Rolling and Sliding Bearings PDF

Universität Siegen
Dr Martina Zimmermann Institut für Konstruktion
Machine Elements
04. Rolling and slide bearings

Machine Elements Universität Siegen
Rolling bearings
FAG PC-Catalogue
04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.1

Structure of rolling element bearings
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

Different types of rolling elements
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue
Roloff / Mattek: Maschinenelemente

Classification of rolling bearings
Spotts/Shoup: Design of Machine Elements
Spotts/Shoup: Design of Machine Elements

Radial deep groove ball bearings

• are complete units consisting of a
machined inner and outer ring
without filling slot and a ball and
cage assembly (can also be said
for the following bearing types)
• can support radial forces as well
as low axial forces in both
INA-Schaeffler KG: medias®-R
directions
• are suitable for high to very high
speeds
• have very low operational and
maintenance requirements

Axial thrust ball bearings

• can support high axial forces in
one or two directions
• may not be loaded with radial
forces
• have modest speed capability
• are primarily used for vertical www.ina.de
shafts
two directional
one directional
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

Angular contact ball bearings

• have a contact angle varying from

15 to 40°
• are particularly suitable for
combined loads - radial, axial,
and moment loading
• can support axial forces in both
directions if a duplex pair is
mounted

• are also designed in a split ring

version to support bi-directional
thrust loads with a single bearing

Self aligning ball bearings

• have an outer-race ball path
ground in a spherical shape
• can accept high levels of
misalignment

www.askubal.de

Cylindrical roller bearings

• have very high dynamic and
static basic load ratings in full
complement execution due to the
maximum number of cylindrical
rollers
• with either a cage or spacers are
suitable for higher speeds due to
the low frictional moment
• have high rigidity
• can be relubricated
• are available as non-, semi- INA-Schaeffler KG: medias®-R
locating or locating bearings

• can be applied only where SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue
misalignment is very slight

Needle bearings
• have a particularly space saving
design

• can be mounted without inner or
also outer ring if the shaft resp.
the housing have hardened and
ground surfaces as raceways
• can have a machined outer ring
or a thin-walled, drawn outer cup


Tapered roller bearings

• can support high radial and axial
forces
• can be loaded by axial loading in
both direction if two bearings, one
reversed, are mounted
SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue www.askubal.de

Spherical roller bearings

• are designed for very high loads
• consist of two rowed symmetric
spherical rollers rolling in
spherical shaped outer ring
raceways

• can therefor accept misalign-
ments and deflections of the
shafts
www.askubal.de

Cylindrical roller thrust bearings

• require hardened and ground

surfaces or washers as raceways
• have a low axial section height
• can support high axial forces in
one direction
• act as non-locating bearings in
the radial direction
• have a high rigidity INA-Schaeffler KG: medias®-R
SKF Interactive Engineering Cataloguec

Sealed bearings
• Because bearings are very sensitive they have SKF Interactive Engineering Cataloguec
to be protected against contamination and

spray water.
• Sealed bearings can be mounted to avoid
using expensive seals between shafts and
housings. gap seals (non-contact)
• Sealed bearings get a whole life lubrication
during assembly. SKF Interactive Engineering Cataloguec
• They are suitable for operating temperatures

from -20 °C to 120 °C, limited by the grease
and sealing ring and cage materials.
• Non-contact seals have a low friction. Contact
seals do not loose lubricant during a stop. lip seals (contact)

Bearing classification acc. to the

load direction

Identification structure from DIN 623
S6205.2RSR.W203B
NU2314E

Identification structure from DIN 623
Roloff / Matek

Arrangement of bearings
• A minimum of two bearings is needed to support and guide a rotating
shaft. Depending on the application it has to be designed as a locating-
non-locating bearing, a preloaded bearing or a floating mounting.
• Locating-non-locating bearing:
– Variations of bearing distance due to process tolerances and temperature
differences are adjusted by the non-locating bearing.
– A non-locating bearing is movable within the bearing itself, in the fit in the
housing or at the shaft.
– In contrast, a locating bearing can support thrust forces as it is completely
fixed in the axial direction.
• Preloaded bearing
– Two reversed mounted angular contact bearings or tapered roller bearings.
– The axial clearance of the bearing can be set.
• The floating mounting is an economical solution if a axial guide is
unnecessary. The shaft can be axially moved.
Roloff/Matek: Maschinenelemente


Tandem-, X- and O-arrangement

• A tandem-arrangement can support high axial forced, which will be
distributed equally on both bearings.
• The X- and O-arrangement is used for preloaded bearings and/or for
supporting bi-directional axial loads.
• The X-arrangement is chosen if the shaft becomes warmer than the
housing, because the diametral clearance is not reduced. But it cannot
accept misalignments.
• The O-arrangement is preferred when the housing is warmer than the
shaft. It is less sensitive against misalignments.
tandem O X
Fixing devices for bearings

