KEDAULATAN EKONOMI ATAU Theguardian.

com

PERSOALAN KEBIJAKAN?
Faisal Basri
15 Januari 2019
Kedaulatan (sovereignty)

▪ in political theory, the ultimate overseer, or authority, in decision-

making process of the state and in the maintenance of order. The
concept of sovereignty—one of the most controversial ideas in political
science and international law—is closely related to the difficult concept
of state and government and of independence and democracy. Source:
britannica.com

▪ the power of a country to control its own government. Source:

dictionary. Source: cambridge.org

▪ is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any
interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory,
sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme authority over
some polity. Source: wikipedia.com
 Kedaulatan ada harganya atau ada trade-off
▪ PT Freeport Indonesia telah hadir
setengah abad. Akhir tahun lalu
kontrak sudah diperpanjang sampai
20141.
▪ Untuk perpanjangan sampai 2041,
pemerintah (Pusat dan Daerah)
mensyaratkan pemilikan mayoritas
(51%) dan telah terwujud.
▪ Pemilikan mayoritas ketika
penambangan di permukaan sudah
nyaris habis, ongkos eksploitasi kian
mahal, dana keluar dari Indonesia.

▪ Produksi tak naik, pembangunan infrastruktur baru tak akan massif, tak ada
tambahan tenaga kerja secara berarti. Perhitungan ekonomi vs finansial.
▪ Mengapa tak melakukan eksploitasi di lahan yang sudah dikembalikan oleh
Freeport yang lebih luas dengan potensi cadangan emas yang lebih besar?
Kedaulatan untuk menyejahterakan rakyat

▪ Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan di bawah Susi Pudjiastuti

mengedepankan konsep tiga pilar: kedaulatan, keberlanjutan,
kesejahteraan.
• Kedaulutan: menjaga laut supaya kapal asing tidak mencuri ikan
dan melakukan kegiatan ilegal lainnya di perairan dan daratan
Indonesia. Kedaulatan bisa tegak kalau kita memiliki armada dan
kapal patroli yang tangguh.
• Keberlanjutan: mengelola kekayaan laut Indonesia sehingga bisa
dinikmati oleh nelayan dan rakyat Indonesia hingga ke anak-cucu.
• Kesejahteraan: hasil dari tegaknya kedaulatan dan terpeliharanya
keberlanjutan.

▪ Tetapi di dalam pemerintahan sendiri terjadi tarik-ulur. Menko

Kemaritiman menginginkan kapal asing boleh menangkap ikan di
perairan Indonesia dan tidak setuju dengan penenggelaman kapal ilegal
walaupun pengadilan telah memerintahkannya berdasarkan undang-
undang yang berlaku.
Indonesia adalah negara maritim, tetapi
sumbangan perikanan hanya 2%
16

13.93
14 13.34
13.14

12
10.99
10.31
9.90
10

Perikanan

8 Pertanian
Kehutanan
Sektor Pertanian
6

2.57
2.32
2.09
2
0.85 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.67

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia

NT nelayan tangkap naik paling tinggi, NT petani
tanaman perkebunan rakyat paling sengsara

113.53

106.38 106.52

103.61
102.98
102.29
101.23

94.48
10
11
12

10
11
12

10
11
12

10
11
12

10
11
12
Sep'14

3
4
5
6

3
4
5
6

3
4
5
6

3
4
5
6
2

7
8
9

7
8
9

7
8
9

7
8
9
Jan'15

Jan'16

Jan'17

Jan'18
NTP-Non-perikanan NTN NTNT NT-TPR

Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia

Trade deficit of food products since 2008
Trade account of food (SITC 0)
2000-2017, US$ billions
15
Exports Imports Surplus/deficit

