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Abstract. The article attempts to reveal consistency and contradictions in design procedures for bolted connections in
steel structural joints in compliance with EuroCode on one hand and Ukrainian building codes on the other hand. The
need for such a comparison has emerged because European steel components are being imported intensively into the
market of Ukraine. A software application for design and analysis of steel structural joints in compliance with differ-
ent building codes has been developed and is presented in this paper.
Keywords: steel structural joints, bolted end-plate connections, bolted shear connections, design model, software im-
plementation.
a b c
Fig 1. Bolted end-plate connections in steel frames: (a) a joint between an external column and a rafter; (b) a joint be-
tween an internal column and a rafter; (c) a field joint on a rafter (photos were provided by ASTRON Buildings S.A.).
733
where M x is the design bending moment in the joint; m
Design models of bolted end-plate connections
and k are the respective numbers of horizontal and verti-
The analysis of a bolted end-plate connection under cal rows in the bolted connection; ni is the number of
the simultaneous action of the bending moment and the bolts in i th horizontal row; yi , ymax are distances from
axial force in the case of an alternating-sign stress distri- the respective i th and extreme horizontal bolt row to the
bution is a fairly complicated task. The reason is that the neutral axis of the member around the end-plate. This
strain characteristics of the connection are different in its approach dictates that the thickness of the end-plate
respective areas of tension and compression. Therefore should be found from the bending strength condition for
both the localization of the neutral axis and the accurate the end-plate in the elastic phase; this value is too conser-
stress distribution are not known in advance in the design vative (Алпатов et al. 2009).
cross-sections of the connected structural members The design of bolted end-plate connections is regu-
around the end-plate connection. lated in Ukraine by the effectual Guidelines
An inaccurate and conservative analysis of a bolted (Рекомендации 1988, Руководство 1981) which were
end-plate connection can be performed under the assump- prepared as a supplemental standard to corresponding
tion that the stresses in bolts are proportional to the dis- chapters of SNiP ІІ-23-81* and SP 53-102-2004. Accord-
tance from the point of application of the resultant force ing to these Guidelines, the end-plate connection design
in the compressed area (actually, from the center of the should be based on the following criteria:
compressed flange) to a selected bolt (Fig 2). – the load-bearing ability of a bolt in tension and
In this case, the design force in the most stressed shear;
bolt can be found from the following equation: – the load-bearing ability of an end-plate in bend-
ymax ing, and in possible surface tearing (peeling) in
N max = Mx (1) a heat-affected zone;
∑
m
k ni yi2 – the load-bearing ability of fillet welds between
i =1 an end-plate and an adjacent section of a struc-
tural member.
f w
End-plate bolted connections of open-profile struc-
kff , kfw
tural members are considered to be a set of T-shaped
kff , kfw
elementary connections. The strength of a bolted end-
plate connection as a whole is treated as the sum of those
of its elementary connections. The design procedure for
the connections is based on an elastic behavior of the T-
a2 lf , l w a2
shaped elements that consist of bolts and adjacent pieces
Pf of the end-plates (Fig 3).
deformed axis
of end-plate To check the load-bearing ability, an additional
Nb Nb stress (a contact force) caused by a “prying lever” effect
should be taken into consideration. This contact force is a
c c resultant of whatever stresses appear when two contigu-
ous end-plates are pressed together. The location of the
Fig 2. A simplified design model of a bolted end-plate resultant depends on the thickness of the end-plates.
connection There is an additional factor in the bending analysis of
the end-plates: the design bending moment can be re-
duced by taking into account the end-plate being elasti-
tf , t w cally clamped under the bolt. Thereby we can reduce the
kff , kfw thickness of the end-plate. This approach is based on
kff , kfw experimental computations carried out by various re-
searches (Каленов и Глауберман 1985, De Lima et. al.
2002, Vértes and Iványi 2005).
