SISTEMA PERNAFASAN

(RESPIRATORIUS SYSTEM)
Oleh
A A Ayu Mirah Adi
 Pendahuluan
• Hubungan langsung
• Pengertian lingkungan external via
Umum rongga hidung dan
rongga mulut dgn alveoli.-
---aerogenes/airborne
disease
• Dampak dari • Jalinan kapiler disetiap
gangguan alveoli shg jumlah darah
ke paru sangat banyak
sistema hematogenes /Blood borne
pernafasan disease.
 Pendahuluan
• Pengertian Umum • Hewan pangan (food
animals)： kerugian
ekonomis nyata
• Dampak dari
gangguan
sistema
pernafasan
 Pendahuluan
• Pengertian Umum Hewan kesayangan
(companion animals):
scr ekonomis tidak
• Dampak dari nyata
gangguan
sistema
pernafasan
 REVIEW STRUKTUR DAN
FUNGSI
1. CONDUCTIVE • Rongga hidung(filtrasi dan
peghangatan udara)
SYSTEM（Sistema • Nasofaring(ep silindris
PENYALUR) banyak baris bersilia)
2. TRANSITIONAL • Laring
SYSTEM (Sistema • Trakea
PERALIHAN.) • Bronkus extrapulmoner
• Bronkhus
3. GAS EXCHANGE intrapulmoner
SYSTEM (Sistema
• Sel epitel silindris dan
PERTUKARAN sel goblet
GAS)
 S Penyalur
• dilapisi oleh sel epitel silindris bertingkat
(pseudostratified columnar ephitelium) dan di
beberapa tempat ditemukan sel mangkok (goblet
cells)
• pertahanan mekanis terhadap parenkim paru-paru
• epitel bersilia pada sistem ini sangat sensitif mudah
cedera jika terpapar inhalan gas beracun, infeksi
virus dan trauma.
• sel epitel ini akan membengkak,lepas dari membran
basal ataupun kehilangan silia (desiliasi)
• Bisa bersifat reversible
• kronis terjadi hyperplasia atau metaplasia
 REVIEW STRUKTUR DAN
FUNGSI
2. TRANSITIONAL Bronkiolus
SYSTEM (Sistema
Sel tidak bersilia dan
PERALIHAN.) tidak memiliki sel
goblet, tetapi punya
sel clara
sel ini, memegang
peranan penting pada
proses detoksifikasi
partikel asing
(xenobiotics).
 REVIEW STRUKTUR DAN
FUNGSI
1. CONDUCTIVE Terdiri atas jutaan
SYSTEM（Sistema
PENYALUR)
alveoli yang
2. TRANSITIONAL permukaannya
SYSTEM (Sistema dilapisi sejenis sel
PERALIHAN.) epitel :
3. GAS EXCHANGE • pneumosit tipe I
SYSTEM(Sistema
dan
PERTUKARAN
GAS) • pneumosit tipe II
 REVIEW STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI

1.Alveolus (normal)
 trachea
bronchus
 Collecting macrophages

Alveolar
macropaghes
Peritoneal
macrophages
Kaidah umum penaman lesi @diagnosis morfologik
Organ & Perubahan:
Interpretasi Proses Deskriptor
•1.Radang • Modifier: supuratif/purulen,
granulomatosa,
•2.Degenerasi/regenerasi pyogranulomatosa, kaseosa,
•3.Gangguan vaskuler ulseratif, fibrinosa, fibrosa,
nekrotikan, edematosa
Contoh: kongesti dan • Durasi: akut vs. kronik
edema pulmonum • Distribusi:
lobuler,pseudolober,lober
•4.Ggn pertumbuhan • Keparahan: ringan(mild) dan
(non-neoplastic) berat (severe).
• Lokasi: cranioventral,
Contoh: infeksi.BRSV sinistra/dekstra proksimal, distal,
•5.Ggn pertumbuhan bilateral, unilateral,