Locating/non-locating bearing I
Künne: Einführung in die Maschinenelemente
This example shows the design of a locating and non-locating bearing combination which will
be found rather frequently in practice. The shaft rotates while it is subjected to a stationary
load deriving from the gear wheel. The force is introduced by the mating gear. This load
situation leads to a rotation of the inner ring while the gear force is stationary. As the inner ring
is thus subjected to a peripheral force, it is mounted on the shaft with a press fit. In contrast to
the inner ring, the outer ring of the bearing is subjected to a lumped force and can therefore
be mounted into the housing by means of a loose fit or a press fit. The bearing on the left side
is designed as the locating bearing. The outer ring is fixed by a cap which is screwed to the
housing, whereas the inner ring sits close to the shaft shoulder on the one side and is fixed by
means of a distance bush on the other side. On the right hand side the bearing is designed as
a non-locating bearing. The inner ring is fixed in the same way as the locating one. The outer
ring can endure a certain movement as the outer ring is not fixed in the axial direction.

Locating/non-locating bearing II
Due to the eccentric wheel, the force deriving from this device is a rotary one. This kind of
shaft could for example be the driving device for a vibratory plate. As the external force
(coming from the centrifugal force of the eccentric mass) rotates together with the shaft, the
force on the also rotating inner ring is a lumped force. As the outer ring of the bearings is
stationary, they are subjected to a peripherical force. Therefore the outer rings have to be
mounted into the housing by using a press fit, whereas the combination of inner ring and
shaft can optionally be realised by a press or a loose fit. Because of the load situation the
inner ring of one of the bearings is designed as the non-locating part.

Locating/non-locating bearing III

In this example the non-locating bearing is realised by means of a cylindrical roller bearing.
The cylindrical roller bearing is capable of enduring higher radial loads than the ball bearing,
but apart from this advantage this bearing arrangement can be compared with the first one.

Locating/non-locating bearing IV
In this example the load situation cannot be defined clearly with regard to lumped or
peripherical loads on the inner and outer ring. Because of the gear wheel and the eccentric
wheel both load cases are possible. For this reason both the outer and the inner ring should
be mounted on the shaft respectively into the housing by a press fit. Nevertheless one of the
bearings has to be designed as a non-locating bearing. Therefore a cylindrical roller bearing
is introduced, where the cylinder is not embedded in the inner ring and thus allows an axial
movement.

Locating/non-locating bearing V
The design of this bearing situation is supposed to endure high radial as well as thrust
forces. The non-locating bearing is realised by means of a cylindrical roller bearing with a
„free“ inner ring. The locating bearing is designed as a combination of a ball bearing to
endure the thrust forces and a cylindrical roller bearing to endure the radial forces. Because
of this separation of the forces, the outer ring of the ball bearing has a radial clearance. As
the cylindrical roller of the second bearing is not embedded into the inner ring, it will definitely
not endre any thrust forces, thus realising a clear separation of the forces.

Locating/non-locating bearing VI
In this case the bearing combination is designed by a pair of spherical roller bearings and
plummer blocks for roller bearings on both sides. With this solution misalignements can be
compensated. As the bearings are fixed on the shaft by means of clamping sleeves, it can
be manufactured from a simple blanc semifinished product, which must not be further cutted.
The driving device is also fixed on the shaft by means of a clamping sleeve. This way of fixation
should only be realised if a precise axial alignement of the mounted elements is not required.
This would for example be the case for the design of an axle of a simple railway vehicle,
whereas this kind of fixation (by means of clamping sleeves) would not be reasonable for a
gear system.

Bearing of a slewing crane column

Force: very high axial forces acc. to the
lifting mass and the dead load of the
crane, very high radial forces as well due
to the overturning moment of the above
mentioned forces
Design: A combination of a locating

bearing system of a radial spherical roller
bearing and a spherical roller thrust
bearing. With regard to the design of this
bearing combination the center point of the
radius of the thrust bearing has to
correspond with the one of the radial
bearing. This can be adjusted by means of
a distance ring.