According to (Рекомендации 1988, Руководство
a2 lf , l w a2 1981), the load-bearing ability of a bolted end-plate con-
Pf nection is considered to be sufficient when the following
condition is met:
Nb Nb
∑ Nb,ext ,i
deformed axis next
of end-plate N ≤ nb Nb,int + (2)
i =1
c c
Q Q where Nb,int is the load-bearing ability of a bolt in an
Fig 3. An improved design model of a bolted end- internal zone which is assumed equal to the bolt’s
plate connection prestressing force, Nb,int = γ b0 Rbt Abn ; γ b0 is a factor to
take into account an individual bolt behavior, stress re-
734
laxation, and a non-uniformity in the stress distribution; Катюшин 2005) have addressed the design analysis of
Rbt is a design strength of the bolt for tension; Abn is a bolted end-plate connections in steel frameworks where
net cross-section area of the bolt; nb is the number of plastic deformations are taken into account. This ap-
proach provides an opportunity to use reserves of the
bolts in the internal zone; Nb,ext ,i is a design force per load-bearing ability of bolted end-plate connections by
one bolt of the external zone of i th Т-shaped elementary allowing a plastic deformation to develop in those and in
connection; the force is defined by the following formula: adjacent sections of the connected structural members.
This will make the required thickness of the end-plate as
⎧
⎪ α +1 ⎪⎫ small as possible.
Nb,ext ,i = min ⎨λi Rbt Abn ; 1,3 i Rbt Abn ⎬ (3)
⎪
⎩ μiαi ⎭⎪ The analysis of bolted end-plate connections where
plastic deformations are taken into account is performed
where λi is a factor assumed to depend on the bolt’s using a limit equilibrium method (Sumner and Murray
dimensionless stiffness parameter, χi : 2003, Undermann and Schmidt 2005). Tree potential
failure mechanisms are considered: (i) failure of bolts, (ii)
λi = 0,5088 − 0, 23561lg χi (4) failure of bolts with a simultaneous partial propagation of
plastic deformations in the end-plate, and (iii) a plastic
3
d2 ⎛b ⎞ collapse of the end-plate (Sokol et al. 2002, Urbonas and
χi = ×⎜
i
⎟ (5) Daniunas 2004, Pisarek and Kozlowski 2006) (Fig 4).
ω t
i( f + 0,5d ⎜t
) ⎝ f
⎟
⎠ If an end-plate has a considerable bending stiffness,
then the failure of the end-plate connection occurs as a
6
μi = 0,9 Rbt Abn bi × (6) consequence of that of bolts loaded by external forces in
ωi t 2f Ry the absence of prying-lever contact forces. The load-
bearing ability of such a connection will be defined com-
where bi is the distance from the bolt’s axis to the edge pletely by that of bolts in tension (Urbonas and Daniunas
of the fillet weld of i th T-shaped elementary connection; 2004):
ωi is the end-plate’s width per one bolt of the external FT , I = ∑i Bt ,i (8)
zone of i th Т-shaped elementary connection, t f is the
end-plate’s thickness; αi is a parameter that expresses a If the bending stiffness of end-plates is lower (they
relation between the distances from the bolt center to the are designed with a smaller thickness), the failure of the
application points of contact forces caused by the prying end-plate connection occurs as a result of that of bolts
lever effect and from the bolt center to the edge of the together with a partial propagation of plastic deforma-
connected structural member’s profile; parameter αi is
tions in the end-plate. The load-bearing ability of this
connection can be found from the equation of a balance
defined by the following equation: between the external and internal works (Urbonas and
Daniunas 2004, Kozlowski and Pisarek 2005):
1, 4 χi (αi − 1, 0 ) − αi2 + μiαi (αi − 1, 0 ) = 0
3
(7)
M pl ,1 + eBt
One of striking differences between EuroCode and FT , II = (9)
2 ( e + m)
the Ukrainian building codes related to the design of
bolted end-plate connections is that EuroCode requires
the propagation of plastic deformations to be taken into
account. A lot of researches (Бирюлев и Катюшин 1989,
Q Q Q
e ϕ M ϕ
B B pl,2
B Q
δ
t t t
2
M
m M M
pl,2
FT
pl,1
FT ϕ pl,1
FT
δ M δ M
m M
pl,1 1 pl,1
Q
1
B t
B t
pl,2
B t
e M pl,2
Q Q Q
Fig 4. Design models of bolted end-plate connections according to EN 1993-1-8
735
If a thin end-plate is used, the failure of a bolted The value of rotational stiffness S j ,ini is a criterion
connection occurs by propagation of plastic deformations
suggested by EuroCode to classify joints into nominally
in the body of its end-plate. The load-bearing ability of
pinned, rigid, and semi-rigid ones (Fig 5). It is important
the bolted connection in this case will be defined purely
that structural properties of joints remain in compliance
by that of the end-plate:
with design assumptions made in the global analysis of
2M pl ,1 + 2M pl ,2 the entire structure and in the design procedures of par-
FT , III = (10) ticular structural members. In particular, the calculated
m
joint compliance must be sufficient to permit the same
It should be noted that the propagation of plastic de- rotation angle as that obtained by the static analysis
formations in end-plates and adjacent sections of con- (Faella et. al. 2000, Urbonas and Daniunas 2003).
