 0 2.536 16 237
3 Agriculture 0.136 0 0 0.136 31 116
Total 285.424 2.044 0.779 288.247 49 17473
C Future
1 State sector 6.3 0.453 0 6.753 3 417
2 local sector and Z.P 4.44 0.34 0 4.78 23 553
3 Agriculture 1.26 0 0 1.26 322 1087.2
Total 12 0.793 0 12.793 348 2057.2
Total A+B+C 326.037 4.201 1.499 331.737 1420 25632.6
Sr.no particulars Water Utilisation @PRESENT Water Utilisation planned by 2030

Irrigation Domestic Industries Total Irrigation Domestic Industries Total
A Completed project
1 State sector 21.083 1.364 0.72 23.167 310.165 3.831 1.499 315.495
2 local sector and Z.P 4.23 0 0 4.23 11.176 0.37 0 11.546
3 Agriculture 3.3 0 0 3.3 4.696 0 0 4.696
Total 28.613 1.364 0.72 30.697 326.037 4.201 1.499 331.737
159

Master Plan for Integrated Development of Karli Sub-Basin Water Resources

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Master Plan for Integrated Development of Karli Sub-Basin Water Resources

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Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Karli Sub-Basin (WF-77)

South Konkan Irrigation Project Circle,

INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR

GOI Govt. of India

RIF Rainfall Infiltration Factor

Table : Annexture – Water Balance of Karli Valley

1 Natural 1 Non Irrigation

Konkan in Karli - Picture of Intigrated Water Balance

Basin Incharge :- Shri M. J. Naik Superintending Engineer, South Konkan

Sr.No. Contribution of Officer For Preparation Of ISWP

1 Shri M.U.Girase, Executive Engineer, Sindhudurg Irrigation Division,

1.1 Need And Principles Of Integrated Development And

5.7. Agricultural Research Institutions in Karli Basin

11.2.2 Identification and norms of salt affected area

15 Trans Basin Diversions

16 Other Special Requirements

17 Environmental Management And Ecology

17.8 Water Sampling and Quality Monitoring Stations

22.1.2.1 Water Conservation (Local Sector)

Sr. Title Page No.

2 Groundwater Recharge in Karli Sub Basin.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF A STATE WATER PLAN FOR A BASIN.

The State of Maharashtra is geographically divided into five basins viz. 1)

Based on the water resources management and development plans developed by

Basin originates near village Shivapur, Tal. Kudal, Dist. Sindhudurg.

Table 1.5.1 Location details of basin.

1.5.1 RAIN FALL VARIATION IN (WF-77) BASIN

1.6 Catchment Area

The geographical area of Karli-basin in Maharashtra is 86054.36 Sq.Km. with

Table 1.6.1 Details of catchment area of Basin.

Total Catchment Kolhapur District Sindhudurg District

Table1.6.2 – Talukawise catchment area details of basin.

Sr. No. Description District Taluka Area in Sq. Km.

Map of basin is attached as per Map

Table1.6.3 – Boundary details of sub basin.

Sr.No. Direction Particular

1.8 Topographical description

Table 1.8.1 – Elevation details of sub basin

Map shows satellite image of WF-77 basin.

2.1 Karli River

Table No. 2.1: Details of Tributaries in the Sub-Basin

ORIGIN MERGING PLACE

2.2 Topographical Description

Boundaries of basin :- North - Tal-Kankavali,

Prominient Features Of Karli Sub-Basin

Sr.No. Particulars Total

2.3 Geomorphology of the Sub-Basin

2.4 Geology of the Sub-Basin

Geological formation of Karli sub Basin is mainly consists of

Stratigraphic Information of the Sub basin

LITHOLOGY ROCKTYPE STRATIGRAPHIC

(Source : MRSAC DATA)

LITHOLOGY ROCKTYPE STRATIGRAPHIC

(Source : MRSAC DATA)

E. Deccan Trap (sahyadri group)

Table-3.4.1 Land capability classification in the area of Karli Sub Basin

3.5 Soil Erodibility

Table-3.4.2 Soil Erodibility classification in the area of Karli Sub Basin

3.6 Soil Physical Properties

Table-3.4.3- Soil Depth classification of Karli Sub Basin

Sr.No Depth Range (cm) Area Ha Area (%)

(Source :MRSAC DATA.)