오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 1/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
57
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 2/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
58
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 3/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
59
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 4/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 5/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
60
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 6/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
61
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 7/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 8/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
62
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 9/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
63
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 10/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 11/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
64
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 12/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
65
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 13/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
66
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 14/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 15/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
67
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 16/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
68
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 17/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 18/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
69
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 19/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
70
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 20/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 21/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
71
LAUREL, J.:
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 22/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
______________
72
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 23/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
73
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 24/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
74
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 25/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
or new trial was filed by counsel on July 13, 1937. This was
supplemented by an additional motion for reconsideration
submitted on July 14, 1937. The aforesaid motions were set
for hearing on July 31, 1937, but said hearing was
postponed at the petition of counsel for the respondent
Mariano Cu Unjieng because a motion for leave to
intervene in the case as amici curiae signed by thirty-three
(thirty-four) attorneys had just been filed with the trial
court. Attorney Eulalio Chaves whose signature appears in
the aforesaid motion subsequently filed a petition for leave
to withdraw his appearance as amicus curiae on the ground
that the motion for leave to intervene as amici curiae was
circulated at a banquet given by counsel for Mariano Cu
Unjieng on the evening of July 30, 1937, and that he signed
the same "without mature deliberation and purely as a
matter of courtesy to the person who invited me (him)."
On August 6, 1937, the Fiscal of the City of Manila filed
75
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 26/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
76
(1) Under section 11 of Act No. 4221, the said Act of the
Philippine Legislature is made to apply only to the
provinces of the Philippines; it nowhere states that
it is to be made applicable to chartered cities like
the City of Manila.
(2) While section 37 of the Administrative Code
contains a proviso to the effect that in the absence
of a special provision, the term "province" may be
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 27/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
77
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 28/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
78
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 29/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
(section 2, Art. VIII) and the Jones Law (section 28), the
authority to enlarge the powers of the Courts of First
Instance of the different provinces without uniformity. In
another supplementary petition dated September 14, 1937,
the Fiscal of the City of Manila, in behalf of one of the
petitioners, the People of the Philippine Islands, concurs
for the first time with the issues raised by the other
petitioner regarding the constitutionality of Act No. 4221,
and in the oral argument held on October 6, 1937, further
elaborated on the theory that probation is a f form of
reprieve and therefore Act No. 4221 is an encroachment on
the exclusive power of the Chief Executive to grant pardons
and reprieves. On October 1, 1937, the City Fiscal filed two
memorandums in which he contended that Act No. 4221
not only encroaches upon the pardoning power of the
executive, but also constitutes an unwarranted delegation
of legislative power and a denial of the equal protection of
the laws. On October 9, 1937, two memorandums, signed
jointly by the City Fiscal and the Solicitor-General, acting
in behalf of the People of the Philippine Islands, and by
counsel f or the other petitioner, the Hongkong and
Shanghai Banking Corporation, one sustaining the power
of the state to impugn the validity of its own laws and the
other contending that Act No. 4221 constitutes an
unwarranted delegation of legislative power, were
presented. Another joint memorandum was filed by the
same persons on the same day, October 9, 1937, alleging
that Act No. 4221 is unconstitutional because it denies the.
equal protection of the laws and constitutes an unlawfull
delegation of legislative power and, further, that the whole
Act is void; that the Commonwealth is not estopped from
questioning the validity of its laws; that the private
prosecution may intervene in probation proceedings and
may attack the probation law as unconstitutional; and that
this court may pass upon the constitutional question in
prohibition proceedings.
Respondents in their answer dated August 31, 1937, as
well as in their oral argument and memorandums,
challenge
79
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 30/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 31/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
80
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 32/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
81
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 33/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
82
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 34/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
83
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 35/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
84
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 36/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
jurisdiction. It has been held by that court that) the question of the
validity of a criminal statute must usually be raised by a defendant
in the trial court and be carried regularly in review to the Supreme
Court. (Cadwallader-Gibson Lumber Co. vs. Del Rosario, 26 Phil.,
192.) But in this case where a new act seriously affected numerous
persons and extensive property rights, and was likely to cause a
multiplicity of actions, the Supreme Court exercised its discretion to
bring the issue of the act's validity promptly before it and decide it
in the interest of the orderly administration of justice. The court
relied by analogy upon the cases of Ex parte Young (209 U. S., 123;
52 Law. ed., 714; 13 L. R. A. [N. S.], 932; 28 Sup. Ct. Rep., 441; 14
Ann. Cas., 764; Traux vs. Raich, 239 U. S., 33; 60 Law. ed., 131; L.