nected structural members increases the overall deform- It should be noted that the effect of an actual joint
ability of a structure, and this fact should be taken into stiffness in steel frameworks becomes especially signifi-
account appropriately in a subsequent nonlinear structural cant for structural joints with bolted connections of bear-
analysis (Cerfontaine and Jaspart 2002, Jaspart 2000). ing type that possess a higher deformability comparing to
both welded connections and other types of bolted con-
Consistency and contradiction nections. The reason is primarily a bearing deformation
that emerges in bolt holes of connected members
The primary and most significant difference between (Krumm 1991, Kuhlmann et. al. 1998).
the European design regulations and those of Ukraine is There is a European categorization of bolted connec-
that the former require that the influence of the actual tions which needs to be made consistent with the national
stiffness of a steel structural joint on the real behavior of design codes for EuroCode to be implemented in
a loaded steel framework should be analyzed. This is an Ukraine.
implementation of one of prospective contemporary According to Ukrainian building standards and regu-
trends in the structural design and analysis. The service- lations (SNiP ІІ-23-81*, a draft DBN V.2.6-…: 200…), all
ability of structural joints can be assessed not only by bolted connections of steel structures are divided into (i)
their strength, as in the Ukrainian building regulations, shear connections and (ii) frictional (or slip-resistance)
but also by their deformability or compliance (Da Silva connections depending on their external force transfer
et. al. 2002). mechanism. Flange connections (or bolted end-plate con-
EuroCode defines a procedure for calculating the ro- nections) make up a separate class of bolted connections,
tation stiffness, S j , of a structural joint. It depends on and specific standard documents (Рекомендации 1988,
stiffness factors ki of particular structural members in- Руководство 1981) are used to regulate the design and
cluded in the joint (see Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8). For analysis of such connections.
In its turn, EuroCode identifies five categories of
end-plate bolted connections in frame structures, the ini-
bolted connections: three categories А, В and С of shear
tial rotation stiffness S j ,ini can be calculated by the fol-
connections, and two categories D and E of tension con-
lowing formula: nections (see Table 1). Bolted connection of the A cate-
gory (bearing type) is a prototype for our usual shear
z2 E
S j ,ini = (11) connection where external forces are resisted by shearing
∑ 1
i ki
in bolts and bearing of connected members in holes.
In bolted connections of the В and С categories,
high-strength preloaded bolts of grades 8.8 and 10.9 are
where E is an elasticity modulus; z is a lever arm (see used. An external shear force that acts on the joint is re-
Fig 6.15 in EN 1993-1-8). sisted by friction forces between the contact surfaces of
the connected members due to the preloading of the bolts.
Bolted connections of the В and С categories are, as we
Mj Mj can see from EuroCode, essentially the same as bolted
frictional connections identified in the Ukrainian design
code. Meanwhile, one of the most significant differences
rigid of EuroCode from the Ukrainian design code is that the
former requires the check of the load-bearing ability of
bolted connections to be based on design load combina-
tions in both the ultimate limit state and the serviceability
semi-rigid limit state.
S j,ini
The following categories of bolted connections,
where the bolts are in tension, are usually employed in
nominally pinned bolted end-plate connections between steel structural
joints. If preloaded high-strength bolts of grades 8.8
Fig 5. A rotation stiffness-based classification of joints and 10.9 are used, then those bolted connections belong
to category E, otherwise to category D.
736
Table 1. Categories of bolted connections
Category of bolted connections Criteria of load-bearing Analog from Ukrainian
Notes
according to EuroCode ability design code
А Fv, Ed ≤ Fv, Rd Bolt grades from 4.6 through 10.9 or Shear connection
(bearing type) non-preloaded high-strength bolts
Fv, Ed ≤ Fb, Rd
В (slip resistance in ser- Fv, Ed , ser ≤ Fs, Rd , ser
Shear connections
Ft , Ed ≤ B p, Rd
Tension
737
It seems also interesting to compare different build- Fv, Rd = β Lα v fub ns A γ M2 (12)
ing code requirements to bolt spacing, end, and edge
distances. EuroCode and the Ukrainian building code where A is the gross cross-section area of a bolt; γ M 2 is
regulate minimum and maximum permissible spacing,
a partial safety factor for bolted connections; fub is a
end, and edge distances between holes in bolted connec-
tions (see Tables 2 and 3). For connected members in given ultimate tensile strength of the bolts; ns is the
tension, the maximum permissible distances are set number of shear surfaces; α v is a factor calculated ac-
mainly in order to ensure an appropriate closeness of a cording to Table 3.4 of EN 1993-1-8 depending on a
bolted connection and thereby to avoid corrosion. For bolt’s strength grade.
connected members in compression, the maximum per- The value of factor β L varies from 1,0 to 0,75 and
missible distances are to prevent local buckling.
