COENZYME COMPONENTS RDA BEST DEFICIENCY MANIFESTATIONS METABOLIC ASSESSMENT OTHERS

FORM SOURCE INVOLVEMENT

B1 Thiamine TPP Pyrimidine ring 0.5g/1000cal Rice husk Beriberi Severe skeletal and Glycolysis Transketolase ↓thiamine in
Anti- Thiazole ring Chronic peripheral cardiac muscle Pyruvate DH: pyruvate blood, urine
beriberi beriberi (neurologic) weakness  acetyl CoA ↑ pyruvate,
Anti-neuritic Acute pernicious Krebs cycle lactate in blood
fulminating beriberi Lactic acidosis αKG DH: αKG  ↑pentoses in
(cardiac involvement, (↓thiamine, ↓carb succinyl CoA blood
edema, metabolic metab, ↑pyruvate, HMP shunt ↓O2 uptake by
failure) ↑lactate) Transketolase reaction brain
(2C transfer)
Wernicke-Korsakoff Pentosuria Nerve tissue Energy-releasing
syndrome (↓thiamine, ↓HMP metabolism as TTP
(↓absorption because shunt, Protein metab Slowly destroyed
it is vulnerable to ↓transketolation, αketoacid by moist heat
alcohol assault) ↑xylulose/ribulose) decarboxylase: valine,
isoleucine, leucine Increase intake
if: ↑carb intake,
↑physical
activity, ↑age,
↑BMR
B2 Riboflavin FMN Isoalloxine ring 1.2-1.7md/day Milk Ariboflavinosis Cheilosis, angular Purine metab Glutathione Intense yellow
Lactoflavin FAD Ribitrol (2.0-2.5mg/day (1quart milk = stomatitis (cracking of Xanthine oxidase: reductase color
for pregnant 1.7mg lips, corners of mouth) hypoxanthine 
and lactating riboflavin) xanthine Decomposes in
women) Glossitis (magenta Krebs cycle the presence of
tongue) αKG DH: αKG  visible light
succinyl CoA
Seborrheic dermatitis Succinate DH:
(scrotum, labia succinate  fumarate
majora, nasolabial Glycolysis
folds) Pyruvate DH: pyruvate
 acetyl CoA
Photophobia ETC flavoproteins:
FMN, FAD
Gluconeogenesis
Glycerophosphate DH:
glycerophosphate 
dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
B3 Niacin NAD, NADP May be 13-19mg/day Proteins Pellagra Dermatitis (Casal’s Gluconeogenesis Xanthurenic acid ↑estrogen,
Pellagra- NADH, synthesized from necklace, Lactate DH: lactate  (tryptophan load ↓tryptophan
preventive NADPH tryptophan Hartnup (intestinal gloves/stockings pyruvate test) metab, ↓niacin
factor malabsorption/failure lesion) Krebs cycle
in renal Malate DH: malate  Competes with
resorption/blocked Diarrhea oxaloacetate uric acid for
conversion of Isocitrate DH: isocitrate excretion
tryptophan  niacin) Dementia  αKG
Ketogenesis ↑niacin,
Carcinoid Stomatitis Hydroxybutyrate DH: ↑histamine
(enterochromaffin hydroxybutyrate 
cells) Hemorrhagic GIT gluconate
Protein metab
Mal dela rosa (deamination)
Glutamate DH:
Glossitis glutamate  αKG +
NH3
HMP shunt
Glucose DH: glucose
 gluconate
B5 Pantothenic Coenzyme Pantoic acid 100mg/day Royal jelly Paresthesia Easy fatigability Krebs cycle Rare deficiency
acid A Beta-alanine Citrate synthase:
Everywhere CV, GI symptoms oxaloacetate+acetyl Symptoms mimic
vitamin CoA  citrate other B vitamin
Numbness, tingling of Acethylcholine deficiencies
extremities metabolism
Sulfonamide
Upper respiratory excretion
infections Cholesterol/steroid
hormone synthesis