10

0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.4

0.2
0
0.0 -0.3
-1.0 -0.6
-1.4
-2.1 -1.9
-2.6 -2.9 -2.5
-5
-4.2

-10

-15
2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2017
2000

2001

2002

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2014

2015

2016
Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia.
 Global food security index, 2012-2017
Weighted total of all category scores (0-100 where 100 = most favourable)
Rank Score
Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
United States 1 1 1 1 1 2 89.5 86.8 89.3 89.0 86.6 84.6
Singapore .. 16 5 2 3 4 .. 79.9 84.3 88.2 83.9 84.0
Germany 10 11 8 8 6 7 83.0 81.7 83.7 83.9 82.5 82.5
France 4 3 10 9 6 8 86.8 83.7 83.4 83.8 82.5 82.3
United Kingdom 20 20 16 15 8 3 79.0 77.3 81.6 81.6 81.9 84.2
Israel 22 17 17 19 17 19 77.7 78.4 80.6 78.9 78.9 79.2
Japan 16 18 21 21 22 18 80.7 77.8 77.8 77.4 75.9 79.5
South Korea 21 24 25 26 28 24 77.8 71.1 73.2 74.8 73.3 74.7
Malaysia 33 34 34 34 35 41 63.9 64.5 68.0 69.0 69.0 66.2
Brazil 31 29 33 36 41 38 67.6 67.0 68.1 67.4 67.6 67.7
South Africa 40 39 46 41 47 44 61.7 61.0 61.1 64.5 62.9 64.0
China 38 42 42 42 42 45 62.5 60.2 62.2 64.2 65.5 63.7
Russia 29 40 40 43 48 41 68.3 60.9 62.7 63.8 62.3 66.2
Thailand 45 45 49 52 51 55 57.9 58.9 59.9 60.0 59.5 58.3
Vietnam 55 60 67 65 57 64 50.4 48.6 49.1 53.4 57.1 54.0
Indonesia 64 66 72 74 71 69 46.8 45.6 46.5 46.7 50.6 51.3
Philippines 63 64 65 72 74 79 47.1 46.9 49.4 49.4 49.5 47.3
India 66 70 69 68 75 74 45.0 44.4 48.3 50.9 49.4 48.9
Congo 105 107 109 105 107 112 18.4 20.8 24.8 30.1 30.5 25.5
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, Global Food Security Index 2012-2017.
Ketahanan pangan

Kompas, 7 Maret 2018, Hal.17

Kedaulatan di tengah pergaulan dunia,
gelombang globalisasi, dan kemajuan teknologi
▪ Indonesia secara sadar menjadi bagian dari komunitas
global dan telah meratifikasi banyak perjanjian
internasional sesuai dengan konstitusi dan sejarah
Nusantara serta sesuai dengan karakteristik sebagai negara
maritim.
▪ Konsekuensinya, kita “menyerahkan” sebagian kedaulatan
kepada lembaga “superbody” yang mengatur tatanan
global maupun regional.
▪ Independensi negara terkikis oleh pengaruh non-state
actors (pelaku bisnis dan NGO)
 Konsekuensi logis, kuncinya daya tahan
▪ Harus menerima
konsekuensi dari
peningkatan exposure
terhadap gejolak
eksternal.
▪ Kalau benar-benar kuat,
kita bisa meredamnya.
▪ Kuncinya daya tahan perekonomian. Bukan berarti kebal dari
segala pengaruh luar, melainkan kemampuan untuk cepat pulih
ke keadaan semua jika menghadapi external shoock.
▪ Variabel terpenting adalah menjaga agar current account (ekspor
minus impor barang dan jasa) pada aras yang favourable. Kalau
defisit, jumlahnya mengecil dan kemampuan menutupnya
dengan lebih banyak arus modal masuk (capital inflows) jangka
panjang.
 FDI ke Indonesia relatif kecil
FDI inflows as a percentage of gross fixed capital formation, period average
1990-97 2000-04 2005-10 2011-16
Indonesia 4.8 -3.3 5.6 5.7
Malaysia 16.0 10.4 13.6 14.0
Philippines 5.2 5.9 7.4 7.0
Thailand 4.5 14.2 13.2 6.1
Viet Nam 33.6 12.6 20.4 23.2
Bolivia 24.1 38.7 11.2 15.5
Asia 6.1 9.2 9.6 6.3
East and South-East Asia 8.0 11.2 9.3 6.5
South-East Asia 10.7 15.1 17.6 17.0
FDI inward stock as a percentage of gross domestic product, period average
1990-97 2000-04 2005-10 2011-16
Indonesia 8.2 7.1 16.2 24.1
Malaysia 29.0 37.6 34.7 40.6
Philippines 7.9 14.5 13.5 17.8
Thailand 10.2 29.1 35.8 44.7
Viet Nam 20.2 47.1 43.1 50.5
Bolivia 23.5 66.1 40.7 33.7
Asia 14.8 20.8 23.9 25.7
East and South-East Asia 21.7 29.8 30.2 29.7
South-East Asia 19.8 41.9 51.1 66.1
Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report database.
 IDR slid to a two-decade low since the 1998 Asian
financial crisis, recovered in the last 3 weeks
IDR per USD
(Scale inverted to show weakening IDR)
04/07/04

09/17/13
01/23/14
06/03/14
10/08/14
02/09/15
06/15/15
10/21/15
02/24/16
06/28/16
11/03/16
03/08/17
07/25/17
11/24/17
04/02/18
08/16/18
12/19/18
13-May

