Animal Domestication and Behavior - F SubIndex

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Subject Index
abandonment (desertion) of offspring see for egg production 84–85, 124

Maternal behavior general 24–26, 30, 35–36, 43–50, 51,
activity see locomotor activity 55, 56, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73,
age effects 74–75, 82, 84–86, 92–93, 94,
reproductive success 52, 139–140 126, 136, 139, 162, 168, 183,
response to novelty 105–106 185, 186, 225–226
survival of captive-reared animals for growth 46, 48, 78, 79, 80, 81,
reintroduced to wild 190, 84–85, 86, 92, 138, 162,
193–194, 196, 198–201 170–171, 178, 225
see also early experience effects for milk yield 46, 80, 92, 225–226
age structure of wild vs. captive for physiological traits 43–44, 47, 55,
populations 135, 141 64, 75, 78, 79–80, 81, 83, 84,
aggressive (agonistic) behavior 16, 22, 23, 92, 127–128, 129, 162, 168,
32–33, 45–46, 60, 68–69, 70, 80, 169, 171, 173, 209, 216,
81, 85, 88, 89, 94, 101, 102, 225–226
103–104, 126–128, 131, 133, 134, for structural traits 26, 27, 35, 43–44,
135–138, 139–140, 141, 146, 147, 45, 47, 48, 55, 73, 78, 79, 83,
156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 166, 84–85, 86, 91, 92, 93, 162,
173, 175–178, 181, 190–191, 210, 178, 225
211, 214, 215, 225 see also reproductive success in
agility (mobility) 23, 24, 28, 64, 70, 81, captivity, artificial selection;
170, 191, 192, 196, 225 taming, selection for
agouti (pelage color) gene locus 16–17 audition 88, 89, 126, 216
alarm signals 14, 166, 194–196, 199–200
artificial selection
for behavior 12, 17, 25, 35, 43, behavior see aggressive behavior; artificial
45–46, 48, 70, 78–79, 80, 81, selection, for behavior; burrowing;
84, 85, 88, 112, 114–119, climbing; dominance, social;
120–121, 126, 127–128, 129, drinking; emotional reactivity;
136–137, 140, 154, 159, 162, fearfulness; feeding, behavior;
167, 168, 169–170, 171–172, flight distance; geotaxis; grooming;
173–174, 180, 216, 225 learning; locomotor activity;
283
293
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284 Subject Index
behaviour continued recognition of humans (clothing)

maternal behavior; mating 126
systems; novelty, response to; social interactions 47, 138, 191
predation; reintroductions, see also pelage, coloration
preconditioning for release; sexual conditioning see learning
behavior; shelter, effect on
behavior; social organization;
socialization; stress, behavioral density see population, density
response to; subordinate animals, development see early experience,
behavior; swimming; taming; behavior, sexual maturation;
vocalizations; welfare, atypical growth; hatchery rearing;
behaviors human–animal interactions,
biological control (invertebrates) 7, 8–9, hand-rearing, socialization;
29, 59, 145 isolation effects on behavior;
body size learning; reintroductions,
adrenal 147 preconditioning for release; sexual
brain and skull size 5, 83, 84, 85, development; shelter, effect on
87–91, 172 behavior, effect on maturation;
eye 83, 91 socialization; taming, experiential
general 5, 25, 34, 68–69, 78, 79, 81, factors; welfare, atypical
83, 84, 85–86, 91, 126–127, behaviors, environmental
134, 137, 162, 171, 178, 190, enrichment, handling of juveniles
191 disease 5, 21–22, 26, 55, 110–111, 112,
other morphological characteristics 133, 183, 186–187, 201–202, 203,
68–69, 83, 91–92, 93 204, 210, 211, 216–217
reproductive organs 79, 92, 168 domestic phenotype 10–12, 16, 24, 28,
see also growth 129, 147, 148, 161, 180, 181
brain biochemistry 17, 19, 43, 80, 93, 113, domestication
123, 127–129, 219 adaptation to captive environment
brain development and function 83, 89, 1, 10–12, 21–29, 56, 91, 93,
91, 155, 189, 204, 220 95–96, 105–106, 113,
brain (and skull) size see body size 146–147, 161–162, 183,
burrowing behavior 162 223–225; see also climate;
drinking; feeding; humans;
humidity; infectious diseases
capture (by man) 14, 16, 24, 26, 52, 57, and parasites; light;
77, 105–106, 109–110, 123, photoperiod; predation;
138, 147, 150, 151, 189, 205–210, reproductive success in
221 captivity; salinity; shelter;
capture (by predators) see predation social environment; substrate;
catecholamines see brain biochemistry temperature
chemical signals see olfaction adaptation to humans 1, 6, 113–129,
climbing 36, 102, 149–150, 162–163, 134, 147, 168, 184; see also
179 flight distance; human–
co-adapted gene complexes 37, 48, 50 animal interactions; taming
cognitive abilities see learning animal welfare, effect on 1, 204, 209,
color 211, 221, 226–227
environmental preferences 159–160 approaches to the study of
feeding responses 99–100 domestication
294
Subject Index 285
comparison of wild and domestic reintroductions, effect of