(neoplastic)
Contoh: Carcinoma paru
 MEKANISME PERTAHANAN

CONDUCTIVE SYSTEMS GAS EXCHANGE SYSTEMS

SELULER MAKROFAG ALVEOLAR

MEKANIS (BALT/
(MUCOSILLIAR BRONCHIAL
IS ESCALATOR) ASSOCIATED
TRANSITIONAL SYST
LYMPHOID
TISSUE
SEL CLARA
 Sel CLARA
• Berperan dalam proses
detoksifikasi xenobiotics

MAKROFAG ALVEOLAR
• MEMFAGOSIT BENDA ASING YANG
MAMPU MENCAPAI ALVEOLI
• KECUALI: BAKTERI Mycobacterium
tuberculosis dan L monocytogenes)
Penyakit spesifik pada s. penyalur
• IBR (infectious • Virus IBR
Bovine
Rhinotracheitis)
• Maleomyces mallei
• Glanders/Malleu
s/ingus ganas
• Streptococcus equi
• Strangles
 Faring,Laring dan Trakea

• Gangguan sirkulasi
• Peradangan
• Penyakit spesifik
-Calf diptheria
(fusobacterim
necrophorum)
-ND
-Hog cholera
Desiliasi dan metaplasia
Ｂｒonkiolus mamalia
 Paru2 mamalia

1. Terminal bronchiole
2. Respiratory bronchiole
3. Alveolar duct
4. Atrium
5. Alveolar sac
6. Alveoli
7. Smooth muscle

Enlarge
Paru2 unggas
 Gangguan pertukaran udara

Atelectasis

Emphysema
• loss of lung
parenchyma
by destruction
of alveoli
• permanent
dilation of
airspaces.
 Emphysema

Dinding alveoli
hilang

Microscopically at high magnification, the loss of

alveolar walls with emphysema is demonstrated.
Remaining airspaces are dilated.
 Bronchiectasis
• obstructive lung
disease
• occurs when there
is obstruction or
infection with
inflammation and
destruction of
bronchi.
 Bronchiectasis
• permanent dilation.
• Once the dilated
bronchi are present,
(as seen here grossly in
the mid lower portion of
the lung), the patient
has recurrent infections
because of the stasis
in these airways.
 Bronchiectasis
• Copius purulent
sputum production
with cough is typical.
• Bronchiectasis is not
a specific disease,
but a consequence
of another disease
process that
destroys airways.
Bronkiektasi
-mukosa dan
dinding
bronkus tidak
jelas akibat
peradangan
nekrotik
 Chronic Bronchitis
•increased numbers of
chronic inflammatory
cells in the submucosa.
• does not have
characteristic
pathologic findings
• but is defined
clinically as a
persistent productive
cough for at least 3
consecutive months in
at least 2 consecutive
years.
 a

Normal Lung
of chicken EDEMA (arrow) and infiltration of inflamatory
cells (a)
(group D) Group C, Died at 4 dpi)

Sumber penelitian ND
 Pola anatomik dari pneumoni
berdasarkan pola penyebaran
lesi
•Bronkopneumonia/P lobuler
•Pneumonia interstitialis
•Pneumonia lobaris
bronchopneumonia

Alveoli berisi sel radang nmn

struktur mash uth (reversible)
 Pneumonia interstitialis/viral pneumonia

Limfosit
pd septa
alveoli Alveoli
tdk
berisi
exudat
 Lung Tuberculosis

•Scattered tan
granulomas are
present.
•

•Some of the larger

granulomas have
central caseation.
 Milliary granulomas
• When the immune
response is poor or is
overwhelmed by an
extensive infection,
• then it is possible to
see the gross pattern of
granulomatous disease
• small tan granulomas,
about 2 to 4 mm in size,
Multiple granuloma
dngan pembesaran rendah

Alveoli yang masih

utuh
 Granuloma dengan pembesaran kuat

•Di pusat perkejuan: *

Material caseosa :
material yang nekrotik
dan agen infeksius.
•Dikelilingi komponen
peradangan spt: sel
epiteloid,limfosit dan
fibroblast
 Langhans
giant cell
(typical
giant cell
for
infectious
granuloma)