Bearing of a gear shaft

Force: as the gearing system is realised
by means of a helical gear wheel, both
radial as well as axial loads have to be
supported
Design: simple and economical design by

means of two deep groove ball bearings,
both bearings are realised as a non-
locating bearing in order to enable an axial
clearance to compensate possible thermal
expansions, this floating bearing design
can only be realised when a constant
sense of rotation is given

Bearing of a crane trolley
Force: very high radial loads but minor

thrust loads (due to possible tilting motion,
acceleration and braking forces of the
crane trolley
Design: two spherical roller bearings

designed as floating bearing arrangement,
the axial clearance is realised by leaving
the position of the inner ring non-located

Wheel bearing of a building machine
Force: high radial forces and average to

high axial loads due to bending
manoeuvres
Design: Two tapered roller bearings which

are arranged in a laterally reversed way,
the axial clearance of the two bearings can
be adjusted by means of a castel nut

Bearing in a worm gear drive

Force: the worm brings mostly axial forces
into the system and only minor radial
forces, whereas the worm gear induces
mostly radial forces
Design: The bearing of the worm is

realised by means of a locating and a non-
locating bearing, the locating one being
designed by means of two angular contact
ball bearing, which are arranged in a X-
position so as to get a less rigid design
which can also adjust to certain
misalignments, the non-locating bearing is
given by a cylindrical roller bearing; for the
bearing system of the gear wheel a
combination of a deep groove ball bearing
as a locating bearing and a cylindrical
roller bearing as the non-locating bearing

Designing rolling bearings

Dynamically loaded rolling bearings

f 0 ⋅ Fa
thrust index
C0
Fa F
≤e ? a >e
Fr Fr
equivalent
P = X·Fr + Y·Fa
radial load
p
= ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
C
expected life in revolutions L10 ,U
⎝P⎠
L U ,10
expected life in operating hours L10 ,h = = taken from manufacturers catalogue
n = taken from calculation of reaction forces
Extended life time calculation
• Lna: life time according to extended calculation

• L: life time from standard calculation in revolutions (L10,U) or hours (L10,h)
• a1:
• a2:
• a3:
• ft:
operating temperature
temperature factor ft
150 °C 1
failure probability in % 10 5 4 3 2 1 200 °C 0.73
sign for life time L10 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 250 °C 0.42
factor a1 1 0.62 0.53 0.44 0.33 0.21 300 °C 0.22

Characteristics of angular contact

bearings
Within angular contact bearings the radial forces create additional
thrust forces. For tapered roller bearings and angular contact ball
bearings these thrust forces have to be included into the calculation
of the equivalent load (in addition to the external thrust forces).
load conditions thrust force Fa,calc which has

to be used for calculation of
equivalent radial load P
FrA FrB
> or
YA YB
FrB
FrA FrB Fa ,calc = Fa + 0.5 ⋅
≤ and YB
YA YB
⎛F F ⎞ bearing A
Fa > 0.5 ⋅ ⎜ rA − rB ⎟
⎝ YA YB ⎠ definition of
FrA FrB bearing A and
≤ and FrA
YA YB Fa ,calc = 0.5 ⋅ − Fa bearing B
YA
⎛F F ⎞
Fa ≤ 0.5 ⋅ ⎜ rA − rB ⎟ bearing B Künne: Einführung in die
⎝ YA YB ⎠ Machinenelemente

Statically loaded rolling bearings
static equivalent radial load P0 = X0·Fr + Y0·Fa
application
type
C0
static index fs = ≥ f s min
P0
static minimum- kind of example for application

index fs min demand
1.5 ... 2.5 high machine tool
1.0 ... 1.5 medium general machine design
= taken from manufacturers catalogue
0.7 ... 1.0 low farming a. building machines
= taken from bearing loading
Example: Design data for radial deep groove

ball bearing DIN 625-6208
valid only for bearing valid for all deep
DIN 625-6208 groove ball bearings
inner diameter d 40 mm Fa Fa
f 0 ⋅ Fa ≤e >e
outer diameter D 80 mm e Fr Fr
C0
X Y X Y
width B 18 mm
0.3 0.22 1 0 0.56 2
radius rs min 1.1 mm
0.5 0.24 1 0 0.56 1.8
factor f0 14
0.9 0.28 1 0 0.56 1.58
basic static load rating C0 18 kN
1.6 0.32 1 0 0.56 1.4
basic dynamic load rating C 29 kN
3 0.36 1 0 0.56 1.2
speed limit 20000 min-1
6 0.43 1 0 0.56 1
valid for all bearings INA-Schaeffler KG: medias®-R X0 Y0

Fa
life cycle index p ≤ 0.8 1 0
Fr
ball bearings 3 Fa
> 0.8 0.6 0.5
roller bearings 10/3 Fr
Auxiliary faktor f0 for bearing dimensioning
Künne – Einführung in den Maschinenbau 04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.40
Slide bearings

Modes of friction
Decker: Maschinenelemente
1 moving body
2 stationary body
3 lubricant
4 movement
5 load

