APA (American Psychological Association) Mata, E.(Ed.).(2015).Workplace ethics:An Introduction.

Kuala
Lumpur:UPM Press.
The system of the APA is used in preparing a list of references. The
following are the guidelines for organizing your reference list. d. Books with no author

1. Entries should be arranged alphabetically with the surname of the
authors as points of reference . In cases where there is no author, the
title of the work becomes the first entry.
2. The hanging indent format should be observed when writing
entries. This means that the first line is not indented while the
succeeding lines are indented.
3. The following are some example entries for books, periodicals,
and online sources.
A. BOOKS
General Format
Cycling primer for beginners.(1989).Ohio:West and West
Publishing.
PERIODICALS (JOURNALS, NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES)
General Format
Surname of author/s, Initials (Year of publication).Title of the
article.Title of the Periodical, volume(issue numbers), page numbers.
a. Journal articles
Valdez, G. (2010).Philippine perspective on environmental
politics.Journal of New World Politics.8(7),25-32.

Author’s surname, initials (year of publication).Title b. Magazines

of the work (set in italics).Place of Publication:Publisher. Moore, B.(2001, August). Fashion for the new decade. Fashion
a.SINGLE AUTHORED BOOKS Manila, 35(2), 77.

Martinez, A.(2008).Creating c. Newspapers

memories.Quezon City:Maxwell Publishers. Severino, P.(2013, Oct.23).Creating possibilities for Muslim
b. Books with two authors Mindanao.The Metro Monitor,p.A17.