Epitheloid
macrophages
 Pneumonia aspirasi

localized foreign body giant cell response to the aspirated material seen here
 PENYAKIT2 PENTING
• 1. Calf difteri
• 2.TBC
• 3.SE
 Necrotic laryngitis (calf
diphtheria )
•calves, usually >3
months old.
•occurrence in
upper respiratory
tract.
•formation of a
tenacious exudate
that bleeds when
removed.
• The cause of bovine
necrotic laryngitis is the
bacterium Fusobacterium
necrophorum
 Tuberculosis
• Introduction and • TBC is a slowly
Cause of progressive process
that results in tumor-
infection like, space occupying
• Route of inflammatory lesions.
infection
• Tissues affected
• PA/HP
• prognosis
 Tuberculosis
• Introduction and • Mycobacterium bovis and
M. tuberculosis are
Cause of closely related. By
convention and to avoid
infection confusion, the disease
• Route of cause by these
pathogens is called
infection tuberculosis.
• Diseases cause by other
• Tissues affected Mycobacterium spp. are
termed mycobacteriosis.
• PA/HP
• prognosis
 Tuberculosis
• Introduction and • this is a slowly
Cause of progressive process
that results in tumor-
infection like, space occupying
• Route of inflammatory lesions.
infection • Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
• Tissues affected
• PA/HP
• prognosis
 Tuberculosis
• Introduction and • commonly by
ingestion
Cause of (food contaminated of
infection droplet nuclei
• Route of • aerosol transmission
can occur
infection (air contaminated of
• Tissues affected droplet nuclei)

• PA/HP
• prognosis
 Tuberculosis
• Introduction and • Virtually any tissue of the
body can be infected.
Cause of infection
• Lesions(tubercles) are
• Route of infection most common in lungs
and lymph nodes
• Tissues affected
• tubercles spawn
• PA/HP secondary tubercles in
the lungs(intracanallicular
• prognosis spread) or other organs–
shedding of bacilli into the
blood
 Tuberculosis

• Introduction and
Cause of infection
• Route of infection
• Tissues affected
• PA/HP
• Prognosis

Ephiteloid macrophages
langhans giant cells
Macroscopic changes of TBC
tubercles of different
size on the surface and
parenchyma of the liver,
spleen and lungs
 Tuberculosis
• Introduction and • Curable ｖｓ
Cause of untreatable Disease
infection ？？
• Control of an
• Route of outbreak in a herd is
infection by test and slaughter
• Tissues affected • Control of
transmission of the
• PA/HP disease to people
from cattle is by
• Prognosis and pasteurization of dairy
control products and by meat
inspection
 TBC
summary
• Virtually any tissue of the body can be infected.
• Lesions are most common in lungs and lymph nodes.
• this is a slowly progressive process that results in tumor-like, space
occupying inflammatory lesions.
• The peculiarities of bovine TB microecologytubercles may, as in
man, remain latent for months or lifetime, they are less likely to
resolve,
• The route of exposure is commonly by ingestion(contaminated
pasture) but aerosol transmission can occur.
• Bovine TB causes mastitis, which is how the organism is
transmitted in milk.
• The disease is untreatable.
• Control of an outbreak in a herd is by test and slaughter
• Control of transmission of the disease to people from cattle is by
pasteurization of dairy products and by meat inspection
 SE
• Normally,Pasteurella
• Introduction and sp. lives in the upper
Cause of respiratory tract and
tonsils.
infection
• certain factors can
• Route of trigger the bacteria to
infection move quickly to
invade the lungs or
• Tissues affected erupt from the tonsils
• PA/HP to become systemic
and cause the
• Prognosis and various forms of
control pasteurellosis.
• Aerogen from
contaminated air
Pasteurellosis pada hewan pangan