Comparison between
rolling bearings and slide bearings
• Starting friction is low – a desirable • Operation is quieter than with
feature for intermittent service or rolling bearings, especially after
for starting at low temperatures. first wear effects.
• Loads can be inclined at any angle • There is less difficulty with
in the transverse plane. fatigue.
• Maintenance costs are low. • First cost is usually lower.
• Bearings are easily replaced when • They are less easily injured by
worn out. foreign particles.
• Less axial space is required than • Less radial space is required than
for slide bearings. Shafts are thus for rolling bearings.
shorter, and may even be smaller
in diameter • They are better suited to overload
• Thrust loads can be supported. and shock conditions.
Spotts / Shoup: Design of Machine Elements

Pressure distribution around a

journal bearing
The lubricating grooves have to be positioned outside the pressure zone (a) of the
slide bearing. Otherwise the supporting oil film will be interrupted (b).
Hydrodynamic slide bearings

Because of the viscous shear stresses developed in the oil, the moving journal
draws oil into the converging, wedge-shaped area above the region of contact.
The resulting pumping action produces a pressure in the oil film which lifts the
journal from the bearing. The boundary lubrication and the mixed-film lubrication
precede the full-film lubrication.
Radial slide bearing bushes
INA-Schaeffler KG: medias®-R INA-Schaeffler KG: medias®-R

Standardised radial slide bearings

Thrust slide bearings

Fixed-incline thrust slide bearing
Hamrock: Fundamentals of Machine Elements

Pivoted-pad thrust slide bearing

Pivoted pads of thrust slide bearings

Bearing materials
• Tin- and lead-base babbitts: quickly run in, assume very smooth
surfaces, good conformability and embeddability
• Bronze: suitable for high loads and slow speeds, low misalignments
• Copper lead: suitable for high loads, low misalignments
• Cast-iron: bearing can be lubricated by graphite inclusions in case of
missing lubricant
• Porous bearings: “self lubricating” bearings are made of sintering
powdered metal and then impregnated with oil.
• Carbon and plastic: for high temperature service, teflon has an
extremely low coefficient of friction, no lubricant is required; high loads
• Laminated phenolic bearings: plastic bearings formed by impregnated
paper with the phenolic resin, formed into shape and then curing by heat
and pressure; good resistance against corrosion, fatigue and shock
• Rubber and wood
• Bonded coatings Spotts / Shoup: Design of Machine Elements

Hydrostatic slide bearings

In hydrostatic (also called externally pressurised) lubricated bearings the
bearing surfaces are separated by a fluid film maintained by a pressure
source outside the bearing. These bearings avoid the disadvantages of
necessary high speeds and constant operation in order to establish the
liquid friction mode. Moreover the shaft does not run eccentrically in the
bearing. The characteristics of hydrostatic slide bearings are:
• extremely low friction
• extremely high load-carrying capacity at low speeds
• high positional accuracy in high-speed, light-load applications
• a lubrication system more complicated than that for slider bearings
Therefore hydrostatic slide bearings are only used when the requirements
are extreme, as in large telescopes and radar tracking units, where
extremely heavy loads and extremely low speeds are used; or in machine
tools, where extremely high speeds, light loads and gas lubricants are
used.

Set up of hydrostatic slide bearings

Rolling and Sliding Bearings PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Rolling and Sliding Bearings PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Universität Siegen

Dr Martina Zimmermann Institut für Konstruktion

04. Rolling and slide bearings

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.1

Structure of rolling element bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.2

Different types of rolling elements

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

Roloff / Mattek: Maschinenelemente

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.3

Classification of rolling bearings

Spotts/Shoup: Design of Machine Elements

Spotts/Shoup: Design of Machine Elements

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.4

Radial deep groove ball bearings

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.5

Axial thrust ball bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.6

Angular contact ball bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

INA-Schaeffler KG: medias®-R

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.7

Self aligning ball bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.8

Cylindrical roller bearings

locating or locating bearings

misalignment is very slight

INA-Schaeffler KG: medias®-R

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.10

Tapered roller bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue www.askubal.de

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.11

Spherical roller bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.12

Cylindrical roller thrust bearings

SKF Interactive Engineering Catalogue

SKF Interactive Engineering Cataloguec

INA-Schaeffler KG: medias®-R

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.13

to be protected against contamination and

• They are suitable for operating temperatures

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.14

Bearing classification acc. to the

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.15

Identification structure from DIN 623

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.16

Identification structure from DIN 623

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.17

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.19

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.20

Tandem-, X- and O-arrangement

Fixing devices for bearings

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.22

04. Rolling and slide bearings 04.23