123
Efficacy of dietary supplementation with yeast
culture for grazing dairy cows and for calves
G.M. Kamande1, J.C. Spragg2, I. Yoon1 and M. Kujawa1
1Diamond V Mills, P.O. Box 74570, Cedar Rapids, IA 52407, USA, gkamande@diamondv.com
2Tall Bennett Group, Mona Vale, NSW 2103, Australia
Summary
This review summarises recent research on the effects
of Diamond V XP Yeast Culture (DVXP) on dairy cows
and calves. In a trial conducted on a commercial dairy
farm in Victoria, Australia, Friesian and Jersey × Friesian
cows supplemented with Rumensin did not produce
more milk than those supplemented with DVXP. In a
second trial carried out in Victoria, Australia, DVXP
supplementation increased milk production of Friesian
cows by 2.2 L/d. Milk fat and protein content did not
differ. The increased milk production was attributed
to greater feed intake and utilization. The intake of
Wagyu × Friesian and Friesian calves fed a starter diet
containing 2% DVXP until 15 weeks of age and 0.75%
DVXP from 16–21 weeks of age was increased by 18%
and pre–weaning weight gain was increased by 14.3%.
In a trial conducted in New Zealand, the inclusion
of 1.2% DVXP in the diet of mixed–breed calves aged
7–10 days at the beginning of the trial improved
average daily gain by 11.3%. This improvement was
maintained throughout the pre–ruminant stage (days
1–17) and into the ruminant phase (days 17–71).
Key words: calves, cattle, grazing, metabolites, milk
yield, yeast culture
Introduction
Over the last 10 years, the practice of adding antibiotics
to livestock diets to enhance production efficiency has
Yeast + distiller’s grains Yeast + ground corn
Figure 1 Live yeast blends in distillers’ grains, ground corn and distillers’ solubles.
Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia, Volume 15 (2005)
declined. As a result, there has been an increase in
research aimed at developing alternatives with particular
emphasis on the potential use of natural feed additives,
one of which is yeast. Yeast products are fed to high–
producing dairy cows on more than half the dairy farms
in the USA (Kellogg et al. 2001).
Yeast cultures consist of a complex mixture of the
products of yeast fermentation, residual yeast cells
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and culture media. Active
dry yeasts (ADY) are also used. These products consist
of purified dried yeast cells, which have a viability of
15–25 × 109 colony–forming units (CFU) per gram. Three
physical forms of ADY are commercially available:
tunnel–dried yeast (a granular powder), fluid–bed–
dried yeast (prolate granules), and rotolouver–dried
yeast (spherical granules). Tunnel–dried yeast and
fluid–bed–dried yeast are the most commonly used
forms in the USA, and rotolouver–dried yeast is the
predominant form in Europe and Latin America. These
products are not fermented yeast cultures and often
consist of ADY diluted with a carrier (Figure 1).
Diamond V XP Yeast Culture (DVXP; Diamond V
Mills, Iowa, USA) has been the subject of extensive
research. These studies found that DVXP improved
dry matter intake (Williams et al. 1991; Wohlt et al.
1991; Dann et al. 2000), milk production (Williams et al.
1991; Wohlt et al. 1991; Wang et al. 2001) and feed
conversion efficiency (Shingoethe et al. 2004).
Improved feed conversion efficiency has a positive
Yeast + distillers
124 Kamande et al.

effect on herd profitability even though changes in A comparison of the efficacy of

production and/or feed intake may be very slight (Britt
et al. 2003; Casper et al. 2003). Robinson (2002)
observed that a positive milk yield response to DVXP
was reported in 86% of published, peer–reviewed
journal papers on the efficacy of this product for dairy
cows. The majority of these studies were carried out
using total mixed rations and very few of them were
conducted in systems based on pasture resources.
The objective of this communication is thus to
review the effect of DVXP on rumen fermentation and
the results of trials in which DVXP was fed to calves
and lactating cows in pasture–based systems in
Australia and New Zealand.
various yeast products
In vivo and in vitro studies indicate that yeast products
differ in terms of their efficacy. Alshaikh et al. (2002)
compared the effects of DVXP and YeaSacc1026, a live–
yeast product (Alltech Inc., Kentucky, USA), on the
performance of mid–lactation dairy cows. DVXP
resulted in a higher yield of milk and 4% fat–corrected
milk (FCM) (Table 1). The yeast products both increased
production efficiency but DVXP had the greatest
effect. Milk fat and milk protein yields in the DVXP
group were also higher than in the live yeast or control
groups. Bernard et al. (personal communication, 2003)

Table 1 Effects of yeast products on mean dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and production efficiency (PE) of mid–lactation
dairy cows.

