Honors Chemistry
23 May 2018
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table of Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1
Review of Literature...…………………………………………………………………….…….3
Problem Statement……………………………………………………………………………...8
Experimental Design……………………………………………………………………………9
Conclusion......................................................................................................................36
Work Cited......................................................................................................................39
1
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Introduction
One may believe crystal violet to be a simple and useless but beautiful dye.
However, the dye can be used for much more than some think. Crystal violet is a bright
purple organic compound which fades to a colorless dye as it is mixed with solutions of
high pH. One of the crystal violet dye’s most important applications is in the Gram Stain
The absorbance of crystal violet in a crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
was measured over time to determine the order of the reaction with respect to crystal
violet and the rate constant. Also, the absorbance of an alternative solution that had a
lower sodium hydroxide concentration was measured over time to determine the order
of the reaction with respect to sodium hydroxide. All of this was needed to find out the
order of the overall reaction. The order of the reaction is important because it gives
information as to how the rate of a reaction changes based on the concentration of the
chemical kinetics and how different factors could affect the rate of a reaction.
reactant. The absorbance was then converted into concentration through Beer
calibration curve that was found before trials, and this was necessary in order to
graphically analyze the concentration of crystal violet over a period of time. From there,
2
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
the order with respect to crystal violet could be determined based on the characteristics
of the graph as well as other key components of the rate law like the rate constant.
This research is important as it provides insight into the factors that affect the
rates of chemical reactions. Scientists can use similar methods that were used in this
paper to obtain or analyze data but with other types of items and chemical reactions.
They can look into how temperature affects the deterioration of certain vegetables, how
certain chemicals in the air increase the decomposition rate of the ozone layer, or what
Crystal violet and sodium hydroxide were the reactants available for this
experiment because when they react, the solution fades and becomes almost colorless.
The kinetics of the color fading reaction could easily be analyzed by measuring the
absorbance with a colorimeter so data collection would not be too tedious, and a Beer-
Lambert calibration curve was used to easily convert absorbance to concentration. Also,
because the concentration of the sodium hydroxide was made to be greater than the
concentration of crystal violet, a simpler rate law could be used that would not require
anyways to determine the order of the reaction with respect to sodium hydroxide even
Rate laws appear everywhere in the world, either through industrial, biological, or
other means. Almost every living organism in the world has chemical reactions
happening within their bodies, and they cannot be too drastic in change or else it could
endanger the organism’s life. Also, in chemical industries, it is important that the most of
3
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
product is yielded everyday. It works on other scales like how fast medicine reacts or
how fast food can spoil. Reactions and rate laws play an important role in everyday life.
Review of Literature
Kinetics is the field which is concerned with the rates, or speeds, of reactions,
and it is one of the most important subjects in chemistry. It can relate to how fast
medicine is able to work in for certain types of diseases as well industrial problems such
as the developments of catalysts to synthesize new materials. Also, when dealing with
the rates of reactions, many different factors can affect the rate of reactions due to the
C25N3H30Cl (crystal violet) is a bright purple dye which, and due to its structure as
a monovalent cation, it fades into a colorless solution when mixed with solutions of high
organic compound. This dye is an important compound. Crystal violet is used in Gram’s
In chemical reactions, there are rate laws. These make connections with the rate
of a reaction based on other variables. In the reaction with crystal violet, the rate of the
reaction changes as the concentration of the dye and hydroxide ions vary. Rate laws of
4
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
radiation. Specifically, an object’s light is split into its independent colors. The color
pertains to wavelength on the visible light spectrum. When there is higher energy in
waves, the wavelengths are shorter. On the contrary, lower energy waves have longer
wavelengths (Kulesa).