stocks 13–15 domestication on success of
domestication genes, search for see reintroductions
16–17 and resource allocation 96–97, 133;
hybridization of wild × domestic see also resource allocation
stocks 18–19 theory
longitudinal approach self-domestication 25–26, 29
(monitoring generation by societal effects 1, 6
generation changes) species domesticated, historical
15–16 aspects
aquacultural enterprises 6 alpaca 2
behavior, effect on see behavior bee 27–28
definition of 10–12 capybara 6, 130
a developmental phenomenon 10–12, carp 6
19, 22, 184 cat 21, 24
an evolutionary process 10–12, 89, cattle 2
161–162, 183, 186, 227 chicken 2, 21
genetic mechanisms influencing cicada 7
the domestication process cricket 7
see artificial selection; dog 1–2, 24–26, 45
inbreeding; genetic drift; eland 6
natural selection in captivity; ferret 21
relaxation of natural selection fox 114
genetic variation, effect on 72–78, fruit fly 7
185–186, 226–227; see also gerbil 38
genetic variability giant pouched rat 6
genotype–environment interactions, goat 2
effect on 174–175, 178–180 guinea pig 2
‘loss’ of behavioral patterns hamster 38, 113
161–165 horse 2, 85
morphological traits, effect on 83, invertebrates 7, 8
84–92, 93–94 livestock 2
physiological traits, effect on 83, 88, llama 2
89, 92, 93–94, 127–129, 147, mink 87, 88
162 mouse 2, 5, 13–14
pre-adaptations for 21–29, 132, 140, musk ox 6
141, 185, 223–225, 226 pig 2, 86
list of traits – invertebrates 28 prawn 6
list of traits – vertebrates 23 rabbit 2
products from domestic animals 1, 4, rat 5
6, 7, 8–9, 21–22, 46, 48–49; salmon 6
see also artificial selection, on sheep 2
egg production, on growth, silkworm 2
on milk production, on turkey 2, 21
structural characteristics water buffalo 21
rate of change during domestication taxonomic designations (distinction
14, 15, 16, 44, 183, 187 between wild and domestic
reasons for 4–6, 7, 8–9, 21–22 animals) 3–4
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286 Subject Index
dominance hierarchy 23, 81–82, 131, 132, 148, 164, 176–177, 180, 194–197,
133, 157 199–201, 206, 215–216, 225
dominance, social 14, 18, 68–69, 70, see also emotional reactivity; novelty,
81, 103–104, 127, 131–132, response to
133, 136–138, 139–140, 157, feed efficiency (conversion) 79–80, 84, 92,
158, 168, 170, 173, 175–178, 156
180, 191 feeding
see also aggressive behavior; behavior 16–17, 23–24, 28, 36,
dominance hierarchy; 60–61, 63–64, 79–80, 81, 82,
subordinate animals, 91, 96–106, 110, 111, 114,
behavior 119, 132, 134, 136–137, 145,
dominant genes 18, 19, 31 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158,
dopamine see brain biochemistry 164, 165, 166, 176–177, 185,
drinking 63–64, 85, 101, 121, 130, 143, 189, 190–191, 192, 193,
149, 152, 157, 173, 194, 210, 197–199, 200–201, 206–207,
227 211, 213, 225, 227
competition for food 81–82,
103–104, 119, 130, 132,
early experience effects 136–137, 138, 154, 158,
behavior 82, 110, 120, 121–123, 127, 176–177, 191, 192
133, 134, 135–136, 139, delivery methods (of food) in
146–147, 150–151, 155–156, captivity 79–80, 101–103,
162–164, 171–172, 174–175, 114, 142, 153, 154, 155, 156,
176, 191, 192, 193–194, 158–159, 164, 165, 166, 191,
196, 198–201, 202, 206, 210, 192, 200–201, 218–219
211, 213–214, 216–217, deprivation (including self-imposed)
218–220 36, 61, 64, 105–106, 111,
see also learning 152, 170, 171, 194, 206–207,
sexual maturation 57, 61, 68, 80, 85, 212, 218
169, 170 diets fed to captive animals 24, 28,
see also sexual development 52, 58–60, 60–61, 63–64,
welfare 206, 210, 211, 213–215, 79–80, 93, 96–100, 110, 111,
216–217, 218–220 139, 185, 190–191, 192,
see also welfare, environmental 197–199, 205, 211, 219, 227
enrichment general 10, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 52,
emotional reactivity 22, 43, 69, 82, 88, 89, 63–64, 68, 76, 78, 81, 85,
112, 117–119, 177, 180 93–94, 95–106, 108, 121,
see also fearfulness; novelty, response 143, 149, 166, 173, 184–185,
to 205, 210, 211, 218, 227
enrichment (physical and social hand-feeding 100–101, 114, 122,
environments) see welfare, 164, 165, 184–185, 189,
environmental enrichment 200–201, 206–207
exploration 79, 103, 150, 151, 156, 160, schedules of feeding 101
166, 171, 191, 193–194 see also growth; predation, predatory
see also locomotor activity capabilities
feralization see reintroductions, feralization
flight distance 113–114, 120, 121–122,
fearfulness 11–12, 45–46, 54, 80, 123, 129
114–127, 128–129, 133, 146–147, see also taming
296
Subject Index 287
foraging behavior see feeding, behavior 189, 190–191, 192–193, 194–196,