As it can be seen from Tables 2 and 3, in all cases depends on the distance between the centers of end holes
EuroCode defines lower values for both minimum and in a bolted connection, L j (Fig 6), and on the bolt diame-
maximum permissible distances between holes in bolted ter d according to the following formula:
connections. Additionally, it defines special cases where
a local buckling analysis should be performed for plates β L = 1 − 0, 005 ( L j d − 15) , β L ≥ 0, 75 (13)
in compressed connected members in the area between
bolts, in the external force’s direction. In similar design cases, SNiP II-23-81* uses only the
As for the distribution of external forces in bolted service factor γ b = 0,9 for shear multiple-bolted connec-
connections, EuroCode takes into consideration a certain tions when calculating both the shear and the bearing bolt
non-uniformity of the distribution between bolts in a long resistance. In this way, SNiP II-23-81* actually allows
lap joint (a shear multi-bolted connection). For such cases for the case where bolts in a joint might not start resisting
EuroCode suggests using factor β L when calculating the load at the same time.
shear resistance Fv, Rd of bolts as shown below:
Limit value
Maximum permissible distance
Draft EuroCode 3
SNiP II-23-81*
DBN V.2.6 EN 1993-1-8
а) in end rows in the absence of curb angles, either in 8d0 or 12tmin 8d0 or 12tmin 14tmin or 200mm
tension or compression
p1 e1
e2
F F
p2
lef =0,6p1
Legend: d0 is the diameter of a hole; tmin is the thickness of a thinner outer element of the bolted connection.
Note: The maximum permitted distances between the centers of holes and that from the center of a hole to the element’s edge are
presented here for steel structures made of steel as defined in EN10025, except for steel defined in EN10025-5.
738
Lj trial engineering. The application helps perform a struc-
F F tural appraisal of a steel joint according to the require-
ments of SNiP ІІ-23-81*, SP 53-102-2004 and EN 1993-
Lj Lj 1-8 and design a steel structural joint based on a particu-
lar prototype.
F F Unlike invention, a prototype-based engineering
consists of choosing and utilizing an available solution.
L b This is the approach implemented in the COMET soft-
ware; it is based on choosing from a set of parametrized
standard structural designs of joints (prototypes)
1,0
СНиП II-23-81*
0,9 (Карпиловский et al. 2008). The set of parameters for a
0,75 ДБН В.2.6 prototype depends on what design conditions are prede-
EN 1993-1-8
fined (material, internal forces etc.); they cannot be de-
termined independently because a certain interrelation-
ship might exist between them.
The COMET application uses the above approach
Lj and thereby enables an engineer to improve his efficiency
15d 16d0 65d 66d0
by providing him with a wide range of prototypes. In this
Fig 6. Reduction of load-bearing ability of bolts in a
way, a highly qualified personnel does not have to do a
long lap joint routine technical work of checking and correcting a mul-
titude of parameters to comply with building codes and
design specifications.
The draft of a new Ukrainian building code for steel
After a structural scheme is selected for a joint, the
structures (DBN В.2.6-…: 200…) defines the usage of a
system helps determine all parameters of it (they must
service factor with the value of 0,9 for bolted connections
comply with building codes, a number of structural or
that resist shear and bearing. In addition, the DBN draft
design constraints, and catalogues of steel members).
includes a correction introduced to allow for a non-
Both the building requirements and structural constraints
uniform distribution of external forces between fasteners
are mandatory, and any violation of those is not an op-
in a connection, for design cases where the distance be-
tion. However, there are also design constraints violating
tween the end bolt holes in the direction of the force ex-
which would only cause a warning, and the application
ceeds 16 diameters of the holes (Fig 6).
can generate a decision with the violations thus made.