Pulido, D.& Mirador, J. (1998).Academic writing for d. Online Sources

college students.Tokyo:Lindell Inc. General format
c. Books with an editor Author, Initials or institution.(date of retrieval).Title of work.
Retrieved from Web site.
Greenworks.(May 4, 2014).Methods of extraction of minerals.
Retrieved from www.greenworks/methods.html.
Critical Approaches to Literature or Literary Criticism
• According to Mark Lund “Literary criticism is the study,
analysis, and evaluation of imaginative literature. Everyone
who expresses an opinion about a book, a song, a play, or a
movie is a critic, but not everyone’s opinion is based upon
thought, reflection, analysis, or consistently articulated
principles.”
WRITING THE RACTION PAPER/REVIEW/CRITIQUE
Definition of a Reaction Paper-requires the writer to analyze a text,
then develop commentary related to it
Fact- is a truth, a reality or a thing that exists.
Opinion- a person’s view, appraisal or judgment about or attitude
toward a certain thing.
Criticize- to analyze and evaluate ,to judge the merits and the
demerits of the reading material.
Position Paper- is a composition in which the writer takes a side on
a particular controversial topic and defends his side by presenting
support in the form of facts, statistic and other evidence to convince
the reader to take his position.
Undertaken by a writer of a position paper.
1.Select a topic
2.Conducting Preliminary Research
3.Challenging Your Own Topic
4.Collecting Additional Supporting Evidence
5.Creating an outline
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Possible objections to your position
5.3. Support and acknowledgment of the opposing points.
5.4. Explanation citing that your position is still the best one
despite the strength of counter argument
5.5. Summary of your arguments and restatement of your
position
Uses of position paper
1. Political – adherence or non-adherence to a political party
government program, etc.
2. Artistic – creation or abolition of an artistic movement.
3. Scientific- acceptance or non-acceptance of a scientific
theory.
4. Education – conformity or non-conformity with educational
reforms.
5. Religious – conversion to or departure from religious sects
6. Professional – commitment or non- commitment to
professional organization.
7. Technology – application or non- application of a
technological breakthrough.
8. Business – patronage or boycott of business products and
establishment.
Manifestos and Argumentative Essays
 A manifesto is a published verbal declaration of the
intentions, motives, or views issued by an individual, group,
political party or government.
Persuasive or Argumentative Essays
-essays that convince and actuate
Kinds of position papers
1. Format should be consistent with guidelines determined by
the sponsoring organization or committee.
2. Include topic, date purose, etc. and should readily indentify
you as the author
3. If the paper represent a group, organization, committee do
not write in the first person.
4. Limit yourself to two pages following the format established
by previous successful position paper.
Sources to Support Claims
Primary Sources are those which provide fist-hand information to
the researcher; these include persons, organizations,plants and
animals,artifacts,documents, and the like.
Secondary sources are those which provide second-hand
information to the researcher: these include books, periodicals
9newspapers and magazines), Internet or online mateerials, and other
sources not included among the primary sources
Language Use
Generally, language use is associated with register “a term many
modern linguists use to describe what is also known as “style”,that
is, the variations in language which reflect such factors “use” as
whether the language used is spoken or written, formal or informal,
everyday or belonging to a particular occupation. Register varieties
are defined according to their social and occupational origins, for
instance, we can speak of a religious registeer r, a register of
advertising, or formal register (Collins &Hollo, 2000).”
Registers may be identified and defined in terms of three
dimensions:
1. Field is the dimension of register which is associated with
occupational varieties, also known as jargons. Broadly
speaking, it refers to the subject matter of the text
2. Tenor is the dimension of register which is associated with
the participants and their relationship in the communication
situation. It refers to the social roles filled by the people
taking part and the personal relationships between them.
3. Mode is the dimension of register which is associated with
the medium or channel of communication,that is, primarily
spoken or written.
Presenting Views
The writer of a reaction paper, review, or critiques may have
favorable and unfavorable views regarding a literary piece,
book, book, newspaper or magazine article, film or movie, or
artwork. Positive views may be presented ahead of the
negative ones, and vice versa. However, a general view must
be arrived at after weighing the two sets of views. If there isa
preponderance of the positive views, then the overall
impression is favorable. If there is a preponderance of the
negative views, then the overall impression is unfavorable.
Approaches in Writing a Critique
To appreciate a literay work better, a student should
learn the inventory of approaches to literary study and
choose one that is appropriate to the reading selection.
Cultural Approach
A student uses the cultural approach when he is concerned
about the culture of the race or a group described in the
selection
Formalistic or Literary Approach
A student employs the formalistic or literary approach when
he focuses on the structure or form of the reading selection.
Historical Approach
A student should make use of the historical approach if the
reading selection deals with events having historical
significance.
Impressionistic Approach
A student expresses his impression of the entire reading
selection of a portion or element of it.
Moral or Humanistic Approach
A student concerned about morals or the morality of a
character or of his acts studies a reading selection
moralistically or humanistically.
Psychological Approach
A student who investigates on the mental framework of the
aurhor as he wrote the eading selection or on the
psychological make up of one or some of the characters in
the narrative uses the psychological approach.
Sociological Approach
A student who is concerned about societal problems or social
relationships as they find expression in a reading selection
uses the sociological approach.
There are several schools of thought of literary
criticism(C John Holocombe, 2007)
1. Biographical Criticism. A literary critic depends on the
life story of the author in doing his critical analysis.
2. Cognitive Scientific Criticism. A literary critic is
guided by his knowledge of science processes to explain
how the narrative is structured.
3. Deconstruction/Deconstructive/Post-structuralist
Criticism. Opposed to formalistic or structural criticism,
this criticism involves not the manner by which the
reading selection was formed or constructed.
4. Formalistic Criticism or New Criticism or Structural
Criticism. A literary critic concerns himself with the
form or structure of the reading selection in doing his
critical analysis
5. Gender Criticism (Feminist Criticism, LGBT
Criticism). A literary critic comments on the treatment
of the female,gays, or lesbians in the reading selection.
6. Historical Criticism. A literary critic deals with the
7. Impressionistic or Reader-response Criticism. A
literary critic investigates on the positive and negative
responses of the readers to the reading selection
holistically or analytically.
8. Linguistic Critcism or Rhetorical Criticism. A literary
critic focuses on the etymology or origin in the words by
the writer.
9. Marxist Criticism. A literary critic centers on the To write effectively, an individual must be guided by the
struggle of the working class to upgrade their living principles of effective writing called AB5CDEO, which stands
standards. for:
10. Moral Criticism or Ethical Criticism. A literary critic
delves on moral or ethical issues affecting the reading 1. Accuracy (Preciseness or Correctness),
selection. 2. Brevity (Conciseness),
11. Myth Theory or Archetypal Criticism. A literary critic 3. Consitency (Unity),
emphasizes the role of archetypes (universal themes, 4. Coherence (sticking togetherof ideas),
images, and patterns often occurring in literary works) in 5. Concreteness (Specifity),
the production of reading selection. 6. Completeness (thoroughness),
12. Political Criticism. A literary critic deals with the 7. Clarity(Clearness),
manner by which politics, political systems, political 8. Diction (Word Choice)
parties, and the like affect the loves of the characters in a 9. Emphasis, and
story or the ideology of the writer. 10. Order
13. Psychoanalytic Criticism or Freudian Criticism.
Derived from the word psychoanalysis, this criticism
deals with Sigmund Freud’s concept of fantasies and
dreams and how these affect the psychology of the
character in the reading selection of the author of the
same selection.
14. Psychological Criticism or Jungian Criticism. Allied
to the psychoanalytic criticism, this criticism deals with
Carl Jung’s concept of the analysis of the character’s
psychology.
15. Sociological Criticism. A literary critic investigates the
way society affects the lives of the characters in reading
the selection.
16. Stylistic Criticism. A literary critic is concerned with
the manner by which the writer present his ideas in the
reading selection.