R. A. 1916D, 545; 36 Sup. Ct. Rep., 7; Ann. Cas., 1917B, 283; and
Wilson vs. New, 243 U. S., 332; 61 Law. ed., 755; L. R. A. 1917E,
938; 37 Sup. Ct. Rep., 298; Ann. Cas., 1918A, 1024). Although
objection to the jurisdiction was raised by demurrer to the petition,
this is now disclaimed on behalf of the respondents, and both
parties ask a decision on the merits. In view of broad powers in
prohibition granted to that court under the Island Code, we
acquiesce in the desire of the parties."
85
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 37/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
86
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 38/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
87
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 39/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
88
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 40/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
89
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 41/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
90
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 42/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
"* * * The idea seems to be that the people are estopped from
questioning the validity of a law enacted by their representatives;
that to an accusation by the people of Michigan of usurpation upon
their government, a statute enacted by the people of Michigan is an
adequate answer. The last proposition is true, but, if the statute
relied on in justification is unconstitutional, it is a statute only in
form, and lacks the force of law, and is of no more saving effect to
justify action under it than if it had never been enacted. The
constitution is the supreme law, and to its behests the courts, the
legislature, and the people must bow. * * * The legislature and the
respondents are not the only parties in interest upon such.
constitutional questions. As was remarked by Mr. Justice Story, in
speaking of an acquiescence by a party affected by an
unconstitutional act of the legislature: 'The people have a deep and
vested interest in maintaining all the constitutional limitations
upon the exercise of legislative powers.' (Allen vs. Mckeen, 1 Sum.,
314.)"
In State vs. Doane ([1916], 98 Kan., 435; 158 Pac., 38, 40),
an original action (mandamus) was brought by the
Attorney-General of Kansas to test the constitutionality of
a statute of the state. In disposing of the question whether
or not the state may bring the action, 'the Supreme Court
of Kansas said:
91
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 43/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
ney, may exercise his best judgment as to what sort of action he will
bring to have the matter determined, either by quo warranto to
challenge its validity (State vs. Johnson, 61 Kan., 803; 60 Pac.,
1068; 49 L. R. A., 662), by mandamus to compel obedience to its
terms (State vs. Dolley, 82 Kan., 533; 108 Pac., 846), or by
injunction to restrain proceedings under its questionable provisions
(State ex rel. vs. City of Neodesha, 3 Kan. App., 319; 45 Pac., 122)."
92
93
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 45/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
The mere fact that the Probation Act has been repeatedly
relied upon in the past and all that time has not been
attacked as unconstitutional by the Fiscal of Manila but, on
the contrary, has been impliedly regarded by him as
constitutional, is no reason for considering the People of
the Philippines estopped from now assailing its validity.
For courts will pass upon a constitutional question only
when presented before it in bona fide cases for
determination, and the fact that the question has not been
raised before is not a valid reason for refusing to allow it to
be raised later. The fiscal and all others are justified in
relying upon the statute and treating it as valid until it is
held void by the courts in proper cases.
It remains to consider whether the determination of the
constitutionality of Act No. 4221 is necessary to the
resolution of the instant case. For, "* * * while the court
will meet the question with firmness, where its decision is
indispensable, it is the part of wisdom, and a just respect
for the legislature, renders it proper, to waive it, if the case
in which it arises, can be decided on other points." (Ex
parte Randolph [1833], 20 F. Cas. No. 11,558; 2 Brock. 447.
Vide, also, Hoover vs. Wood [1857], 9 Ind., 286, 287.) It has
been held that the determination of a constitutional
question is necessary whenever it is essential to the
decision of the case (12 C. J., p. 782, citing Long Sault Dev.