A spectrophotometer is the instrument that will be used. This tool compares the
initial amount of light that passes through a material with the final amount of light that is
different colors. Also, Beer’s Law states that the amount of light that is absorbed is
5
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
directly proportional to the concentration of the chemical compounds that are absorbing
the light (Michigan State University). This allows for measuring concentrations of crystal
violet in the experiment and comparing the amount of light absorbed by it which will help
reaction occurs. However, the rate is represented in a specific way. This is represented
as the change in concentration of a solution over time. The reaction rate (M/s) is how
changes over a period of time (seconds). The change in the concentration is found by
subtracting the initial concentration of the reactants from the final concentration while
the rate is found by dividing the change in molarity by the change in time (final time
minus initial time) and flipping the sign to make it positive. The sign is flipped because
the final concentration of the reactants minus the initial concentration gives a negative
number, but the reaction rate is represented as a positive number (California State
University, Sacramento).
reaction and flatten out over time. This means that higher concentrations of reactants
increase the rate of the reaction because there are more opportunities for collision
between molecules. Because of this relationship, chemists express the rates in terms of
the concentration of reactants in which rate = k[A]x[B]y. The sum of X and Y is the order
for the entire reaction, and reaction order is the number that expresses how the rate
changes when the concentration changes, and it is to respect with both reactants A and
6
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
B in a reaction, and it is important to note that the overall reaction order determines the
orientation, and catalysts. Chemical reactions occur when molecules collide with
enough chemical energy to break chemical bonds. This is called activation energy
also increases. Since not all of the molecules in the substance have sufficient energy to
react, increasing the temperature only increases the fraction of the molecules that can
engage in chemical reactions. Another factor that affects collision is orientation. The
orientation of a molecule affects collision because when the reactants and products
formed which splits into the products. Catalysts, on the other hand, provide another way
for the chemical reaction to take place which takes less activation energy (Norton
StudySpace).
energy, the rate constant, and the effects of temperature and orientation on the rate.
The rates of chemical reactions increase with temperature because a greater amount of
molecules hold enough kinetic energy to overcome activation energy. When put
7
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Euler’s number, Ea is the activation energy in joules, R is the gas constant 8.314
J/k*mol, and T is the temperature in Kelvin. The frequency factor expresses the
importance of orientation of the molecules during collisions because the greater the A
Several experiments were found that relate to this experiment being conducted.
violet as well as in peroxidase. In the experiment, crystal violet and peroxidase is mixed
into hydrogen peroxide resulting in a bluish or purplish mixture. The absorbance of the
peroxide (Mottola). This experiment is similar to our experiment in the fact that it
Another experiment was found that was similar to our experiment. In the
experiment, crystal violet was mixed with hydroxide ions. An empirical crossover model
was used to analyze the UV spectrophotometry of the crystal violet and hydroxide ions
8
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Problem Statement
Problem:
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the rate law of the color-fading
reaction between crystal violet and hydroxide ions. The experiment provided the
information of how rate laws worked as well as its relevance in chemical kinetics.
Hypothesis:
When the concentrations of the aqueous solutions of crystal violet and sodium
Data Measured:
In the experiment, the independent variable was the volume of 1% crystal violet
solution (ml). The dependent variable was the rate of the chemical reaction of crystal
violet. This change depends on what order the reaction is (how the reaction rate
changes based on the concentration). If it is first-order, the unit is s⁻¹. The units are
M⁻¹s⁻¹ for second order and M⁻²s⁻¹ for third-order reactions. The control variable in the
experiment was the volume of distilled water (500 ml) for the solution as well as the
9
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
volume for diluting the solution which was also 500 ml. Throughout the experiment, the
absorbance (AU) for the crystal violet and NaOH was measured. Since the absorbance
and concentration are proportional to each other, the molarity (M which is found by
moles/liter) was found next for both which allowed for monitoring the molarity over time
to find the rate of the reaction. The statistical analysis for this experiment was
descriptive statistics to analyze the different initial reaction rates for each solution. This
lead to finding the actual order of the reaction for the color-fading reaction.
Experimental Design
Materials:
Safety Precautions:
Dilute sodium hydroxide solution is irritating to eyes and skin. The crystal violet stock
solution is flammable. Crystal violet is a strong dye and will stain clothes and skin.