founder effect 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 55, 197, 208–209
74, 77, 187 health see disease; parasites; welfare
fresh water, adaptation to 6, 76, 137, 189 heart size and function 64, 91–92, 109,
151–152
heritability 114, 120, 186, 209
genetic drift 30, 35, 38–42, 55, 70–71, 72, heterosis 18, 31, 34, 36
186 see also hybridization; outbreeding
genetic variability heterozygosity
in captive populations 37, 38, 39–40, genetic variation, relation to 30–31,
41–42, 48, 55, 72–78, 82, 34, 36–37, 39–40, 40–42, 48,
186, 209 73–74, 75–78
estimation (measurement) of 39 phenotypic characters, effect on 16,
genetic drift effects 38, 39–42, 72 32, 36–37, 81, 111
inbreeding effects on 30–31, 32, 35, see also heterosis; hybridization;
39, 42 genetic drift; inbreeding;
population differences 14, 38, 39–42, outbreeding
72–78 history of domestication; see species names
see also domestication, effect on listed under domestication
genetic variation; founder hormonal induction of breeding see
effect; heritability; reproductive success in captivity,
heterozygosity, genetic hormonal
variation; hybridization, human–animal interactions
heterozygosity and genetic with captive animals
variation aggression toward humans 23,
geotaxis (response to gravity) 48 80, 126–127, 134, 222
gonad size and function 26–27, 57, 80, 92, breeding 10, 48–49, 55, 74–75,
128, 139, 144, 168, 169, 205, 206, 80, 84, 114–115, 167,
208, 225 171, 173, 180
grooming 17, 18, 65, 114, 123, 147, 154, capture and handling see capture
157 (by humans); welfare,
growth 16, 26, 32, 46, 60, 68, 69, 80, capture, handling and
81–82, 84–85, 92, 97–99, 132, confinement, handling
138, 145, 147, 155–156, 158, of juveniles
159–160, 170–171, 172, 178–179, commensal/symbiotic
180–181, 188, 189, 190–192, 208, relationships 6, 24–26,
209, 214, 225, 226 29, 65, 74, 166, 167, 184
see also body size discrimination of individual
humans 126
fear of humans (taming) 11–12,
habituation see learning 16–17, 23, 28, 45–46, 52,
hand-rearing see human–animal 80, 84, 113–129,
interactions, hand-rearing 146–147, 148, 166, 171,
hatchery rearing (aquatic species, mostly 173, 177, 180, 196,
fish) 6, 14, 15, 27, 39–40, 43–44, 205–206, 215, 216–217
47–48, 69, 73–74, 77, 78, 93–94, food provisioning 10, 96–103
99, 108, 109–110, 136–138, 154, hand-rearing 121, 134, 163–164,
158–160, 170–171, 186, 187–188, 170, 198, 199–201, 222
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288 Subject Index
human–animal interactions continued social 119, 130, 133–136, 141, 153,