If a bending moment acts in a connection, the distri-
The input data for computer-aided design of steel
bution of the internal forces between the fasteners should
structural joints include a joint’s type or configuration,
be assumed dependent on the bolted connection type.
types and sizes of cross-sections of connected structural
According to the Ukrainian building code, the distribu-
members, and internal forces acting in adjacent sections
tion of the internal forces between the fasteners can be
of the connected members.
assumed uniform (i. e. as in a rectangular stress diagram)
The user has the options of either accepting the sug-
for frictional bolted connections, and non-uniform (as in a
gested decision or modifying it to his preferences, in
triangular stress diagram) for shear bolted connection.
order to take into account a technology used to manufac-
As for EN 1993-1-8, it has a strict requirement that
ture the involved steelwork members, requirements of
the distribution of the external forces between the fasten-
unification of the structural scheme within the framework
ers in a connection should be elastic for C category bolted
of a project or anything else (design team, manufacturing
connections, i.e. for frictional high-strength grade 8.8 and
plant etc.), the usage of standard decisions commonly
10.9 preloaded bolt connections designed for ultimate
used in the project or team as well as the quality assur-
limit states. In addition, an elastic distribution of the ex-
ance system, marking system etc.
ternal forces is required also for other categories of bolted
Having done this, the software performs an appraisal
connections in cases where the design bearing resistance
of the joint’s design and generates a drawing: a sketch of
of bolts exceeds the shear resistance. In other cases
the design where all involved parameters and properties
EN 1993-1-8 assumes a plastic distribution of the exter-
are laid out. In order to be able to make additions or
nal forces between the fasteners in steel structural joints.
changes to the design thus generated, or to alter the repre-
Software implementation sentation format (such as dimensioning, legends etc.), the
system can export the graphical results of the design pro-
A software implementation of the design and analy- cedure as a DXF (AutoCAD) file.
sis procedures for bolted end-plate connections between A set of incoming parameters and a set of outgoing
steel joints in framework structures is the COMET appli- parameters are defined for each of joint prototypes (de-
cation included in the SCAD Office software suite sign parameters for structural decisions); methods have
(Карпиловский et al. 2008). The COMET software ap- been determined to identify those groups of parameters.
plication is used to perform a structural assessment of The representation of the structural joint becomes a basis
design decisions and to develop designs of typical joints on which a mathematical model of the design problem is
of steel structural systems widely used in civil and indus- formulated. The mathematical model includes a set of
739
design variables (unknown parameters of the design deci- – criterial constraints such as a minimum weight
sion for the joint) and a set of constraints. of auxiliary elements in a designed joint (gusset
The set of constraints comprises: plates, ribs, support tables etc.) or a minimum
– constraints by the load-bearing ability of con- labor content of manufacturing.
nected structural members and auxiliary struc- The COMET software provides the following
tural elements (strictly speaking, the load- groups of prototypes for steel structural joints: nominally
bearing ability of connected members should be rigid and nominally pinned column bases, beam and raf-
ensured before starting the design or structural ter splices, hinged and rigid joints between columns and
assessment of the joint; the checks performed rafters, truss joints. A considerable part of structural steel
here are just additional majority-decision joints use bolted end-plate connections (such as beam and
checks which ensure the members are strong rafter splices as well as rigid joints between rafters and
enough in the elastic phase of their behavior); columns). In order to analyze and design such joints, the
these constraints are defined by building re- COMET software implements actual Guidelines
quirements; (Рекомендации 1988, Руководство 1981), as well as
– assortment-based constraints for shaped and EN1993-1-8, and uses the design models of bolted end-
sheet steel; plate connections presented above.
– structural constraints which reflect the way The nomenclature of prototypes of beam-to-rafter
parts are manufactured; geometrical constraints splices using bolted end-plate connections implemented
posed by mutual arrangement of the structural in the “Beam-To-Beam Joints” mode of the COMET
members due to localization of welding and application is presented in Fig 7.