Clean up all spills immediately. Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical-resistant
gloves, and a chemical-resistant apron. Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and
skin. Be sure to neutralize the crystal violet and hydroxide solution with acid and plenty
of water to dispose it down the drain.
1. Calibrate the machine by setting the colorimeter to 565 nm using the arrows.
2. Make a “blank solution” of equal volumes of distilled or deionized water and 0.02
M NaOH. Place the solution into a cuvette.
10
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
3. Wipe the sides of the cuvette with the kim wipes and insert it into the sample
compartment. Remember to line up the clear side of the cuvette with the arrow in
the sample compartment when placing it in.
4. Close the sample compartment press the CAL button to calibrate the machine.
5. After the red light stops blinking, take out the blank solution from the sample
compartment.
2. Rinse the pipette with distilled water several times and also with the sodium
hydroxide solution. Measure 10.0 mL of 0.02 M sodium hydroxide in a serological
pipet.
3. Add the sodium hydroxide into the 50-mL beaker with crystal violet.
5. Transfer the reacting solutions to a cuvette and clean the outside with a lint-free
wipe.
6. Place the cuvette into the colorimeter and close the lid. Record absorbance
measurements every 20 seconds for 15 minutes.
9. Rinse the pipette with distilled water several times and also with the sodium
hydroxide solution. Measure 5.0 mL of the sodium hydroxide solution with the
serological pipet.
10. Add the sodium hydroxide into another 50-mL beaker and add in 5.0 mL of
distilled water to reduce the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution to 0.01 M.
11 Take the sodium hydroxide solution (0.01 M) made in step 10 and add it into the
beaker with the crystal violet.
1
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
13. Transfer the reacting solutions to a cuvette and clean the outside with a lint-free
wipe.
14. Place into the colorimeter and close the lid. Record absorbance measurements
every 20 seconds for 15 minutes.
16. Repeat steps 1-15 about 5 times to complete 10 trials. Always calibrate the
machine first before taking measurements.
Diagram:
Sample Compartment Lid
2
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Mode button
Wavelength
Wavelength
Sample Compartment
Modes
Cuvette
The figure above shows the parts of the colorimeter that are relevant for
Data:
Below are the tables for both the 0.02 M and 0.01 M concentration solutions as
Table 1
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 1
Table 1 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
for 15 minutes.
Table 2
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 2
4
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 2 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
for 15 minutes.
Table 3
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 3
5
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 3 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
for 15 minutes. In this trial, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was 0.01 M
because it was important to see how the rate of the reaction changed when the
concentration of the reactant was changed. The absorbance also never went below
0.100.
Table 4
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 4
6
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 4 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
for 15 minutes. Like in Trial 3, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide was 0.01 M and the
Table 5
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 5
7
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 5 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
for 15 minutes. In this trial, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was 0.02 M.
Table 6
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 6
8
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 6 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
for 15 minutes. In this trial, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was 0.01 M
and the absorbance was higher at the 60 second interval than at the 40 second interval.
Table 7
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 7
9
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 7 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
for 15 minutes. In this trial, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was 0.01 M
Table 8
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 8
10
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 8 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
for 15 minutes. In this trial, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was 0.01 M
Table 9
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 9
11
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 9 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution
for 15 minutes. In this trial, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was 0.02 M
Table 10
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 10
12
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 10 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide
solution for 15 minutes. In this trial, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was
0.02 M. There is no data for the 40 second interval because the cuvette was not put into
Table 11
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 11
13
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 11 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide
solution for 15 minutes. In this trial, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was
Table 12
Absorbance of Crystal Violet for Trial 12
14
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 12 shows the absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide
solution for 15 minutes. In this trial, the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution was
0.01 M because it was important to see how the rate of the reaction changed when the
concentration of the reactant was changed. In this trial, the absorbance went below
0.100.