24-May

13-May
Mar-19

30-Nov
10-Nov

06-Aug
30-Aug

18-Aug
13-Dec

22-Dec

Aug-12
14-Apr
07-Apr

26-Apr
14-Sep

27-Sep
06-Feb

28-Feb
10-Oct
05-Jan

19-Jan

12-Jun

Jan-08
Jul-24
03-Jul
7,500
8,440
(08/02/2011)
8,500 8,602

9,500

10,500

10,800
11,500 (08/30/2005)

12,500
12,400
(11/24-26/2008)

13,500 14,084
(01/15/19)

14,481
14,500 (12/31/18)

14,728
(09/29/2015)
15,500 15,237
(10/30/18)

Source: Bank Indonesia

 Appreciation (-) and depreciation (+) of official
exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average)

2017-2014 2017-2010 2017-1997 2017-1977 2017-1967

Singapore 9 1 -7 -43 -55
Thailand 4 7 8 66 63
Malaysia 31 34 53 75 40
Korea, Rep. 7 -2 19 134 318
Philippines 14 12 71 581 1,192
Vietnam 4 18 88 .. ..
Indonesia 13 47 360 3,124 8,845

2018*-2014 2018*-2011 2018*-1997 2018*-1977 2018*-1967

US$/IDR -13.48 -36.60 -78.79 -96.97 -98.91
*Daily January-July 24 average.
Sources: Bank Indonesia and World Bank
 Pasca krisis 1998, nilai tukar rupiah berkorelasi
kuat dengan current account
0 6
4.8
415 415 623 4.3
909 2,342
2,000 4
1,644 3.0
2,909 2.0
4,000 2

6,000 0
-0.7 -1.2 -1.3
7,855 -1.7
-2.2 -2.0
8,000 8,577 -2
9,141 8,770
-2.9
10,000 -3.4 -3.2 -3.1 -4
-3.7 9,705 10,461
10,01410,261
10,390
-4.9 11,865
12,000 -6

13,389
14,000 -8
-7.8 14,250
14,185
Fixed exchange rate
16,000 -10
1969
1970

1973
1974

1977
1978

1981
1982

1985
1986

1990

1994

1998
1999

2002
2003

2006
2007

2010
2011

2014
2015

2018
1967
1968

1971
1972

1975
1976

1979
1980

1983
1984

1987
1988
1989
1991
1992
1993
1995
1996
1997

2000
2001

2004
2005

2008
2009

2012
2013

2016
2017
2019*
Official exchange rate (IDR per US$, period average) Current account balance (% of GDP)-RHS

*Q1-Q3 (January-September) for current account; year to date (7 January) for exchange rate.
Sources: Bank Indonesia and World Bank.
 The impossible trinity or the policy trilemma
Fixed
Exchange rate 1. Jika ingin nilai tukar stabil (tetap)
seraya bank sentral tak direcoki
oleh kekuatan lain (pemerintah)
dalam menentukan suku bunga,
maka jangan terapkan rezim
devisa bebas (free capital
1 2 mobiity).
Pick one
side of 2. Jika ingin nilai tukar stabil (tetap)
the triangle seraya tidak ada pengendalian
devisa, maka jangan berikan
otonomi kepada bank sentral
dalam menentukan suku bunga.

3
3. Jika bank sentral memiliki
Monetary Free capital
Autonomy mobility
otonomi dalam menentukan suku
bunga dan berlaku rezim devisa
bebas, maka jangan berharap
nilai tukar stabil (tetap).
Perubahan paradigma kebijakan

▪ Indonesia mengalami gejala dini industrialisasi: layu

sebelum merekah. Pertumbuhan industri manufaktur
hampir selalu lebih rendah dari pertumbuhan PDB, padahal
pangsa manufaktur dalam PDB masih relatif rendah.
▪ Salah satu kebijakan yang diungulkan adalah ketentuan
tentang local content, padahal yang kecenderungan di
dunia adalah global supply chains, yang mendorong
terjadinya peningkatan intra-industry trade sehingga
mengakselerasi peningkatan kesejahteraan lewat
terciptanya additional gains from trade.
▪ Negara yang jeli memilih spesialisasi parts/components
akann menikmati keuntungan lebih besar dari yang
menghasilkan barang jadi.
Manufacturing matters: the share of
manufacturing industry continued to decline
Manufacturing value added as percent of GDP
45

40.1
40

35 37.8

30 27.8
29.1 29.34
27.6
25

20.3
19.8
20 22.0
19.7
15
Indonesia: premature
10 deindustrialization?

