Human need, urge or drive may be understood as a physiological, or social

requirement of the body or the mind which is considered essential for the maintenance
of human life. The identification of social, learnt or acquired human needs proves
much more problematic and controversial, not only because such needs are strongly
influenced by ideological considerations but also on account of a close association of
such needs with subjective preferences and abilities. Karl Marx used the term species
needs to describe these needs, which according to him include primarily the need for
solidarity relations (companionship and communication) and need to perform
productive work1.

Buddhism which described basic needs of a person resigned to ascetic order as

chatupachhayaya that included within its fold Pindpat (Food), Chivar (clothes),
Senasan (shelter) and Gilanapachhaya-Bheshajya Parikhhara (medical services)2

Human need, urge or drive may be understood as a physiological, or social

requirement of the body or the mind which is considered essential for the maintenance
of human life. The identification of social, learnt or acquired human needs proves
much more problematic and controversial, not only because such needs are strongly
influenced by ideological considerations but also on account of a close association of
such needs with subjective preferences and abilities. Karl Marx used the term species
needs to describe these needs, which according to him include primarily the need for
solidarity relations (companionship and communication) and need to perform
productive work3.

Buddhism which described basic needs of a person resigned to ascetic order as

chatupachhayaya that included within its fold Pindpat (Food), Chivar (clothes),
Senasan (shelter) and Gilanapachhaya-Bheshajya Parikhhara (medical services)4

Human need, urge or drive may be understood as a physiological, or social

requirement of the body or the mind which is considered essential for the maintenance
of human life. The identification of social, learnt or acquired human needs proves
much more problematic and controversial, not only because such needs are strongly

1
Braybrooke, David, op. cit
2
Mahavagga (Vinaypitaka), Rhys Davids (Edited and translated edition) Pali Text Society, London,
1980.
3
Braybrooke, David, op. cit
4
Mahavagga (Vinaypitaka), Rhys Davids (Edited and translated edition) Pali Text Society, London,
1980.
influenced by ideological considerations but also on account of a close association of
such needs with subjective preferences and abilities. Karl Marx used the term species
needs to describe these needs, which according to him include primarily the need for
solidarity relations (companionship and communication) and need to perform
productive work5.

Buddhism which described basic needs of a person resigned to ascetic order as

chatupachhayaya that included within its fold Pindpat (Food), Chivar (clothes),
Senasan (shelter) and Gilanapachhaya-Bheshajya Parikhhara (medical services)6

Human need, urge or drive may be understood as a physiological, or social

requirement of the body or the mind which is considered essential for the maintenance
of human life. The identification of social, learnt or acquired human needs proves
much more problematic and controversial, not only because such needs are strongly
influenced by ideological considerations but also on account of a close association of
such needs with subjective preferences and abilities. Karl Marx used the term species
needs to describe these needs, which according to him include primarily the need for
solidarity relations (companionship and communication) and need to perform
productive work7.

Buddhism which described basic needs of a person resigned to ascetic order as

chatupachhayaya that included within its fold Pindpat (Food), Chivar (clothes),
Senasan (shelter) and Gilanapachhaya-Bheshajya Parikhhara (medical services)8

Human need, urge or drive may be understood as a physiological, or social

requirement of the body or the mind which is considered essential for the maintenance
of human life. The identification of social, learnt or acquired human needs proves
much more problematic and controversial, not only because such needs are strongly
influenced by ideological considerations but also on account of a close association of
such needs with subjective preferences and abilities. Karl Marx used the term species
needs to describe these needs, which according to him include primarily the need for

5
Braybrooke, David, op. cit
6
Mahavagga (Vinaypitaka), Rhys Davids (Edited and translated edition) Pali Text Society, London,
1980.
7
Braybrooke, David, op. cit
8
Mahavagga (Vinaypitaka), Rhys Davids (Edited and translated edition) Pali Text Society, London,
1980.
solidarity relations (companionship and communication) and need to perform
productive work9.

Buddhism which described basic needs of a person resigned to ascetic order as

chatupachhayaya that included within its fold Pindpat (Food), Chivar (clothes),
Senasan (shelter) and Gilanapachhaya-Bheshajya Parikhhara (medical services)10

9
Braybrooke, David, op. cit
10
Mahavagga (Vinaypitaka), Rhys Davids (Edited and translated edition) Pali Text Society, London,
1980.