Observations:
15
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Table 13
Observations for Trials With Sodium Hydroxide Solutions of 0.01 M
Table 14
Observations for Trials With Sodium Hydroxide Solutions of 0.02 M
Tables 13 and 14 display the observations made when during the trials with their
respective sodium hydroxide solutions. The observations made were if the absorbance
didn’t follow normal trends over time such as increasing at an interval when it was
supposed to decrease. Also, trials with missing data points were also noted due to time
issues. For Trial 4, the absorbance went up during the 580 second interval then started
decreasing again. In Trial 6, the absorbance was higher at the 60 second mark and then
started decreasing, and in Trial 10, there was no data point for the 40 second interval
because the cuvette was not placed fast enough into the colorimeter.
Diagrams:
16
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Figure 5. Crystal Violet and Sodium Hydroxide Solution at the Start and End of Trial 1
Figure 5 shows the before and after pictures respectively of the Crystal Violet
and sodium hydroxide solution. As the Crystal Violet and the sodium hydroxide ions
react, the solution undergoes a color fading reaction and goes on to becoming clearer
than purple.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the rate law of the color-fading
reaction between crystal violet and hydroxide ions. A colorimeter was used to collect the
absorbance of the crystal violet and sodium hydroxide solution, and the data was
displayed on LabQuest. The independent variable in this experiment was the volume of
1% crystal violet solution (ml). The dependent variable was the rate of the chemical
reaction of crystal violet which was affected by the order of the reaction (how the
reaction rate changes based on concentration). The units are s⁻¹, M⁻¹s⁻¹, and M⁻²s⁻¹ for
the experiment was the volume of distilled water (500 ml) used to prepare each solution
and the volume for diluting the solution which was also 500 ml. In the experiment, the
absorbance for the crystal violet and NaOH was monitored, and since absorbance and
concentration are proportional to each other because of Beer’s Law, the molarity (M
which is found by moles/liter) was calculated for both. The data collected was reliable
because it was very consistent, and the same stock solution of crystal violet was used in
each solution. Also, randomization was not possible because the experiment had to be
orderly and systematic. The trials were also replicated the same way each time for
consistency. Descriptive analysis was used to interpret the data because the order of a
18
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
19
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Figure 10. Trial 10 Concentration of Crystal Violet Over Time in 0.02 M Solution
crystal violet over time. The graphs have a linear slope which means that the reaction is
first-order with respect to crystal violet. Also, the slopes of the graphs are negative
because the reactants are depleting over time. Trial 2’s graph was omitted because the
data had the exact same values as in Trial 1. The data was consistent as well in the
sense that each slope is between -0.0013 and -0.0019, which will be useful in coming
20
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Figure 11. Trial 3 Concentration of Crystal Violet Over Time in 0.01 M Solution
Figure 12. Trial 4 Concentration of Crystal Violet Over Time in 0.01 M Solution
Figure 13. Trial 7 Concentration of Crystal Violet Over Time in 0.01 M Solution
21
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Figure 14. Trial 8 Concentration of Crystal Violet Over Time in 0.01 M Solution
Figure 15. Trial 11 Concentration of Crystal Violet Over Time in 0.01 M Solution
Figure 16. Trial 12 Concentration of Crystal Violet Over Time in 0.01 M Solution
22
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Figures 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 show the natural log of the concentration of
crystal violet over time in the 0.01 M solution. The graphs are linear like the graphs of
the 0.02 M solution which indicate a first-order reaction. Each slope had a value
between -0.0005 and -0.0010 except for Trial 5 in Figure 10, so the data was consistent
as well.
The rate law is used to determine how the rate of a reaction varies when the
concentration of the reactants change. For the color-fading of crystal violet and sodium
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘 ′ [𝐶𝑉 + ]𝑛
𝑘 ′ = 𝑘[𝑂𝐻 − ]𝑚
The equation above determines how the color fading reaction changes as the
concentrations of both crystal violet, [CV], and sodium hydroxide, [OH] vary. The k’
value is the pseudo-reaction rate constant because it combines the true value, k, with
respect to sodium hydroxide. The letters n and m correspond with the order of the
reaction with respect to crystal violet and sodium hydroxide. This rate law is only valid if
the concentration of sodium hydroxide ions is greater than the concentration of crystal
violet.