Treatment

Control YeaSacc1026 DVXP

DMI (kg/d) 24.6a 20.5b 21.2c

Water consumption (L/d) 100.7a 130.4b 128.7b
Milk Yield (kg/d) 21.5a 22.0a 22.8b
FCM (kg/d) 18.2a 17.9a 21.0b
PE (L FCM per kg DMI) 0.74a 0.88b 1.00c
Milk fat (g/d) 620.7a 634.0a 726.0b
Milk protein (g/d) 735.5a 853.8b 866.7c

FCM: 4% fat–corrected milk yield

a,b,c
Means within the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05)

Table 2 Effects of yeast products on in vitro fermentation of alfalfa hay and Bermuda grass hay. Mean post–fermentation
concentrations of VFA are expressed as mmol/L incubation media.

O’Connor et al. (2002) Sullivan and Martin (1999)

Control Procreatin 7 Biosaf Control DVXP

Alfalfa
Acetate 21.9 21.7 20.9 42.2 43.7
Propionate 8.6 8.6 8.8 13.2a 14.9b
Butyrate 3.3 3.7 3.5 4.4 4.8
Total VFA* 33.8 34.0 33.2 59.8 63.4
Acetate : Propionate 2.76 2.79 2.66 3.2a 2.95b
pH 6.26 6.22 6.23 6.47 6.45