husbandry 10, 65, 68, 69, 94, 164, 218–219, 220
95, 107, 134, 143, 166, visual 137, 139, 158, 191, 214
167, 173, 222
socialization of companion
animals 24–26, 173–174, K- vs. r-selection (reproduction) 85–86
222
see also flight distance; learning;
socialization; taming learning 10–12, 35, 36, 65, 91, 96,
reintroductions to wild 100–101, 102–103, 107, 108, 109,
human influence, lack of 3, 182, 110, 112, 113, 120–122, 126, 127,
183, 184–185 134, 136–137, 143, 147, 150, 153,
with wild animals 63 155, 156, 164–165, 166, 173, 174,
humidity 44, 64, 75, 143, 145, 147 175, 189–190, 192–201, 202,
hybridization 209–210, 215, 216–217, 227, 228
behavior, productivity and fitness, light 44, 98, 145–146, 159–160, 166
effect on 18, 36–37, 43, 45, litter (clutch) size 32, 34, 53–54, 57, 68,
56, 60, 64–65, 82, 97, 124, 214, 226
107–108, 127, 144, 154, 168, locomotor activity
176, 185 environment and management effects
in breed formation 25, 45 19, 44, 52, 65, 85, 88, 93,
heterozygosity and genetic variation, 103, 105–106, 132, 133, 134,
effect on 14, 19, 34, 36–37, 142, 149–151, 153, 156, 164,
72, 82, 186–187 166, 171, 178, 180, 192, 193,
see also heterosis; heterozygosity; 200, 205, 210, 212–213, 215,
outbreeding 218, 220
feeding and food deprivation effects
101, 103, 105–106, 145,
imprinting see socialization 152
inbreeding general 23, 28, 79–80, 81, 170
and artificial selection 35–36 physiological factors 64–65, 85, 88,
general 30–37, 42, 70–71, 187 93, 110–111, 149, 151–152,
genetic variability, effect on 30–31, 170, 192, 208, 211
36–37, 39, 40, 76, 77–78 wheel-running 17, 36, 45, 61, 64–65,
inbreeding depression 19, 31–32, 105–106, 149–150, 152, 178
34–37, 55, 57, 76, 85, 111, see also stress; welfare, atypical
112, 226 behaviors
phenotypic traits, effect on 16, 32–33,
34, 85, 111, 226
population size, role of 33–34, 35, management of captive animals see capture
42, 55, 186, 187 (by man); early experience effects;
infanticide see maternal behavior; feeding, delivery methods in
mortality, infanticide captivity, diets fed to captive
infertility see reintroductions, reproductive animals, hand-feeding, schedules
success; reproductive success in of feeding; hormonal induction of
captivity breeding; learning; locomotor
isolation effects on behavior activity, environment and
physical 127, 130, 134, 153, 173 management effects; photoperiod;
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Subject Index 289
reintroductions, dietary 183, 186, 187, 194, 209,