Mental depression Protein metab
(activation): valine,
Microcytic anemia leucine, isoleucine
Beta-oxidation
Thiokinase:
FFA+CoASH  fatty
acyl CoA
Heme synthesis as
succinyl CoA
B6 Pyridoxine Pyridoxal 1.5-2.0mg/day Meat, Microcytic anemia Pellagra-like skin Protein metab Pyridoxic acid in ↑B6 toxicity on
Pyridoxal phosphate vegetables lesions Sulfur: methionine  urine PNS
Pyridoxami cysteine
ne Abdomina distention Cysteine
desulfhydrase: cysteine
Vomiting  pyruvate
Tyrosine  DOPA
Diarrhea Arginine  nitric oxide
Glutamic acid  GABA
Microcytic anemia Tryptophan 
serotonin
Oxalate stone Cholesterol metab
formation Sphingolipid metab
Unsaturated FA
Epileptiform seizures synthesis
(no glutamate Linoleic acid 
decarboxylation) arachidonic acid
Heme synthesis
αaminoketoadipic acid
 Δaminolevulinic acid
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen
phosphorylase:
glucose  glucose 1
phosphate
B7 Biotin Biocytin Biotin 300μg/day Peanuts, Dermatitis Fine scaly Lipogenesis 3- Deficiency due
Anti-egg Lysine chocolates, desquamation of skin Acetyl CoA hydroxyisovaleri to:
white injury Imidazole eggs carboxylase: acetyl c acid Long term
factor derivative Anorexia CoA  malonyl CoA antibiotic therapy
Beta-oxidation Excessive egg
Nausea Proprionyl CoA white
carboxylase: proprionyl consumption
Muscle pains CoA  methymalonyl
CoA
Carb metab
Pyruvate carboxylase:
pyruvate 
oxaloacetate
Purine synthesis
CO2 in C6
 Protein metab
Synthesis of serine,
aspartate, threonine
Carbamoyl phosphate
synthetase:
glutamine/NH3 
carbamoyl phosphate
B9 Folic acid THFA Pteridine 400 μg/day Leafy Megaloblastic anemia Megaloblastic/macroc N5 methyl THFA: May mask
Pteroylgluta PABA vegetables ytic anemia homocysteine  symptoms of B12
mic acid Glutamic acid Inhibition of DNA methionine deficiency
synthesis Glossitis
N5N10 methylene Activation by
GIT symptoms THFA: C8 of purine, dihydrofolate
erythrocyte formation reductase
Pancytopenia via thymidylate
Together with B12
Hair loss N10 formimino THFA: 
histidine catabolism hyperhomocystene
Growth failure mia
N10 hydroxymethyl
THFA: thymine Anticonvulsants
synthesis increase
catabolism.

Oral contraceptives
increase
metabolism.

Deficiency in
pregnancy 
neural tube defects

Abundant in methyl
form
B1 Cobalamin 5’deoxyade Corrin ring 5-50 μg/day Food of Pernicious anemia Megaloblastic anemia Erythropoiesis with Intrinsic factor
2 Extrinsic nosylcobala 5,6 animal origin N5N10 methylene needed for
factor of min dimethylbenzimi only Degeneration of THFA absorption
Castle dazole riboside posterior and lateral Nucleic acid
Amino spinal columns synthesis Neurologic
propanolol (methylation) symptoms: ↓B12,
Proprionic acid Glossitis, stomatitis, Uridine  thymine ↑methylmalonyl
Cobalt pharyngitis With N5 methyl THFA: CoA
homocysteine 
methionine Malabsorption due
to auto-antibodies,
gastrectomy, small
intestine resection,
gastic mucosal cell
atrophy

Together with B9:

ensure that stores
of methionine are
maintained and
that THFA is made
available to
participate in
nucleic acid
synthesis