Lo1

(a)

(b)
(c)

(1) Histogram

(2) Stacked bar chart

(1) Bar chart

(2) Pie chart

 TASk1

Data

Length of beam PQ=5m

Force acting at center=400N
Point load=12KN=12000N

Required

Rp=?
Rq=?

Solution

As we know ∑F=0
(+) ∑Fy=0
Rp+Rq=12000+400
Rp+Rq=1600N ---------------EQ 1

Now we have to take Moment about point P

(+) ∑Mp=0
(Rq)(PQ)-(12000)(1.2)-(400)(2.5)=0
(Rq)(5)=14400+1000
(Rq)(5)=15400N
Rq=15400/5
Rq=3080N…………………..EQ 2
Put EQ2 in EQ1
Rp=16000-3080
Rp=12920N
Task2

Data

Body weight in air = F𝑎

Body weight in liquid = F𝑙
Density of liquid = ρ
Acceleration due to gravity = g
Given that body is completely immersed in liquid.

Required

Volume of body immersed in a liquid=v=?

Solution

As we know buoyant force = Fb

Fb = F𝑎 − F𝑙
Fb = 2.8 − 1.9
Fb = weight of the body displaced
We also know that
Fb = ρvg
0.9N = (1000)(v)(9.8)
V = (0.9)/(1000)(9.8)
V = 9.18 × 10−5 m3
V = 9.1 × 105 mm3 ……………………Answer

Data

Weight of box = w = 220N

Density of water = ρ = 1030/kg/m3
Length of box = L = 550mm
Width of box = W = 410mm
Width of box = D = 205mm
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8ms−2

Required

Submerged depth of body = ?

Solution

The apparent weight of the floating body is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body
Liquid displaced = vρg
V = volume of liquid displaced
w = ρgv
225 = v(1030)(9.8)
225 = v(10094)
v = 225/10094
v = 0.022m3
v = 22.2 × 10−3 m3
Now we have to find the depth of submerged body = ?
We know that volume of the body
V = L.w.d
d = v/L.b
d = 22.2 × 10−3 m3 /(0.55)(0.41)m2
d = 22.2 × 10−3 m3 /(0.2255)m2
d = 0.098m …………………………..Answer

Data
Initial length of pipe = L1 = 25m
Initial temperature of pipe = t1 = 19℃ = 292k
Final temperature of pipe = t 2 = 290℃ = 563k
Coefficient of linear expansion = α = 12 × 10−6 k −1

Required
Final length of pipe = L2 = ? at t1

Solution

According to formula we know that L2 = L1 [1 + α(t 2 − t1 )]

L2 = 25[1 + 12 × 10−6 (563 − 292 )]

L2 = 25.08m …………………….Answer

Data

Initial length of line = L1 = 90m

Initial temperature of transmission line = t1 = 16℃ = 289k
Final temperature of transmission line = t 2 = 55℃ = 328k
Final length of transmission line = L2 = 90m
Required

Coefficient of linear expansion = α = ?

Solution

According to formula we know that L2 = L1 [1 + α(t 2 − t1 )]

95 = 90[1+∝ (328 − 289)]

95 = 90+∝ (90)(39)
95 − 90 = ∝ (90)(39)
5 = ∝ (90)(39)
5 = ∝ (3510)
∝= ( 5)/(3510)
∝= 1.4 × 10−3 k −1……………………Answer

Data

Horizontal angular velocity = ω = 6 rad/s

Length of string = l = 2.2 m
Mass of pendulum = 0.4 kg
Gravitational acceleration = 9.8m/s 2

Required

Tension in the string = T = ?

Solution

As we know

∑ Fx = 0
T sin θ = mac ……………………………EQ1

ac = centripetal acceleration

We know that

∑ Fy = 0

T cos θ − mg = 0

T cos θ = mg

T = mg/ cos θ ……………………………..EQ2

Put EQ2 in EQ1

mg(sinθ)/(cosθ) = mv 2 /r

g(sinθ)/(cosθ) = v 2 /r

g(tanθ) = v 2 /r

(tanθ) = v 2 /gr

(tanθ) = (rω)2 /gr

(tanθ) = r 2 ω2 /gr

(tanθ) = rω2 /g

(tanθ) = (lsinθ)(ω2 )/g where r = lsinθ

(sinθ/cosθ) = (lsinθ)(ω2 )/g

(1/cosθ) = (l)(ω2 )/g

cosθ = g/ω2 l

cosθ = 9.8/(6)2 (2.2)

cosθ = 9.8/79.2

cosθ = 0.123

θ = 82.89°

Now we have to find the tension so from EQ2

T = mg/ cos θ

T = (0.4)(9.8)/ cos(82.89)

3.92
T = 0.1237

T = 31.68 N……………………………….Answer
Data

Radius of curve = r = 800N

1
Centrifugal force on outer rail = Fc = w………………..Eq1
50
Weight of locomotive = w = mg
w
Mass of locomotive = m = g
m
Gravitational acceleration= g = 9.8
s2

Given Assumption

The horizontal force on inner rail = 0

Required

Speed of locomotive = v = ?