Bermuda grass
Acetate 20.1 20.7 20.2 55.7a 59.9b
Propionate 6.6 7.1 7.3 15.9a 18.0b
Butyrate 3.3 3.9 3.5 4.9a 7.4b
Total VFA* 30.0 31.7 31.0 76.5a 85.3b
Acetate : Propionate 3.32 3.24 3.13 3.71a 3.60b
pH 6.27 6.26 6.27 6.37a 6.35b
a,b
Means within the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05)
*Sum of the molar concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate
 Efficacy of dietary supplementation with yeast culture for grazing dairy cows and for calves
conducted a field trial in Florida in which 5,472 Holstein
cows were fed DVXP or live yeast (YeaSacc1026). DVXP
increased milk production to a greater extent than live
yeast did (27.1 kg/d vs. 26.1 kg/d; P<0.01). These results
concur with those of Alshaikh et al. (2002).
The ability to stimulate the production of rumen
volatile fatty acids (VFA), particularly propionate, is an
important attribute of effective rumen modifiers.
O’Connor et al. (2002) used an in vitro system to
evaluate the effect of Biosaf and Procreatin–7 (SAF Agri,
Minnesota, USA) on VFA production from alfalfa hay
or coastal Bermuda grass hay (Table 2). In a previous
study conducted at the same laboratory, Sullivan and
Martin (1999) evaluated DVXP using the same types
and amounts of substrates. DVXP increased VFA
production but Biosaf and Procreatin–7 did not
(Table 2). The treatment responses relative to the
controls for these two studies (Table 3) show that DVXP
stimulated VFA production more than Biosaf or
Procreatin–7 did. The continuous culture study of
Miller–Webster et al (2002) substantiates these effects
(Table 4). Total VFA production was increased by 8%
when A–Max (Vi–Cor, Iowa, USA) was added to the
medium and by 15% when DVXP was added. Propionate
production with A–Max was 24% greater than that of
the control and 83% greater with DVXP.
These results show that differences exist between
yeast products in respect of their ability to stimulate
animal performance and rumen fermentation.
Table 3 Post–incubation molar concentrations of VFA from
in vitro fermentation of alfalfa hay in the presence
of Procreatin 7, Biosaf (O’Connor et al. 2002) or
Diamond V XP Yeast Culture (Sullivan and Martin
1999) expressed as a percentage of that of the
respective control treatments.
Response (%)
Total VFA* Acetate Propionate
Procreatin–7 +0.6 –0.9 0.0
Biosaf –1.8 –4.6 +2.3
Diamond V XP +6.0 +3.6 +12.9
*Sum of the molar concentrations of acetate, propionate
and butyrate
Table 4 Production of VFA, acetate, and propionate (mM/d) from a ground mixture of corn silage, haylage, ground corn,
soybean meal and urea by a continuous culture of rumen microbes in the presence or absence of DXVP or A–Max
(adapted from Miller–Webster et al. 2002).
Treatment
Control DVXP
Total VFA* 370 426
Acetate 212 200
Propionate 75 137
*Sum of the molar production of acetate, propionate and butyrate
125
The effect of DVXP on the
productivity of livestock in
pasture–based systems
Grazing trial 1
Forty–four multiparous Friesian and Jersey × Friesian
cows at a commercial dairy in Victoria, Australia, were
supplemented with DVXP or monensin sodium
(Rumensin; Elanco Animal Health, Indiana, USA).
Cows that had been lactating for 4–10 weeks were
allocated to treatments according to milk production
during their previous lactations. The experimental period
lasted for 15 weeks. From calving, all the cows were fed
a pelleted supplement twice daily at milking and had
access to ryegrass and clover pastures. The pellets
contained 14% crude protein (CP) and 12.9 MJ/kg ME
on a dry matter basis. Pellets were fed at rate of 7 kg/d
during weeks 1–3, 4 kg/d during weeks 4–8 and 6 kg/d
during weeks 9–15, after which the trial was terminated.
The dietary regimen was formulated to supplement
pasture nutrients. The pellets supplied 60 g/d DVXP
or 250 mg/d monensin. Cows were milked twice
daily and milk yield was recorded using flow meters.
Data were analysed as a randomised complete block