considerations, genetic and 225–226, 227
demographic considerations, general 18, 34, 35, 47, 48–49, 68,
habitat considerations, 85–86, 95, 149, 157, 175,
preconditioning for release; 183, 209
reproductive success in captivity, neoteny 167, 168, 172–174, 181
technology; taming; temperature; nomenclature see domestication, taxonomic
welfare, capture, handling and designations
confinement, conservation and novelty, response to 17, 18–19, 23, 61,
captive-breeding programs, 63–64, 70, 80–81, 96, 105–106,
environmental enrichment, 109, 110–111, 112, 120, 122,
management techniques, quality 127, 131, 142, 147, 150–151,
of care 154–156, 160, 164, 165, 166,
maternal behavior 52, 53, 54–55, 60, 62, 175–177, 178, 180, 181, 189–190,
65, 67–68, 130–131, 134, 190–191, 196, 201, 202, 205–207,
163–164, 215 208–209, 212–213, 214, 216,
maternal effects (on development) 18–19, 227
115, 117, 206 see also emotional reactivity; fearfulness
mating behavior see sexual behavior
mating systems 23, 42, 66–67, 68, 70, 85,
92, 139–140, 141, 168 odor see olfaction
metabolism 19, 55, 59–60, 85, 98, olfaction 7, 83, 89, 91, 100, 126, 128, 166,
127–128, 144, 197–198, 208 194–196
see also growth; brain biochemistry open-field test 16–17, 147, 178–179,
mortality 80–81
captive animals 6, 29, 35, 51, 52, 55, outbreeding 30, 31, 34, 36–37, 40, 72
59, 64, 65, 68, 69, 75, 76, 78, see also genetic variability; heterosis;
80, 91, 92, 95, 97–98, 137, hybridization
142, 145, 157, 159, 168, 173,
218
diet-related 97, 99 parasites 7, 52, 111, 201–202, 210, 211,
inbreeding depression, associated 215
with 31–32, 34, 35, 55, 75 pelage (and skin)
infanticide or abandonment of coloration 16–17, 19–20, 23, 25, 26,
offspring 52, 53, 54–55, 68, 47, 55, 84, 93, 138, 191
130–131, 153, 214, 215 thickness 83, 144
predation, related to 109–110 pheromones see olfaction
see also reintroductions, survival photoperiod 26, 143, 145–146, 149,
170
physical condition
natural selection endurance 64–65, 70, 151–152, 189,
on captive-reared animals 191, 208, 215, 227
reintroduced to nature 184, vigor, general 19, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37,
186, 187, 194 42, 56, 85, 112, 149, 190,
in captivity 22, 25, 30, 34, 35, 39, 191, 204, 227
40–41, 47, 51–62, 63, 64, see also agility; hybridization;
66–67, 68, 69–70, 72, 80, locomotor activity
85–86, 95, 97, 106, 112, 138, pleiotropy 16–17, 79, 85
157, 159, 168, 169–170, 173, polygenic inheritance 17, 18, 19
299
290 Subject Index
populations prevention of 27
density effects 59, 66, 97, 108, 130, rate of 3, 184–185
133, 141, 157, 158, 160, 166 genetic and demographic
isolation, effects of 34, 41, 186 considerations 183, 185–188
size 30, 33–34, 40–42, 74, 78, 186, growth effects 192
188, 203, 226 habitat considerations
pre-adaptations (for domestication) see acclimation to release site
domestication, pre-adaptations for 189–190, 193–194
predation availability of habitat 188–189
anti-predatory capabilities 63, 64, 69, preconditioning for release
85, 107–110, 112, 127, 146, anti-predator
154, 159, 188–189, 190, 191, behavior 194–197,
192–193, 194–197, 199–200, 199–200, 227
215–216 to foraging techniques 193–194,
general 2, 7, 70, 78, 85, 88, 94, 95, 198–199, 200, 227
107–110, 180, 184, 202, 210, to habitat 193–194
227 to natural diets 197–198
predatory capabilities 61, 62, 97, 98, parent vs. artificial
103, 110, 112, 127, 167, 174, rearing 199–201
189, 192, 193–194, 198 prey-capture techniques see
productivity see artificial selection, for egg reintroductions, dietary
production, growth, milk yield; considerations
domestication, products from rearing with wild conspecifics
domestic animals; litter (clutch) 201
size; taming, relation to predation on released animals
production; welfare, production 188–190, 191, 192–193, 197,
efficiency and profitability 200
reasons for reintroducing animals in
nature 5–6, 182, 183, 227
reintroductions reproductive success 5–6, 78, 182,
age and size effects 190 184, 185, 186, 187, 190–191,
dietary considerations 197, 200, 202, 227–228
change in diet 190–191, 192, survival (in nature) 5–6, 44, 161–162,
197–198 182, 184, 185, 186–190, 191,
food provisioning by humans, 192, 193–203, 227–228
post-release 189 wild populations, effects on
prey-capture techniques 192, competition offered by
198–199 reintroduced animals
disease and parasite transmission 186–187, 190–191
201–202 interbreeding (hybridization) and
examples of 183–184 genetic influences 185,
feralization 186–187
biological traits, effects on relaxed selection 30, 44, 48, 60, 63–71,
87–88, 184, 185 75, 80, 84, 85, 97, 106, 107, 144,
definition 182–184 152, 165, 167, 168, 169–170, 173,
examples of 183–184 175
pre-adaptation for 185–186, reproductive success (failure) in captivity,
189–190 factors related to
300
Subject Index 291
artificial selection 47–48, 54, 68, 70, sexual development 5, 44, 59, 68, 80, 85,
79–80, 81, 85–86, 92, 112, 143–144, 145, 146, 156, 167–168,
168 169–170, 173, 181
emotional reactivity and taming 25, shelter (in captive environment)
112, 129, 180 effect on behavior 11–12, 139,
environmental 26, 144, 145–146, 146–147, 193–194, 196, 214,
147, 214, 226 215, 221
experiential 52, 56–57, 91, 94, 95, effect on maturation 147, 171
122–123, 129, 133, 137–138, effect on reproduction 68, 139,
139–140, 146, 156, 163–164, 146–147
167–168, 173, 180, 206, 209, general resource 121, 130, 146, 149,
214, 218, 226 178, 184–185, 191, 210, 212,
general 22, 24, 47–48, 78, 79, 92, 95, 214, 221
171, 174 use as refuge 11–12, 107, 143, 144,
hormonal 26–27, 69, 122–123, 168, 146–147, 188–189, 193–194,
206, 209 196, 214, 215
inbreeding 31–32, 55, 226 social behavior see behavior;
natural selection in captivity 16, 42, human–animal interactions; social
47, 48–49, 51–55, 56–60, organization; socialization; taming
61–62, 69–70, 85–86, 112, social organization see dominance
209 hierarchy; territoriality
nutrition 58–60, 97, 167–168, 226 socialization 19, 26, 121–122, 133–134,
relaxation of natural selection 66–69, 171–172, 173, 183, 196, 200
70, 80, 91 see also human–animal interactions,
reproductive behaviors 23, 32, 42, socialization; taming
52–53, 54–55, 66–69, 81, 85, stereotyped behavior see welfare, atypical
97, 112, 122–123, 134, behavior
137–138, 139–140, 156, stress
163–164, 168, 173 behavioral response to 190, 196,
technology 5, 24, 26–27, 66, 81, 138 206–207, 208, 217–221
resource allocation theory 79–80, 82, 85, change in living environment 151,
87–88, 94, 225–226 190, 206, 208, 214, 227–228
restocking see reintroductions influence of stress on expression of
inbreeding depression 34
physical and environmental
salinity 26, 31, 76 stressors 34, 93, 189, 205,
salt water, adaptation to 6, 31, 76, 94, 206, 208, 210, 216–217,
137, 189 228
selection (genetic), general 30, 40, 63, physiological response to 117–119,
70–71, 82, 83, 184 123, 128, 151, 156, 164, 190,
serotonin see brain biochemistry 205–209, 212, 216–217
sex structure of wild vs. captive psychological stressors 52, 100, 112,
populations 135, 141 117–119, 123, 129, 130, 132,
sexual behavior 23–24, 32, 37, 40, 42, 44, 133, 134, 146, 164, 180, 190,
45, 59, 64, 65–67, 82, 85, 92, 97, 196, 205, 206–209, 210, 211,
134, 135, 138, 139–140, 146, 156, 212, 214, 216–217, 218–220,
163, 164, 165–166, 168, 170, 180, 228
212 selection for stress responsiveness
see also mating systems 115, 177, 209, 225
301
292 Subject Index
stress continued relation to productivity 124–126