Principles of Effective Writing (AB5CDEO)

 Accuracy The communicants received the Body of Christ during their first time
Holy Communion.
Eronous/Innacurate (admitted=>received)

Concord A priest deliver her The lady in red was attracted to the mustachioed man in black.
Agreement homily (mustachioed lady=> mustachioed man)
Error

Predication Error The communicants

admitted the Body Writing the Concept Paper
of Christ during
Their first Holy Definition of a Concept Paper
Communion.
A concept paper is a summary of projects or issues that
Modification The mustachioed reflect the interests, experiences and expertiseof the writer or
Error lady in red was organization. The term “concept paper” is used interchangeably with
attracted to the man “proposal” because both serve the same function.
in black.
Uses of Concept Papers

A concept paper is used as an instructional tool that may have

developed as aresult of extensive research, committee input and/or as
a result of the outcome of a current project.

Correct/Accurate Ways of Elucidating a Concept

To elucidate a concept, a writer can resort any of the following

A priest delivers his homily.
ways:
(deliver => delivers [subject-verb agreement]
And her=> his [pronoun-antecedent agreement] 1. Definition. He may give the meaning of a certain term or a
concept.
 2. Explication. He may explain the concept by using simple
terms.
3. Illustration. He may give examples or instances.
Reports are writing daily by technocrats, businessman, and other
professional.
Structures of Reports
R – Rader-friendly. It is adapted to the readers need, interest and
knowledge.
E – Error-free. It is devoid of error in grammar, mechanics,
organization and facts.
P – Prompt. It is completed and submitted within the allotted time
frame.
O – Objective. It is not subjective, it has no biases.
R – Results- Oriented. It is directed toward the attainment of the
desired result.
T – Thorough. It has no missing items.
S – Short and Straightforward. It is written in a short and direct
manner.
Formal Report, as its name suggest, complies with the form of
conventional full-dress report.
Parts of a formal report
Title page –it bears the title of the report, the writers name and the
date of the report transmission.
Dedication page- it is an offering of the report to an individual or a
group.
Acknowledgement page- it contains words of thanks to those who
have helped in the completion of the report.
Preface- it states the purpose and the scope of the report.
Foreword- it contains word of a person other than the writer about
the report.
Abstract- it is a condensed version of the report,it is either
descriptive (short) or informational (long )
Table of – It is chronological list of items contained in the report
List of figures- It is chronological list of tables, charts, maps, and
other graphic acid, with corresponding pages.
Body- it contains the introduction, discussion proper and conclusion
of the report
Appendix- it is a supplementary material added at the end of report.
Glossary- it contains an alphabetical list of technical terms and their
corresponding meaning.
Bibliography- it is an alphabetical list of reference material.
Index- it is an alphabetical list of topics discussed in the report with
corresponding pages.
Objectives of Reports  Quantity- a researcher should be concerned not only
about the kinds of questions, but also about the number
Specific- Objectives must not be broad, they must deal with a to be asked.
specific question intended to be answered.
 Quest- a researcher is in search of answers to solve the
Measurable- Objectives must be quantifiable, they must involve problem he has in mind.
variables.

Attainable- Objectives must be capable of accomplishment.
Time-bound - Objectives must be attained within the prescribed
time limit.
Experimentation, Observation and Other Data Gathering
Methods
Visual Aids include not only graphic or written aids, but also realia,
e.g. technological tools and equipments.
V- Visualize how you can make your visual aids effective before you
prepare them.
I- Include heads and other required items in your visual aids.

 Reading S- Sequence the visual aids that you need.

 Experimentation U- Use only those visual aids that you need.
 Observation
 Interviewing A- Always make your visual aid simple and clear
 Conversation/chat
L- Locate visual aids properly so everybody can see them.
 Internet surfing
 Conducting a Survey A- Allot time and space to explain the visual aids.

Surveys and Surveys Questionnaires I- Illustrate by means of words if visual aids ate not available.

Open-ended are those that require sentence and paragraphs as D- Design visual aids simply for easy comprehension.
answers.
S- See to it that your visual aids serve your purpose.
Close-ended require only words and phrases as answers.

 Quality- the researcher should ask questions which are

clear, objectives, concise, relevant, ethical and simply
worded.