design replicated over time using the GLM ANOVA
procedure of the NCSS 2004 Statistical Package (NCSS,
Utah, USA).
Cows supplemented with DVXP tended to produce
more milk than those supplemented with Rumensin
but the difference was not statistically significant. The
results are consistent with those of Erasmus et al. (2000)
who compared DVXP with a control treatment and a
Rumensin treatment using 15 multiparous Holstein ×
Friesian cows per treatment. In this trial, DVXP tended
to increase milk yield by 3.1 kg/d over Rumensin. Further
research is needed to establish whether DVXP is a viable
alternative to Rumensin.
Grazing trial 2
Sixty–two multiparous Friesian cows at a dairy farm in
Victoria, Australia were used in this trial. The diet of half
the cows was supplemented with 60 g/d DVXP, which
was added to the feed in the milking parlour. All cows
Statistical significance
A–Max A–Max DVXP
vs. Control vs. A–Max
398 0.04 0.04
212 NS NS
93 NS 0.01
126 Kamande et al.

calved between 2 September and 23 October 2003.
Animals were allocated to the DVXP or control (non–
supplemented) treatments according to parity and milk
production during the previous lactation. The diet
consisted of green chop (temperate ryegrass mixed with
clover), pasture silage, straw, vegetable cannery waste,
citrus pulp, hominy meal, cereal grains and canola meal,
which was offered in a feed–bunk, and rolled grain, which
was fed twice daily in the milking parlour. The diet was
formulated to contain 17% CP, 10.3 MJ/kg ME and
35–38% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) on a DM basis.
Feed allocation was based on an assumed daily intake
of 26 kg DM during early lactation and 20 kg DM at the
end of lactation.
The study was conducted over a nine month
period during which the yields of milk, milk fat and milk
protein were recorded every three weeks. The
experimental design was a randomised complete block
replicated over nine periods. Data were analysed using
the GLM ANOVA procedure of the NCSS 2004 Statistical
Package (NCSS, Utah, USA). Cows were condition
scored at the conclusion of the trial using a scale of one
(thin) to eight (fat).
Both treatment groups had a body condition score
of 5.1 at the end of lactation. Cows supplemented with
DVXP produced more milk than the controls (P<0.05)
but milk fat and protein content did not differ (Table 5).
Milk yield is shown in Figure 2. The milk production
response to DVXP was not apparent during the initial
period. This may indicate that the effects of DVXP
have a lag time. In a study conducted with cows
fed mixtures of kikuyu grass, ryegrass and white clover
pasture, Dobos et al. (personal communication, 1998)
found there was a period × treatment interaction for
milk yield. The peak milk–yield response to DVXP
occurred five weeks after commencement of
supplementation and declined during mid lactation. The
extent of this increase was 1.6 kg and is similar to that
reported by others (Williams et al. 1991; Wohlt et al.
1991; Wang et al. 2001; Robinson 2002).
Some studies reported that DVXP increased feed
intake (Williams et al. 1991; Wohlt et al. 1991; Dann
et al. 2000) or increased feed utilisation by increasing
rumen microbial growth and fermentative activity
(Weidmeier et al. 1987). Other studies (Dann et al. 2000;
Erasmus et al. 2000; Wang et al. 2001) indicated that
DVXP increases the net–energy–for–lactation of the
feed consumed.
Other grazing trials
Two other grazing trials were conducted: one in
Australia (Dobos et al., personal communication, 1998)
and the other in Argentina (Corbellini et al., personal
communication 1998). The former trial was carried out
with 51 multiparous mixed–breed dairy cows fed
pastures (kikuyu, ryegrass, white clover) supplemented
with lupin and wheat. The trial lasted from calving to
105 days after calving. Cows supplemented with DVXP
produced 0.6 kg/d more milk (3.5% FCM) over the period
than the controls (Table 6). The difference in milk yield

