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÷ Ê What differences were there between the aims of Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George at
Versailles?

Clemenceau, prime minister of France, wanted the treaties to protect France in the future and to make
Germany compensate for the degree of French suffering (since much of the battles were fought on
French land) He was determined to take revenge on Germany He wanted to make Germany pay for the
amount of damage it had caused and ensure Germany would never attackFrance again To achieve this,
he wanted to weaken German industry and ruin its armed forces

Wilson, president of the USA, was idealistic He proposed fourteen points as foundation for the terms of
the treaty Included in these points was the right for people of different national groups to rule
themselves The USA had a more detached view since they did not join the war until late ÷
÷and hadn͛t
experienced as much suffering as Europe He also wanted to prevent Germany from becoming
aggressive again, but was not as fierce as Clemenceau He wanted to punish Germany for its aggression
but avoid making them pay for the damage they had done

George, prime minister of Britain, wanted to cater for British interests (which were to make Germany
pay) but to do it in a clever and long-term thinking way His courses of action were not as harsh as
France He wanted to end German threat to the British navy and empire and make Germany a non-
aggressive country without colonies However, he wanted to prevent Germany becoming so weak that
the revival of European industry and trade was made impossible He also wanted to prevent Germany
becoming so poor that they would result to Communism and avoid humiliating them to the point that
they would seek revenge He wanted to help secure France against Germany but also to ensure that they
did not become too powerful

2 Ê What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles in connection with:
a)Ê Territorial changes?
All of Germany͛s colonies were divided between Britain, France and South Africa New Guinea
was given to Australia and Samoa was given to New Zealand
b)Ê The military?
The German force was limited to ÷, men There was no conscription and had to be
volunteer based Germany was also not allowed tanks, submarines or military aircrafts The navy
could only have six battleships and the Rhineland was demilitarised No German troops were
allowed into this area and Allies were to keep an army occupying the bank of the Rhine for
fifteen years
c)Ê Reparations?
Germany had to pay for the damage caused by the war A Commission was set up to fix the
amount to be paid which was announced as 66 million pounds They had 42 years to pay this
off

3 Ê Give three reasons why the Germans were unhappy with the treaty

yÊ They complained that their territorial losses of ÷3  and loss of seven million subjects was too
much They were deeply unhappy with the loss of territory to Poland on the east
yÊ They hated to disarm because that would make them the only defenceless country against their
neighbouring countries
yÊ All their colonies were taken away from them but the Allies could keep theirs

4 Ê What were the main terms of the following treaties:

a)Ê St German?
Austria was made to give up land including Bohemia and Moravia to Czechoslovakia; Bosnia and
Herzegovina to Yugoslavia; Galicia to Poland; and South Tyrol and Istria to Italy They had to
reduce their armed forces, pay for reparations and were forbidden to reunite with Germany
 b)Ê Trianon?
Hungary had to pay reparations, limit its army to 3, hand over war criminals and give
Transylvania to Romania; Ruthenia and Slovakia to Czechoslovakia; and Slovenia to Yugoslavia
c)Ê Neuilly?
Bulgaria was made to give land to Yugoslavia, give Western Thrace to Greece, pay reparations
and limit its army to 2,
d)Ê Sevres?
Most of Turkey͛s land in Europe was taken away Turkish Empire was broken up and went to
France and Britain to govern as mandates on behalf of the League of Nations The Turkish straits
were put under control of the League of Nations and ordered French, British and Italian troops
to occupy Turkey itself

 Ê What changes were made to the original peace treaties by:

a)Ê The Treaty of Lausanne?
Returned Turkish land lost to Greece back to Turkey, gave them control of the straits again and
ordered all foreign troops to leave
b)Ê The Dawes plan?
The French withdrew their troops from the Ruhr, Germany͛s payments were reduced to 2
million pounds and paid over a longer period The USA would also contribute 8 million pounds
in loan to Germany in order to help stabilise their economy and develop its industry and trade