Co. vs. Kennedy [1913], 158 App. Div., 398; 143 N. Y. Supp.,
454 [aff. 212 N. Y., 1; 105 N. E., 849; Ann. Cas. 1915D, 56;
and app dism 242 U. S., 272] ; Hesse vs. Ledesma, 7 Porto
Rico Fed., 520; Cowan vs. Doddridge, 22 Gratt [63 Va.], 458;
Union Line Co. vs. Wisconsin R. Commn., 146 Wis., 523;
129 N. W., 605), as where the right of a party is? founded
solely on a statute, the validity of which is attacked. (12 C.
J., p. 782, citing Central Glass Co. vs. Niagara F. Ins. Co.,
131 La., 513; 59 S., 972; Cheney vs. Beverly, 188 Mass., 81;
74 N. E., 306). There is no doubt that the respondent Cu
Unjieng draws his privilege to probation solely from Act
No. 4221 now being assailed.
Apart from the foregoing considerations, this court will
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 46/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
94
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 47/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
95
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 48/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
96
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 49/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
97
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 50/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
of the United States, Art. II, sec. 2). The rule in England is
different. There, a royal pardon can not be pleaded in bar of
an impeachment; "but," says Blackstone, "after the
impeachment has been solemnly heard and determined, it
is not understood that the king's royal grace is further
restrained or abridged." (Vide, Ex parte Wells [1856], 18
How., 307; 15 Law. ed., 421; Com. vs. Lockwood [1872], 109
Mass., 323; 12 Am. Rep., 699; Sterling vs. Drake [1876], 29
Ohio St., 457; 23 Am. Rep., 762.) The reason for the
distinction is obvious. In England, judgment on
impeachment is not confined to mere "removal from
98
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 51/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
99
cise thereof, * * *." (12 C. J., pp. 838, 839, and cases cited.)
If Act No. 4221, then, confers any pardoning power upon
the courts it is for that reason unconstitutional and void.
But does it?
In the famous Killitts decision involving an
embezzlement case, the Supreme Court of the United
States ruled in 1916 that an order indefinitely suspending
sentence was void. (Ex parte United States [1916], 242 U.
S., 27; 61 Law. ed., 129; L. R. A. 1917E, 1178; 37 Sup. Ct.
Rep., 72; Ann, Cas. 1917B, 355.) Chief Justice White, after
an exhaustive review of the authorities, expressed the
opinion of the court that under the common law the power
of the court was limited to temporary suspension and that
the right to suspend sentence absolutely and permanently
was vested in the executive branch of the government and
not in the judiciary. But, the right of Congress to establish
probation by statute was conceded. Said the court through
its Chief Justice: " * * * and so far as the future is
concerned, that is, the causing of the imposition of
penalties as fixed to be subject, by probation legislation or
such other means as the legislative mind may devise, to
such judicial discretion as may be adequate to enable
courts to meet by the exercise of an enlarged but wise
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 52/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
100
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 53/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
101
102
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 55/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
103
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 56/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
104
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 57/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
105
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 58/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
106
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 59/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
107
State vs. Teal [1918], 108 S. C., 455; 95 S. E., 69; State vs.
Abbot [1910], 87 S. C., 466; 33 L. R. A. [N. S.], 112; 70 S. E.,
6; Ann. Cas., 1912B, 1189; Fults vs. State [1854], 34 Tenn.,
232; Woods vs. State [1814], 180 Tenn., 100; 169 S. W., 558;
Baker vs. State. [1913], 70 Tex., Crim. Rep., 618; 158 S. W.,
998; Cook vs. State [1914], 73 Tex. Crim. Rep., 548; 165 S.
W., 573; King vs. State [1914], 72 Tex. Crim. Rep., 394; 162
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 60/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
S. W., 890; Clare vs. State [1932], 122 Tex. Crim. Rep., 211;
54 S. W. [2d], 127; Re Hall [1927], 100 Vt., 197; 136 A., 24;
Richardson vs. Com. [1921], 131 Va., 802; 109 S. E., 460;
State vs. Mallahan [1911], 65 Wash., 287; 118 Pac., 42;
State ex rel Tingstad vs. Starwich [1922], 119 Wash., 561;
206' Pac., 29; 26 A. L. R., 393; 396.) We elect to follow this
long catena of authorities holding that the courts may be
legally authorized by the legislature to suspend sentence by
the establishment of a system of probation however
characterized. State ex rel. Tingstad vs. Starwich ([1922],
119 Wash., 561; 206 Pac., 29; 26 A. L. R., 393), deserved
particular mention. In that case, a statute enacted in 1921
which provided for the suspension of the execution of a
sentence until otherwise ordered by the court, and required
that the convicted person be placed under the charge of a
parole or peace officer during the term of such suspension,
on such terms as the court may determine, was held
constitutional and as not giving the court a power in
violation of the constitutional provision vesting the
pardoning power in the chief executive of the state. (Vide,
also, Re Giannini [1912], 18 Cal. App., 166; 122 Pac., 831.)