To determine the order of the reaction, graphical analysis was used because
every order has a distinct feature in their graphs. In a zero-order graph, the
23
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
concentration over time is linear. For first-order reactions, the natural logarithm of the
concentration over time is linear. Finally, in second-order reactions, the reciprocal of the
concentration over time is linear. This is important because once the order is
determined, the slope of the graph determines the k’ value in the rate law.
In Figures 6 through 10, the natural log of the concentration of the crystal violet
was shown since they represented linear graphs, indicating that the reaction with the
respect to crystal violet was a first-order reaction. This means that the n value in the
rate law was equal to 1, and the k’ value is equal to the negative slope of the graphs,
In Figures 11 through 16, even though it was not necessary to determine the rate
law, the concentration of sodium hydroxide was changed to see how the pseudo-rate
constant changed. This was necessary for determining the order of the reaction with
respect to sodium hydroxide as well as for the entire reaction. To see how the pseudo
rate law changed, a ratio of 2 pseudo-rate constants (from Trials 3 of the 0.02 M
0.0013 𝑘[0.02]𝑚
=
0.0007 𝑘[0.01]𝑚
1.8571 = 2𝑚
𝑚 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥. 1 (0.8931)
24
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Figure 18 was used to determine how the pseudo-rate constant changed when
the concentration of sodium hydroxide was half of the initial concentration of 0.02 M.
Because the pseudo-rate constant was almost halved when the concentration of the
sodium hydroxide was halved, the order with respect to sodium hydroxide was 1.
Now that the values k’, m and n were determined through experimentation and
graphical analysis, both the order and rate law of the whole reaction can be determined.
To find the order of the reaction, the values of m and n must be added in which:
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚 + 𝑛
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 1 + 1
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2
The equation above was used to calculate the order of the entire color fading
reaction. Because both orders with respect to crystal violet and sodium hydroxide were
1, the entire reaction ended up being a second-order reaction. This means that when
the concentration of both the reactants are doubled, then the initial rate of the reaction is
quadrupled.
The rate law can now be determined using the simplified version from Figure 14
in which:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘 ′ [𝐶𝑉 + ]𝑛
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0.0015[𝐶𝑉 + ]1
25
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Figure 20 provides the final rate law for the color fading reaction of crystal violet
and sodium hydroxide. The k’ was determined by using the negative slope of the graphs
where sodium hydroxide was held at 0.02 M. The letter n was determined through the
order of the reaction with respect to crystal violet. Sodium hydroxide was not necessary
in this equation because the initial concentration was higher than that of the crystal
violet, allowing this rate law to be valid. Under other conditions, then the pseudo-rate
law would not be acceptable, and the full rate law would have to be used.
Interpretation:
In Figures 6 to 16, the graphs modeled the natural log of the concentration of
crystal violet over time. Figures 6 to 10 were based on the data for the 0.02 M solution,
and Figures 11 to 16 were based on the data for the 0.01 M solution, and all of the
graphs had a linear trend. In Figure 17, the pseudo-rate constant was needed along
with the order with respect to crystal violet. The order of the reaction was found to be
first-order because of the linear trend in the graphs, and because they were first-order,
the pseudo-rate constant was equal to the opposite slopes of the graphs with the 0.02
M solution. In Figure 18 when the concentration of the sodium hydroxide was halved,
the pseudo-rate constant was also halved which meant that the order with respect to
hydroxide ions was first-order. With this information, the order of the entire reaction was
constant and order with respect to crystal violet was determined, the rate law was found
in Figure 20.