stress reduction 134, 156, 167, 177, relation to reproduction 122–123,
180, 189, 190, 208, 209–210 168, 169
from weaning 110–111, 210, 214, selection for 16, 43, 45–46, 80, 81,
218–219 84, 114–115, 118, 120, 126,
see also taming; reproductive success in 127–128, 168, 169, 171,
captivity; welfare, atypical 173–174, 180
behavior taxonomic designations (distinction
subordinate animals, behavior 14, 81, between wild and domestic
103–104, 132, 136–138, 141, 157, animals) 3–4
173, 175–178, 210, 215 temperature 26, 44, 76, 143–145, 146,
see also aggressive behavior; 147, 189, 224
dominance, social territoriality 23, 24, 132–133, 137, 138,
substrate effects 26, 108, 153–154, 156, 141, 156–157, 158, 166, 175–176
158–159, 220–221 tonic immobility 205–206
substrate (for oviposition) 58, 97 training see learning
swimming
endurance 64, 93–94, 189, 191, 208
in feeding 154 vigor see physical condition
general 107, 159, 208, 212–213 vision 12, 79, 83, 89, 91, 104, 126,
in thermoregulation 145 134–135, 137, 139, 147, 158, 171,
172, 191, 192, 195, 196, 214
visual isolation see vision
taming, tameness, tameability vocalizations 16, 32, 37, 78–79, 123,
defined 113–114, 119 166–167, 178
experiential factors contributing
to 11–12, 113–114,
116–117, 120–122, 123–127, water column, response to 98, 139, 154,
146–147, 171–172, 200, 202, 158, 159
216–217 water current, response to 158, 189, 191,
genetic factors and heritability 114, 194, 208
116–117, 118, 120 welfare
see also taming, selection for adaptation to captive environment 1,
modification with drugs and brain 180, 205, 210–211, 223–225,
lesions 128–129 227
negative aspects 126–127 artificial selection
physiological basis see brain correlated effects related to
biochemistry welfare 50, 80, 81, 92,
as a pre-adaptation for domestication 225–226
21–22, 23–24, 24–26, 126 selection for welfare-relevant
relation to animal welfare 114, variables 115, 177, 209,
216–217 225–226
relation to domestication 10, 11–12, atypical (stereotyped) behaviors
23–24, 113–129 dietary factors 100, 219
relation to emotional reactivity 112, environmental deprivation and
117, 119, 180, 216–217 enrichment 134, 150,
relation to neoteny 171–172, 153, 154, 155, 160, 167,
173–174 213, 217–218, 220–221,
relation to pelage coloration 16–17 222
302
Subject Index 293
examples 217–221 ethical concerns 204, 221, 223, 226,