Probation and pardon are not coterminous; nor are they
the same. They are actually distinct and different from
each other, both in origin and in nature. In People ex rel
Forsyth vs. Court of Sessions ([1894], 141 N. Y., 288, 294;
36 N. E., 386, 388; 23 L. R. A., 856; 15 Am. Crim. Rep.,
675), the Court of Appeals of New York said:
"* * * The power to suspend sentence and the power to
grant reprieves and pardons, as understood when the
constitution was adopted, are totally distinct and different
108
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 61/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
109
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 62/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
110
of the Probation Act for this cause." (Archer vs. Snook [1926], 10 F.
[2d], 567, 569.)
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 63/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
"That the power to suspend the sentence does not conflict with the
power of the Governor to grant reprieves is settled by the decisions
of the various courts; it being held that the distinction between a
'reprieve' and a suspension of sentence is that a reprieve postpones
the execution of the sentence to a day certain, whereas a suspension
is for an indefinite time. (Carnal vs. People, 1 Parker, Cr. R., 262; In
re Buchanan, 146 N. Y., 264; 40 N. E., 883), and cases cited in 7
Words & Phrases, pp. 6115, 6116. This law cannot be held in conflict
with the power confiding in the Governor to grant commutations of
punishment, for a commutation is but to change the punishment
assessed to a less punishment."
111
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 64/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
112
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 65/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
113
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 66/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
114
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 67/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 68/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
115
"This Act shall apply only in those provinces in which. the respective
provincial boards have provided for the salary of a probation officer
at rates not lower than those now provided for provincial fiscals.
Said probation officers shall be appointed by the Secretary of
Justice and shall be subject to the direction of the Probation Office."
(Underscoring ours.)
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 69/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
116
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 70/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
117
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 71/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
118
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 72/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
119
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 73/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
385; 3 Sup. Ct. Rep., 228; 27 Law. ed., 971, 974), it was
said: "The efficiency of an Act as a declaration of legislative
will must, of course, come from Congress, but the
ascertainment of the contingency upon which the Act shall
take effect may be left to such agencies as it may
designate." (See, also, 12 G. J., p. 864; State vs. Parker
[1854], 26 Vt., 357; Blanding vs. Burr [1859], 13 Cal., 343,
358.) The legislature, then, may provide that a law shall
take effect upon the happening of future specified
contingencies leaving to some other person or body the
power to determine when the specified contingency has
120
arisen. But, in the case at bar, the legislature has not made
the operation of the Probation Act contingent upon
specified facts or conditions to be ascertained by the
provincial board. It leaves, as we have already said, the
entire operation or non-operation of the law upon the
provincial boards. The discretion vested is arbitrary
because it is absolute and unlimited. A provincial board
need not investigate conditions or find any fact, or await
the happening of any specified contingency. It is bound by
no rule,·limited by no principle of expediency announced
by the legislature. It may take into consideration certain
facts or conditions; and, again, it may not. It may have any
purpose or no purpose at all. It need not give any reason or
have any reason whatsoever for refusing or failing to
appropriate any funds for the salary of a probation officer.
This is a matter which rests entirely at Its pleasure. The
fact that at some future time·we cannot say when·the
provincial boards may appropriate funds for the salaries of
probation officers and thus put the law into operation in
the various provinces will not save the statute. The time of
its taking into effect, we reiterate, would yet be based
solely upon the will of the provincial boards and not upon
the happening of a certain specified contingency, or upon
the ascertainment of certain facts or conditions by a person
or body other than the legislature itself.
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 74/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
121
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 75/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
122
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 76/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
123
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 77/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
124
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 78/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
125
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 79/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
126
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 80/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
Carbonic Gas Co. [1911], 220 U. S., 61, 79, 55 Law. ed., 369,
377; 31 Sup. Ct. Rep., 337; Ann. Cas., 1912C, 160; Lake
Shore & M. S. R. Co. vs. Clough [1917], 242, U. 3., 375; 37
Sup. Ct. Rep., 144; 61 Law. ed., 374; Southern Ry. Co. vs.