bolted connections; possibility of welding to-
gether elements of different thickness etc.);
bf Kff
C2
bf bf
Dp
Dp
Kff Kff
C
C
tf
tf
tf
D D D
C1
n n n
Hp
Hp
hw
hw
hw
Kfw Kfw Kfw
Hp
C1
tf
tf
tf
C
S
Dp
Dp
Tp Tp S Tp Tp
C2
Tp Tp S
Bp
Bp
Bp
a b c
bf
bf
Lo Lo Kfw To Kff
S
Dp
Kff
C
tf
tf
D D
C
n n
Hp
hw
hw
Kfw Kfw
Hp
C
C
C1
tf
tf
Lo Lo
Dp
Tp Tp S
Kfw
C2
Tp Tp To
Bp
Bp
d e
bf
bf Kff Lo Lo S Kff
C2
tf
tf
D D
C1
n n
Hp
Hp
hw
hw
Kfw Kfw
C
C1
C1
tf
tf
C
Lo Lo
Kfw
C2
C2
Tp Tp S Tp Tp To
Bp Bp
f j
Fig 7. Prototypes of structural designs of splices between beams and rafters using bolted end-plate connections
740
These joints are most often designed to match the ability of the rafter, then the COMET software provides
outer dimensions of an end-plate to the height of a beam several prototypes of joint design decisions with
(Fig 7, а). If the bending moment acting in the joint can- haunches (see Fig 8, e, f). For several prototypes of joints
not be taken on completely by the bolts located between between rafter and columns, a feature for specifying a
the beam flanges, then there appears a necessity to de- rafter slope (Fig 8, d, f) also has been implemented.
velop design decisions with extended end-plates and out- The design and analysis of bolted end-plate connec-
side bolt rows which increase the end-plate height down- tions in beam and rafter splices as well as rigid joints
wards (Fig 7, b, d) or upwards (Fig 7, c, e) depending on between columns and rafters can be performed for several
the bending moment’s sign. If there are considerable design load combinations when the joint experiences a
alternating-sign bending moments, designs of bolted end- simultaneous action of a bending moment, axial and shear
plate joints with extended end-plates and outside bolt forces. In addition, internal forces in the abutting column
rows on either beam flange (Fig 7, f, j) are used. sections can be specified for joints between rafters and
The nomenclature of prototypes of rigid joints be- columns: an axial force, two bending moments about the
tween rafters and columns using bolted end-plate connec- main axes of the column’s cross-section, and correspond-
tions, which are implemented in the “Beam-To-Column ing shear forces.
Joints” mode of the COMET application, is presented in Interfaces of the “Beam-To-Beam Joints” and
Fig 8. If a considerable bending moment acts in the joint, “Beam-To-Column Joints” modes of the COMET soft-
and the value of this moment exceeds the load-bearing ware are presented in Fig 9 and Fig 10, respectively.
bf
Tp Tp L Tr
bf
V
C1
tf
tf
D
C2
C2
C
C
D
C1
C1
S
Hp
Hp
n K1
hw
hw
Bp
K1
C
C
tf
tf
Dp
Dp
Ts S
Hs
Bs
Торец
фрезеровать Bp
а b
Tp
Dp
Tp bf bf
tf
Dp
tf
C
D D
hw
n K1 n K1
Hp
Hp
hw
C
tf
a
tf
b
Dp
Dp
S S
Bp Bp
c d
Dp
Tp
Tp bf bf
tf
Dp
tf
D D
hw
n1 K1 n1 K1
hw
Hp
Hp
tf
a
C
b
n2 n2
tf
Lv
Hv
Hv
Lv
C
C
Dp
Dp
S S
Bp Bp
e f
Fig 8. Prototypes of structural designs of rigid joints between a rafter and
a column using bolted end-plate connections
741
Fig 9. Interface of the “Beam-To-Beam Joint” mode Fig 10. Interface of the “Beam-To-Column Joint”
of the COMET software mode of the COMET software (rigid joints)
742
Kennedy, N. A.; Vinnakota, S.; Sherbourne, A. 1981. The split- for design, manufacturing, and assembling of flange con-
tee analogy in bolted splices and beam-column connec- nections of roof trusses with chords made from H-
tions, Joints in Structural Steelwork 2.138–2.157. sections]. Москва, ЦНИИПСК им. Мельникова, 1981.
Kozlowski, A.; Pisarek, Z. 2005. Characteristics of bolted end Revised Annex J of Eurocode 3. Joints in Building Frames.
plate joints with four bolts in the row, in Proc. of 10th Sci- European Prestandard ENV 1993-1-1: 1992/A2. CEN
entific Conference Rzeszow-Lviv-Kosice “State of Art, Brussels, Belgium, 1998.
Trends of Development and Challenges in Civil Engineer- Sokol, Z., Wald, F., Delabre, V., Muzeau, J. P., Svarc, M. 2002.
ing”. September 11-13, 2005, Košice, Slovakia. Design of end plate joints subject to moment and normal
Krumm, R. 1991. Calculation of rigid face plate connections force. In Proc. of III European Conference on Steel and
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