feeding methods and schedule 227–228
100, 101–103, 218 general 68, 180, 204, 221, 228–229
genetic predispositions 217, 220 genetic modification (engineering)
weaning and social isolation 226–227
effects 133–134, 218–219 handling of juveniles, positive
wild-caught rodents, lack of effects 121–123, 216–217
atypical behaviors in management techniques 35,
captivity 219–220 110–111, 112, 113–114,
behavioral and physiological needs 134–135, 146–147, 157,
100, 140, 211–213, 223 209–210, 211–216, 218–219,
capture, handling and confinement, 221–223, 225–226, 227–228
effects of 100, 105–106, parasites see parasites
113–114, 124–126, 150, 151, pre-adaptations, importance of 211,
180, 205–210, 211 223–225, 227
conservation and captive-breeding production efficiency and
programs 227–228 profitability 92, 124–126,
density-related effects 157, 160; see 155–156, 221–222, 225–227
also populations, density quality of care 35, 124–126, 221–223
effects see also domestication, effects on
dietary factors 106, 211, 219, welfare; reproductive success
225–226 in captivity; stress; taming,
disease see disease relation to welfare
environmental enrichment 134–135,
142–143, 146–147, 148,
149–150, 153–156, 212–216, zoos 3, 5, 24, 32, 87, 101, 139–140, 153,
220–221 157, 228
303

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abandonment (desertion) of offspring see for egg production 84–85, 124

284 Subject Index

behaviour continued recognition of humans (clothing)

Subject Index 285

comparison of wild and domestic reintroductions, effect of

286 Subject Index

Subject Index 287

foraging behavior see feeding, behavior 189, 190–191, 192–193, 194–196,

288 Subject Index

human–animal interactions continued social 119, 130, 133–136, 141, 153,

Subject Index 289

reintroductions, dietary 183, 186, 187, 194, 209,

290 Subject Index

Subject Index 291

292 Subject Index

stress continued relation to productivity 124–126

Subject Index 293

examples 217–221 ethical concerns 204, 221, 223, 226,

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