Peripheral proteins are not embedded in the lipid
bilayer at
y all.They are appendages loosely bound to
y pp g y
the surface of the membrane, often to the exposed
parts of integral proteins.
Oleh
Eka Deddy Irawan,S.Si.,M.Sc.,Apt.
Bagian Farmasetika Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Jember
‐plasma membrane acts as a barrier between cells and the
surrounding. g
‐plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability = some
substances are allowed to cross membrane more easily than
others
‐consist of lipids (phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol),
proteins and carbohydrates
‐major lipids are phospholipids which are amphipathic
molecules
= contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
‐minor lipids (~2%) are glycolipid which is also amphipathic
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Hydrophilic region
1972, S.J.Singer and G. of protein
Stable molecular arrangement of membrane is Nicolson proposed this
phospholipid
p p p bilayer: the hydrophobic
y y p tails of model:
phospholipids are sheltered from water while
hydrophilic heads are exposed to water.
the membrane is a fluid
structure (of phospholipid Phospholipid
bilayers) with a “mosaic” of bilayer
varoius proteins embedded
in it. Hydrophilic region
Hydrophilic of protein
head
‐ membrane is held together by hydrophobic interaction
‐some membrane proteins move along cytoskeletal fibers by
Hydrophobic motors proteins
tail ‐some membrane proteins are immobile by attachment to the
cytoskeleton
‐phospholipids can drift laterally in the plane of the ‐Temperature and lipid composition determine fluidity of
membrane (an average lipid molecule can switch position
( g p p the membrane
about 107 times per second) = lateral movement ‐At low temperature, membrane is less fluid and because
(frequently) the phospholipids are more closely packed.
‐also, phospholipids can migrate from the monolayer on one ‐Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid
side to that on the other = flip‐flop transversely across the that those dominated by saturated fatty acids because the
membrane or rotational movement (rarely) kinks in the unsaturated fatty acid tails prevent tight
packing. Fluid Viscous
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‐Steroid cholesterol which is wedged between Do Membrane Proteins Move?
phospholipids has
p p p different effects on membrane fluidity at
y some proteins in the plasma membrane can drift within the
‐some proteins in the plasma membrane can drift
different temperature. bilayer.
‐At warm temperature, it makes membrane less fluid by ‐proteins are much larger than lipids and move more slowly
restraining the movement of phospholipid. ‐to investigate whether membrane proteins move,
‐At low temperature, the membrane remains fluid because researchers fused a mouse cell to a human cell
cholesterol hinders the close packing of the phospholipids. Membrane proteins
Mouse cell
Mixed
Human cell
Cholesterol proteins
Hybrid cell
Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane After 1 hour
‐researchers labeled the plasma membrane proteins of A membrane is a collage of different proteins
a mouse cell and a human cell with 2 different markers embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer.
p y
and fused the cells.
‐they observed the markers on the hybrid cell by
microscpope.
‐the mixing of the mouse and human membrane
proteins indicates that at least some membrane
proteins move sideways
d within the
h h plane of the plasma
l f h l
membrane.
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2 major populations of membrane proteins: ‐The hydrophobic region
‐integral proteins ‐peripheral proteins
integral proteins peripheral proteins of
an integral protein consist
of one or more stretches of
nonpolar amino acids,
usually coiled into α‐
helices.
y p p
‐The hydrophilic parts are
exposed to the aqueous
solutions on either side of
the membrane.
Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core of the
lipid bilayer.
‐The lipid and proteins of plasma membrane also
covalentlyy bound to carbohydrates (~15 sugar units) =
y ( 5 g )
glycolipid and glycoprotein which are restricted to the
exterior surface and are important for cell‐cell
recognition. ‐e.g.variation of oligosaccharides on the
RBC determines human blood group A,B,AB and O.
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Biological membrane is a supramolecular structure =
many molecules ordered into a higher
y g level of
organization with emergent properties beyond those
of the individual molecules.
The supramolecular structure of the membrane
results in selective permeability.
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‐lipid bilayer is permeable to small nonpolar
( y p
(hydrophobic) molecules: hydrocarbon, CO2 and O2
) y ,
‐but it is impermeable to ions and polar molecules:
glucose, sucrose, Na+, H+, Cl‐
‐transport proteins enable cell membranes permeable
to specific ions and polar molecules including H2O
Thus, the selective permeability of a membrane
, p y
depends on both the discriminating barrier of the lipid
bilayer and the specific transport proteins.
Supramolecular Structure of Biological Membrane: Results in Selective
Permeability
‐allow passage of hydrophilic molecules across the ‐ passive transport = diffusion across a membrane down
membrane the concentration gradient
g
‐channel proteins = transport proteins with a ‐ osmosis = passive transport of water
hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can ‐ facilitated diffusion = specific proteins facilitate
use a tunnel the passive transport of water and selected solutes
‐channel proteins called aquaporins facilitate the ‐active transport = pumping of solutes against their
passage of water (in some cells) concentration gradients
g
‐carrier proteins = transport proteins that bind to ‐cotransport = membrane protein couples the transport
molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the of one solute to another
membrane
‐ exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules
‐a transport protein is specific for the substance it
translocates
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‐ = diffusion of a substance across a biological
membrane
‐molecules diffuse across membrane down its
concentration gradient
‐spontaneous process: does not need energy
‐osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively
p
permeable membrane
‐the direction of osmosis is determined only by a
difference in total solute concentration
‐water diffuses across a membrane from the region of
lower solute concentration to the region of higher
solute concentration
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‐Tonicity = the ability of a solution to cause a cell to
gain or loose water
‐isotonic solution: solute concentration is the same as
that inside the cell, no net water movement across the
plasma membrane
‐hypertonic solution: solute concentration is greater
than that inside the cell, cell loses water
‐hypotonic solution: solute concentration is less than
that inside the cell, cell gains water
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The protist Paramecium lives in pond water which is
hypotonic to the cell.
yp
Its contractile vacuole forces water out of the cell as
fast as it enters by osmosis.
Facilitate diffusion = diffusion of polar molecules
((including H2O) and ions with the help of transport
g ) p p
proteins spanning the membrane
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‐pumping of solutes against their concentration gradient
‐require energy in the form of ATP
require energy in the form of ATP
Sodium-potassium pump
An electrogenic pump = a transport protein that
generates voltage across a membrane sodium‐
g g
potassium pump proton pump transport positive
charge in the form of hydrogen ions
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Exotytosis
y = secretion of
macromolecules from
cells by the fusion of
vesicles with the plasma
membrane.
A substance that has been pumped across a membrane can do work as it moves
back across membrane by diffusion.
Plant cells uses hydrogen gradient generated by proton pumps to drive active
transport of amino acids, sugar and other nutrients.
Endocytosis = the process which cell takes in The cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia
macromolecules and particulate matter by forming
p y g around it and packaging it within a vacuole: food
p g g
new vesicles from the plasma membrane. vacuole.
3 types of endocytosis: Food vacuole fuses with lysosome to be digested.
y phagocytosis = cellular eating
y pinocytosis = cellular drinking
y receptor‐mediated endocytosis
p y
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