Control DVXP

40
Table 5 The effect of dietary supplementation with DVXP
on milk production and composition in dairy cows. 35
Milk Yield, L/d

Milk yield Milk fat Milk protein 30

(L/d) content (%) content (%)
25

Control 25.2a 4.14 3.33 20

DVXP 27.4b 4.12 3.35
15
SEM 0.49 0.05 0.02 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

a,b Trial Period, weeks

Means with different superscripts within columns differ
significantly (P<0.05) Figure 2 Milk Production over the trial period.

Table 6 Effect of DVXP on milk production and composition in two trials in which cows were fed pasture.

Control DVXP Change

Dobos et al. (1998)

3.5% FCM (kg) 21.6a 22.2b + 0.6 kg
Fat (%) 3.12 3.13
Protein (%) 3.22 3.08

Corbellini et al. (1998)

3.5% FCM (kg) 20.5a 23.6b + 3.1 kg
Fat (%) 3.1 3.3
Protein (%) 2.8 2.8
a,b
Means with different superscripts within rows differ significantly (P<0.07)
 Efficacy of dietary supplementation with yeast culture for grazing dairy cows and for calves
attained statistical significance after week 4 of lactation,
reached 1.6 kg/d during peak lactation and gradually
decreased thereafter. The study of Corbellini (personal
communication, 1998) involved three dairy farms and
245 Holland–Argentine cows, which were allocated to
either a control or a yeast culture group. During the
pre–calving period (20–30 days before calving), cows
were put on a variety of pastures and supplemented
with legumes, a mixture of ground corn, wheat bran
and grass hay. After calving, the animals were fed
high quality pastures consisting of red clover, white
clover, alfalfa, rye grass and native grass, and
supplemented with 4–6 kg/d concentrates plus a mixture
of legume and grass hay. The daily allocation of
concentrate for the test group was top–dressed with
60 g DVXP. Cows fed the yeast culture produced 3.1 kg
more milk than the controls. DVXP did not affect milk
composition in this trial or that of Dobos et al. (personal
communication, 1998).
Calf trial 1
Seventy Wagyu × Friesian and Friesian calves (3–7
days of age) were used in a 21–week study to determine
the effect of DVXP on pre– and post–weaning
performance. Calves were purchased from various farms
after they had been fed colostrum and whole milk for
3–7 days. Calves were assembled in a central location
in Glenrowan, Victoria, and stratified into two
treatment groups consisting of a basal diet with or
without DVXP according to mass and breed. Each
group consisted of 19 Wagyu × Friesian calves and
16 Friesian calves. The mean mass of the calves at the
start of the trial was 47.8 kg.
Calves were offered a calf starter diet, straw and
water ad libitum. The calves were reared in groups of
10 in calf sheds and were weaned when the mean weekly
intake of calf starter meal for the pen was equivalent to
a daily intake of 2 kg/calf. From week 1, calves received
1.5 L of milk replacer daily. The feeding rate for the milk
replacer was increased to 4 L/d by day 35. After week 9,
calves were moved into four outdoor pens (two pens
per treatment). Calf starter meal, straw and water were
freely available. The starter meal was formulated to
Table 7 Effect of DVXP on the performance of calves
aged 1–8 weeks.
Item Control DVXP % Change
Number of calves 34 34
Weight gain (kg) 37.1a 42.4b +14.3
Intake (kg) 62.2 73.4 +18.0
Days to weaning 55.1 53.1 –3.6
FCR (kg feed per kg gain) 1.68 1.72 +2.4
a,b
Means with different superscripts within rows differ
significantly (P<0.05)
127
contain 18% protein and 13.1 MJ/kg ME (DM basis).
Calf mass and starter meal intake were recorded
weekly. The DVXP treatment received starter meal
containing 2% DVXP during weeks 1–15 and 0.75%
DVXP during weeks 16–21. The experimental design
was a randomised complete block design replicated over
time. Data were analysed using the GLM ANOVA
procedure of the NCSS 2004 Statistical Package (NCSS,
Utah, USA).
Calves fed DVXP consumed 18% more feed and
gained 14.3% more weight pre–weaning. The age of
weaning was reduced by two days (Table 7). DVXP
improved the distribution of individual calf live
weight gains (Figure 3); most DVXP calves weighed
140–180 kg. Post–weaning liveweight gain, starter meal
intake and feed conversion efficiency did not differ
between treatments. These responses are consistent
with those of Lesmeister et al. (2004).
Calf trial 2
This trial was conducted in Canterbury, New Zealand,
and compared the effect of DVXP and extruded
cottonseed on the mass gain of calves. Forty–eight
mixed breed calves aged 7–10 days were randomly
allocated to either the DVXP treatment or the
cottonseed treatment. All calves received colostrum
(2–3 days) and milk (5–7 days) prior to the start of
the trial.
Calves were weighed at the beginning of the
experiment and after 17, 45 and 71 days. The calves
were held in groups of 12 and a milk replacer (Denkavit,
Voorthuizen, Netherlands) was group–fed twice daily
for 45 days at a rate calculated not to exceed an
individual intake of 1.5 L fed twice daily. Milk replacer
allocations were reduced to one feed daily when the
mean daily individual intake of concentrate meal attained
500 g for two or three consecutive days. The starter
concentrate meal (Rural South Standard, Canterbury,
New Zealand) was supplemented with 100 g/kg
extruded cottonseed (control) or with 12 g/kg DVXP.
The concentrate meal was formulated to contain 19%
CP, 14.2 MJ/kg ME, 7.2% acid detergent fibre, 360 g/kg
bypass protein, 110 g/kg bypass fat, 0.55% Ca and
Figure 3 Effect of Diamond V XP Yeast Culture on
distribution of liveweight gain in calves aged
8 weeks.
128 Kamande et al.