Sheeps cattles and buffalo

P Multocida
P trehalosi and
P hemolitica
P haemolytica
 SE
hemorrhagic septicemia
• Introduction and
Cause of • Haemorrhagic
infection septicaemia (HS) is
caused by specific
• Route of serotypes of
infection Pasteurella multocida
and is one of the
• Tissues affected major economic
• PA/HP diseases of cattle and
buffalo in South East
• Prognosis and Asia
control
 SE
• Introduction and • an acute infectious
Cause of infection disease of animals,
• Route of infection caused by the
• Tissues affected bacterium
• PA/HP Pasteurella
multocida and
• Prognosis and hemolytica
control
• characterized by
fever, catarrhal
symptoms,
pneumonia, and
general blood
infection.
 SE
• Introduction and • Trigger factors
Cause of causing
infection pneumonic
• Route of pasteurellosis are
stress :
infection
-dipping, castration,
• Tissues affected clipping, dosing,
• PA/HP -climate
• Prognosis and -other infectious
control disease
 SE
• Introduction and
Cause of • Aerogen from
infection contaminated air
• Route of
infection
• Tissues affected
• PA/HP
• Prognosis and
control
 SE
• Introduction and • The disease is not
Cause of primarily a pneumonia,
but a systemic
infection disease which
• Route of appears to start in the
infection tonsils and then
spreads very quickly
• Tissues affected to the lungs and other
• PA/HP organs

• Prognosis and
control
 SE
• Introduction and • fibrinosuppurative
Cause of bronchopneumonia
infection
• Route of
infection
• Tissues
affected
• PA/HP
• Prognosis and
control
 SE
• Introduction and • More characteristic
Cause of infection lesions occur in
bronchioles, peribronchial
• Route of infection tissue and alveoli and are
• Tissues affected characterised by fibrinous
processes ( epithelial-cell
• PA/HP disruption and loss of
microvilli; cell debris,
• Prognosis and desquamate cells and
control bacterial elements were
observed in bronchiolar
lumina embedded in a
fibrillar granular material.
neutrophils and
macrophages).
Pasteurellosis pada hewan pangan
• Pasteurellosis domba
• P haemolytica and P trehalosi both occur in the
nasopharynx of apparently normal sheep.
• Pasteurella multocida is an uncommon pathogen in
sheep, except in tropical countries
• as the most important bacterial disease of sheep in
many countries, particularly those in which sheep-rearing
intensively
• (systemic pasteurellosis: sudden death of lambs)

•
 patogenesis
• Pasteurella ditemukan pada tonsil dan
traktus respiratorius bagian atas
• Cuaca dingin dan basah atau kondisi
stress yang lainnya( mis*stress nutrisi)
dapat menyebabkan bakteri berbiak dan
menyebar ke paru dan organ lainnya.
• Agen bisa juga berasal dari udara luar
yang terkontaminasi (aerogen)
 Gambaran post mortem:

1.trakea dan bronkus exudat berbusa dan

berdarah
2.Paru exudat berbusa dan hemorhagi
3. Hepatisasi paru

fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia
(lht gambar PA)
 Pasteurellosis in cattle
• , P haemolytica (mainly serotype A1) and
P multocida
• causes pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle
 Pengumuman
Tugas Mandiri *2 x 60 menit
• LO memberikan pengalaman belajar,
mahasiswa belajar mandiri dengan tugas:
-Mencari histopatologi paru (lihat
contoh).
- Tugas di Ulpod di ELSE U dalam
bentuk PDF file
 Contoh

Sumber: tulis websitenya misal http:// vet atlas/resp/1/htm

 Contoh

Keterangan: Lumen bronkiolus berisi debris dan sel netrofil,

mengindikasikan bahwa ada infeksi bakteri
 Contoh

Ket: strutur alveoli masih utuh, alveoli penuh berisi sel

darah merah dan sel radang mengindikasikan radang
paru stadium hepatisasi merah.
Sumber: http://lung pathology /atlt/pdf