Greene [1910], 216 U. S., 400; 30 Sup. Ct. Rep., 287; 54
Law. ed., 536; 17 Ann. Cas., 1247; Truax vs. Corrigan
[1921], 257 U. S., 312; 12 C. J., pp. 1148, 1149.)
In the case at bar, however, the resultant inequality may
be said to flow from the unwarranted delegation of
legislative power, although perhaps this is not necessarily
the result in every case. Adopting the example given by one
of the counsel for the petitioners in the course of his oral
argument, one province may appropriate the necessary
fund to defray the salary of a probation officer, while
another province may refuse or fail to do so. In such a case,
the Probation Act would be in operation in the former
province but not in the latter. This means that a person
otherwise coming within the purview of the law would be
liable to enjoy the benefits of probation in one province
while another person similarly situated in another province
would be denied those same benefits. This is obnoxious
discrimination. Contrariwise, it is also possible for all the
provincial boards to appropriate the necessary funds
127
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 81/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
128
Law. ed., 1145; Yick Wo vs. Hopkins [1886], 118 U. S., 356;
30 Law. ed., 220; Williams vs. Mississippi [1897], 170 U. S.,
218; 18 Sup. Ct. Rep., 583; 42 Law. ed., 1012; Bailey vs.
Alabama [1911], 219 U. S., 219; 31 Sup. Ct. Rep. 145; 55
Law. ed., 191; Sunday Lake Iron Co. vs. Wakefield [1918],
247 U. S., 450; 38 Sup. Ct. Rep., 495; 62 Law. ed., 1154.) In
other words, statutes may be adjudged unconstitutional
because of their effect in operation (General Oil Co. vs.
Clain [1907], 209 U. S., 211; 28 Sup. Ct. Rep., 475; 52 Law.
ed., 754; State vs. Clement Nat Bank [1911], 84 Vt., 167; 78
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 82/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
Atl., 944; Ann. Cas., 1912D, 22). If a law has the effect of
denying the equal protection of the law it is
unconstitutional. (6 R. C. L. p. 372; Civil Rights Cases, 109
U. S., 3; 3 Sup. Ct. Rep., 18; 27 Law. ed., 835; Yick Wo vs.
Hopkins, supra; State vs. Montgomery, 94 Me., 192; 47 Atl.,
165; 80 A. S. R., 386; State vs. Dering, 84 Wis., 585; 54 N.
W., 1104; 36 A. S. R., 948; 19 L. R. A,, 858.) Under section
11 of the Probation Act, not only may said Act be in force in
one or several provinces and not be in force in the other
provinces, but one province may appropriate for the salary
of a probation officer of a given year·and have probation
during that year·and thereafter decline to make further
appropriation, and have no probation in subsequent years.
While this situation goes rather to the abuse of discretion
which delegation implies, it is here indicated to show that
the Probation Act sanctions a situation which is intolerable
in a government of laws, and to prove how easy it is, under
the Act, to make the guaranty of the equality clause but "a
rope of sand". (Brewer, J. Gulf C. & S. F. Ry. Co. vs. Ellis
[1897], 165 U. S., 150, 154; 41 Law. ed., 666; 17 Sup. Ct.
Rep., 255.)
Great reliance is placed by counsel for the respondents
on the case of Ocampo vs. United States ([1914], 234 U. S.,
91; 58 Law. ed., 1231). In that case, the Supreme Court of
the United States affirmed the decision of this court (18
Phil., 1) by declining to uphold the contention that there
was a denial of the equal protection of the laws because, as
held in Missouri vs. Lewis (Bowman vs. Lewis) decided
129
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 83/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
130
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 84/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
131
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 85/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
132
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 86/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
133
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 87/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
134
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 88/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
135
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 89/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
136
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 90/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 91/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
137
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 92/93페이지
PHILIPPINE REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 065 2019. 1. 8. 오후 1(31
138
http://www.central.com.ph/sfsreader/session/000001682bedaa198cee24e9003600fb002c009e/p/ASA423/?username=Guest 93/93페이지