0.27% P. The cottonseed meal contained 35% CP, 64% Britt, J.S., Thomas, R.C., Spear, N.C. and Hall, M.B.
bypass protein, 16% bypass fat, 19.6 MJ/kg ME, 1.5% (2003). Efficiency of converting nutrient dry matter to
lysine, 0.5% methionine and 1.17% isoleucine. Animals milk in Holstein herds. Journal of Dairy Science 86,
were given free access to the concentrate feed, straw 3796–3801.
and water. The experimental design was a randomised Casper, D.P., Whitlock, L.A., Schauff, D. and Jones, D.
complete block replicated over time. Data of one calf (2003). Consider the intake/efficiency trade–off.
from each treatment was excluded from the analysis Hoard’s Dairyman 148, 604.
because of abnormally low feed intake and growth. Data Dann, H.M., Drackley, J.K., McCoy, G.C., Hutjens, M.F.
were analysed using the GLM ANOVA procedure of the and Garrett, J.E. (2000). Effect of yeast culture
NCSS 2004 Statistical Package (NCSS, Utah, USA). (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on prepartum intake and
DVXP increased average daily gain by 11.3% milk production of Jersey cows. Journal of Dairy
relative to that of the extruded cottonseed treatment Science 83, 123–127.
(Table 8). Lesmeister et al. (2004) reported that Erasmus, L.J., Robinson, P.H., Hinders, R. and Garrett, J.E.
supplementation with 2% DVXP resulted in fewer but (2000). Influence of prepartum and postpartum
larger papillae in the lining of the rumens of calves. This supplementation of monensin and yeast culture on
may explain why the DVXP calves were ready for performance of early lactation dairy cows. Journal of
weaning (concentrate intake of 500 g for two or three Dairy Science 83 (Supplement 1), 265.
consecutive days) earlier than the controls. Kellogg, D.W., Pennington, J.A., Johnson, Z.B. and
Panivivat, R. (2001). Survey of management practices
used for the highest producing DHI herds in the United
States. Journal of Dairy Science 84 (Supplement E),
Table 8 Live weight (kg) and average daily gain (ADG,
kg/d) of calves supplemented with DVXP or
E120–E127.
extruded cottonseed. Lesmeister, K.E., Heinrichs, A.J. and Gabler, M.T. (2004).
Extruded
Effects of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces
cottonseed DVXP cerevisiae) culture on rumen development, growth
characteristics, and blood parameters in neonatal dairy
Live weight calves. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 1832–1839.
Day 0 37.98 38.82 Lynch, H.A. and Martin, S.A. (2002). Effects of
Day 17 50.22 52.61 Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture and Saccharomyces
Day 45 62.87 66.27 cerevisiaelive cells on in vitro mixed ruminal
microorganism fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science
Day 71 79.60 84.59
85, 2603–2608.
ADG Miller–Webster, T., Hoover, W.H., Holt, M. and Nocek,
Day 17 0.72 0.81 J.E. (2002). Influence of yeast culture on ruminal
microbial metabolism in continuous culture. Journal of
Day 45 0.55 0.61
Dairy Science 85, 2009–2014.
Day 71 0.59 0.64
O’Connor, M.H., Martin, S.A. and Hill, G.M. (2002).
Overall 0.62 0.69
Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vitro mixed
ruminal microorganism fermentation. Professional
Animal Scientist 18, 358–362.

Conclusion Robinson, P.H. (2002). Yeast products for growing and

The trials reviewed here suggest that dietary
supplementation with Diamond V XP yeast culture
improves production efficiency of grazing dairy cows
and of calves under Australian and New Zealand
conditions. These improvements may be due to a
stimulatory effect on rumen function. As in vitro and
in vivo trials indicate, the efficacy of yeast products
differs; thus, selection of yeast products that have been
subject to scientific testing is strongly recommended.
References
Alshaikh, M.A., Alsiadi, M.Y., Zahran, S.M., Mogawer,
H.H. and Aalshowime, T.A. (2002). Effect of feeding
yeast culture from different sources on the performance
of lactating Holstein cows in Saudi Arabia. Asian–
Australian Journal of Animal Science 15, 352–356.
lactating dairy cattle: impacts on rumen fermentation
and performance. Dairy Review. University of
California, November 5, Vol. XI, No 9.
Shingoethe, D.J., Linke, K.N., Kalscheur, K.F., Hippen,
A.R., Rennich, D.R. and Yoon, I. (2004). Feed
efficiency of mid–lactation dairy cows fed yeast
culture during the summer. Journal of Dairy Science
87, 4178–4181.
Sullivan, H.M. and Martin, S.A. (1999). Effects of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae on in vitro mixed ruminal
microorganism fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science
82, 2011–2016.
Wang, Z., Eastridge, M.L. and Qiu, X. (2001). Effects of
forage neutral detergent fiber and yeast culture on
performance of cows during early lactation. Journal of
Dairy Science 84, 204–212.
Wiedmeier, R.D., Arambel, M.J. and Walters, J.L. (1987).
Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae
 Efficacy of dietary supplementation with yeast culture for grazing dairy cows and for calves 129

fermentation extract on ruminal characteristics and

nutrient digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science 70,
2063–2068.
Williams, P.E.V., Tait, C.A.G., Innes, G.M. and Newbold,
C.J. (1991). Effects of the inclusion of yeast culture
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in the
diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation
and fermentation patterns in the rumen of steers.
Journal of Animal Science 69, 3016–3026.
Wohlt, J.E., Finkelstein, A.D. and Chung, C.H. (1991).
Yeast culture to improve intake, nutrient digestibility,
and performance by dairy cattle during early lactation.
Journal of Dairy Science 74, 1395–1400.
130 Kamande et al.