Solution

mv2
Fc = r

wv2
Fc = gr
……………….Eq2
Compare Eq1 and Eq2

1 Wv2
w =
50 gr

1 v2
=
50 gr

gr
v 2 = 50

(9.8)(800)
v2 = 50

7840
v2 = 50

m2
v 2 = 156.8
s2

m
v = 12.52
s

v = 12.52 × 3.6

km
v = 45.05 ………………………………………….Answer
h

Data

Temperature during combustion in engine = t h = 1900℃

Temperature when gas is out from engine = t l = 1900℃

Required

Maximum theoretical thermal efficiency of an engine = η =?

Solution

As we know

work
η = Heat input

Qh
η =
Qh +Ql

Ql
η =1+
Qh
 tl
η=1− where Q = mc∆t
th

85℃
η=1−
1900℃

η = 0.955

η = 95.5% ……………………….. Answer

LO3

Activity 1
Task

(a)

copper

Copper is chemical element

Cu is symbol

Atomic Number 29

Soft, malleable, ductile, high thermal resistance

Iron

Iron is chemical element.

Atomic Number is 29.

Symbol is Fe

Its element of first transition series.

Graphite

Graphite has a layered, planar structure. The individual layers are called graphene. In each layer, the
carbon atoms are arranged in a honeycomb lattice with separation of 0.142 nm, and the distance between
planes is 0.335 nm. ... The fourth electron is free to migrate in the plane, making graphite electrically
conductive

(b)

Due to four characteristics of copper over other two metals(iron, graphite) we use copper for electronic wiring.

 Due to its high conductivity.

 Cheaper than other.
 High conductivity.
 High thermal resistance.

Degradation is actually corrosion. Corrosion is defined as the chemical reaction of metal with environment. The
corrosion of iron, better known as rusting, is an oxidation-reduction process that destroys iron objects left out in
open, moist air. some degradation types in iron are

 Uniform corrosion
 Pitting corrosion
 Crevice corrosion
 Intergranular corrosion
 Stress corrosion cracking

How to avoid degradation of iron

1. Metal Type. One simple way to prevent corrosion is to use a corrosion resistant metal such as aluminum or
stainless steel.
2. Protective Coatings. The application of a paint coating is a cost-effective way of preventing corrosion.
3. Environmental Measures.
4. Sacrificial Coatings. ...
5. Corrosion Inhibitors. ...
6. Design Modification.

Magnetic hysteresis occurs when an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnet such as iron and the
atomic dipoles align themselves with it. Even when the field is removed, part of the alignment will be retained: the
material has become magnetized. Once magnetized, the magnet will stay magnetized indefinitely. To demagnetize it
requires heat or a magnetic field in the opposite direction. This is the effect that provides the element of memory in
a hard disk drive

Activity 2

Q(1)

As the electric field is cycled from positive to negative to positive, the following transformations occur in the sample
of quartz:

A: Initially, strain increases with electric field and is only slightly nonlinear. As the electric field is increased, the
dipoles of all the grains will eventually align to the electric field as optimally as is possible and the distortion of the
grains will approach a physical limit.

B: When the field is reversed, strain decreases more slowly due to the reoriented dipoles. As the field gets smaller,
the dipoles relax into less ideal orientations and strain decreases at a faster rate.

C: As the field becomes negative the dipoles are forced away from their original orientation. At a critical point they
completely reverse direction and the quartz sample becomes polarized in the opposite direction. The electric field at
the point of polarization reversal is known as the coercive field (Ec).

D: After polarization reversal, the Quartz expands again until it reaches its physical strain limit.

E: The electric field is reversed again and the same hysteretic behavior that occurred along curve B occurs as strain
decreases.

F: The electric field is driven to the coercive limit for the opposite polarization direction and the dipoles reorient to
their original polarization.

G: The Quartz sample expands with the applied electric field to its physical limit.

Q(2)
(a)

In a material science we know a creep(cold flow) is a tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform
permanently under the influence of stess. It occurs below the yield stress, so due to its property the rubber doesnot
comes to its original position.

Second is that no material easily available in pure form so due to impurity exist in it . it deform little bit which we
neglect.

Third point is the difference between practical and theoretical strength.

(b)

From both graph we can see that according

Load α Elongation

But at a limit which is hook’s law, but we can observe that the theoretical value will be high than the practical value.
That’s why the yield strength of theoretical value will be high than practical value of Yield strength.

Q(3)
(a)

This is because sample 1 is uses from several years, so as we know if we apply load on a body which creates stress
lower than UTS of material and load applies for a long term, then with time the UTS of a material will be lower than
earlier. Also the atmospheric conditions effect it for example Temperature so its life will be decreases and the
sample 1 is not in a range of our required quality.

(b)

It is because we take theoretical value from lab observation and we neglect some effects but in practical case it is
lower than theoretical. Also we should note that the surface factor should be equal or greater than 1.