26
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Conclusion
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the rate law of a color fading
reaction between crystal violet and hydroxide. A descriptive analysis was used to
interpret the data as rate order can be determined through graphical analysis. The
original hypothesis stating that when the concentrations of the aqueous solutions of
crystal violet and sodium hydroxide double, the color fading reaction will be a second-
order reaction, was accepted. When finding out the order of the reaction with respect to
crystal violet and sodium hydroxide, both were found to be first-order reactions, making
The data collected supported the original hypothesis. For the graphs which
contained the data of the solutions with the 0.02 M concentration of sodium hydroxide,
the natural log of the crystal violet concentration was shown over a 900 second
duration. Each of those graphs displayed a linear trend, and that was important since
first-order reactions have linear trends in their graphs when the natural log of the
concentration is displayed over time. In other words, it meant that the reaction with
respect to crystal violet was a first-order reaction. This also happened with the graphs
for the solutions that had a 0.01 M concentration of sodium hydroxide which indicated
the reaction was also first-order with respect to sodium hydroxide. This meant that the
pseudo-constant value k’ could be found by taking the opposite slope of the graphs.
To prove that the reaction was first-order with respect to sodium hydroxide
mathematically, a ratio of pseudo-constant values was made from 2 trials that had a
27
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
which was approximately 1, meaning that the reaction with respect to sodium hydroxide
was a first-order reaction. However, finding out the order of the reaction with respect to
sodium hydroxide was not necessary for finding the rate law.
The pseudo-rate law for the color-fading reaction was found in Figure 20 using
the pseudo-rate constant of the graphs of the solutions with a 0.02 M concentration of
sodium hydroxide as well as the order with respect to the crystal violet. The pseudo-rate
constant was found to be 0.0015 since it was the average opposite slope of all the
graphs. The actual rate law is longer than the one calculated, but the one used in Figure
20 was acceptable because the concentration of sodium hydroxide was greater than the
crystal violet concentration. If this was not the case, the pseudo-rate law would not
work.
Because the procedures were precise and detailed in the Flinn Scientific AP Lab, it was
easy to use them as a base and build up from there. For example, the lab gave step-by-
dye and one thousand ml of distilled water as well as how to convert the absorbance of
crystal violet into concentration. However, it did not stop the errors that appeared in a
Some of the data points were a little inconsistent because at some point during
the experiment, the absorbance would increase then start to decrease. This should not
decrease in reactions to make the products. This is due to the fact that some of the
28
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
cuvettes had scratches and little marks which could have tampered with the colorimeter.
On some occasions, the cuvettes were not wiped thoroughly because of time restraints
which can be seen with Trial 6 of the solution with the 0.02 M sodium hydroxide solution
which could not be placed in time to get a 40-second reading. Other things could have
affected the colorimeter such as temperature since it affects chemical reactions, and it
This research was meant to find out the process of chemical reactions and the
importance of chemical kinetics in the real world. There are so many ideas in chemical
kinetics that help scientists understand how reactions work as well as what can affect
them in significant ways. Since this experiment is so broad, it can be used on other
types of chemical reactions to see how reaction rates work for solutions other than
crystal violet. Scientists can use this research to determine more important things about
chemical kinetics to topics like what factors help rapidly spoil food or how fast certain
medicines can activate. In other words, this research is very flexible with other topics in
chemical kinetics which can help clear up certain process within the world.
29
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
Works Cited
StudySpace,
www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/chemistry3/ch/15/chemtours.aspx.
Du, Zhongyu, et al. “Kinetics of the Reaction of Crystal Violet with Hydroxide Ion in the
www.austincc.edu/microbugz/gram_stain.php.
Knutson, Theodore R., et al. “A Fresh Look at the Crystal Violet Lab with Handheld
Camera Colorimetry.” Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 92, no. 10, 2015, pp.
1692–1695., doi:10.1021/ed500876y.
loke.as.arizona.edu/~ckulesa/camp/spectroscopy_intro.html.
chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Kinetics/Reaction
_Rates/Experimental_Determination_of_Kinetcs/Spectrophotometry.
30
Ducusin – Nihal – Price
www.diamond.ac.uk/industry/Industry-News/Latest-News/Synchrotron-Industry-
News-Focus-Spectroscopy.html.
31