1 − [ (kl / r ) 2 / (2 C 2 ) ] Q F
z c y
Fa =
5 / 3 + (3 / 8) [ (kl / rz ) / Cc ] − (1 / 8) [ (kl / rz ) / Cc ] (3a)
3
for kl / rz ≤ Cc
12 π 2 E
Fa =
23 (kl / rz ) 2 (3b)
for kl / rz > Cc
Fig. 4. Relationship between external load and web force. Fig. 5. Web member properties.
17
146 / ENGINEERING JOURNAL / SECOND QUARTER / 2006
garding ultimate strength, the measured capacity at failure crimped web members are between 1.43 and 2.76 times the-
of all members is well in excess of their respective LRFD oretical ultimate strengths. This ratio ranges from 2.09 to
strength limits. Table 1 shows measured failure loads for 2.94 for uncrimped web members.
In general, the factors of safety are greater for uncrimped
members than for crimped members of like depth. Thus, the
degree of conservatism in the beam-column model for un-
crimped members is higher than in the column model for
crimped members. In fact, the uncrimped member factor of
safety based on ASD column analysis is between 1.90 and
M r = M w2 + M z 2 (8)
DISCUSSION
In routine structural design, compression strength is math-
ematically modeled using simplified empirical procedures.
The empirical form reflects difficulties in modeling the true
conditions related to load, support, and member character-
ization. Specifically, the exact conditions related to load ec-
centricity, residual stress, initial imperfection, end restraint,
and deflected shape under load are never known. This is
especially true for single-angle web members in K-series
joists where fabrication tolerances related to web orienta- Fig. 9. Internal bending results.