5 6.8

East Asia & Pacific (exc. high income) Indonesia China

Sources: World Bank and BPS-Statistics Indonesia

 Manufacturing export share dropped since 1980s
Manufactures exports as % of merchandise exports
57.1

53.1

47.7
47.5

40.6
43.6
42.3

38.8

34.2
29.7

13.0

2.1
3.6
0.3
1962

1971

1974

1976

1979

1981

1984

1986

1989

1994

1999

2004

2007

2009

2012

2014

2017
1967
1968
1969
1970

1972
1973

1975

1977
1978

1980

1982
1983

1985

1987
1988

1990
1991
1992
1993

1995
1996
1997
1998

2000
2001
2002
2003

2005
2006

2008

2010
2011

2013

2015
2016
Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators, downloaded from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.MANF.ZS.UN on January 1, 2019.
Trade deficit: manufacturing products

70
US$ billions

50
30
10
-10
-30
-50
-70
-90
-110
-130
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Exports Imports Surplus (deficit)

Sources: BPS-Statistics Indonesia.
 Exports of high-tech products declined
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
60

50

43.0
40

30
26.9
25.6
21.5
20 16.7

10 10.5

5.8

0
1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

2013

2016
1989

1990

1992

1993

1995

1996

1998

1999

2001

2002

2004

2005

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2014

2015
Indonesia East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries)
Lower middle income Vietnam
Malaysia Thailand

Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators

 Exports of medium and high-tech products
declined as well
Medium and high-tech exports (% of manufactured exports)
90

80 76.4

70
62.7

60
53.3 61.8

50
49.2
40 34.4

28.6
30

20
17.7
10

Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Vietnam

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators -- https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.MNF.TECH.ZS.UN, downloaded on August 18, 2018.
 150
200

100

-50
0

-200
-150
50
1945
1950
1951
1952

-100 -0.1 -0.01

1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961

-0.01
1962
1963
1964

Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia.

1965
1966

Total exports
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979

Total imports
1980
13.1

1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Trade balance (USD billions)

1993
1994
1995
4.8

Trade balance-RHS
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
28.6

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
39.7

2007
2008
2009
Zero line-RHS

2010
2011
26.1

2012
2013
-4.1
7.7

2014
2015
2016
Trade deficit reached its worst record in history

2017
2018
-8.6
0
10
20
50

30
40

-20
-10
Oil and gas deficits soared, non-oil and gas
surpluses dropped sharply
40 39.5
USD billions

30
25.3

20.3 20.4
18.9
20

10 8.3

9.2
3.9 3.8

-5.6
-5.6

-10
-9.4
-12.4
-13.4

-20

Non-oil & gas Oil & gas

*January-November.
Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia.
 Degree of openness: (X + M)*/GDP
Population Exports (X) Imports (M) X+M
Country (mil.,2017) 1980 2017 1980 2017 1980 2017
China 1,386.4 5.9 19.8 6.5 18.0 12.4 37.8
India 1,339.2 6.2 18.9 9.3 21.8 15.5 40.7
United States 325.7 9.8 **11.9 10.3 **14.7 20.1 **26.6
Indonesia 264.0 30.5 20.4 22.2 19.2 52.7 39.6
Brazil 209.3 9.0 12.6 11.3 11.6 20.3 24.2
Japan 126.8 13.1 **16.1 14.1 **15.1 27.2 **31.2
Philippines 104.9 23.6 30.6 28.5 40.1 52.1 70.7
Vietnam 95.5 ***6.6 101.6 ***16.6 98.8 ***23.2 200.4
Germany 82.7 18.7 47.2 23.3 39.7 42.0 86.9
Thailand 69.0 24.1 **68.1 30.4 **53.5 54.5 121.6
United Kingdom 66.0 26.1 30.5 23.9 31.9 50.0 62.4
South Africa 56.7 34.3 29.8 29.3 31.3 63.6 61.1
Korea, Rep. 51.5 28.4 43.1 37.1 37.7 65.5 80.8
Malaysia 31.6 57.7 71.5 55.3 64.4 113.0 135.9
Netherlands 17.1 50.8 86.5 49.6 74.8 100.4 161.3
Sweden 10.1 28.0 45.3 28.9 41.1 56.9 86.4
Hongkong SAR, China 7.4 88.7 188.0 89.3 187.1 178.0 375.1
Denmark 5.8 32.5 55.2 33.0 48.2 65.5 103.4
Singapore 5.6 202.0 173.3 209.0 149.1 411.0 322.4
* Exports and i mports of goods a nd s ervices. **2016 ***1986
Source: Worl d Ba nk: for population downloaded from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SP.POP.TOTL&country= on August 14, 2017;
for exports downloaded from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS&country= on August 14, 2017; a nd for i mports
downloaded from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS&country= on August 14, 2017.
 Indonesia: degree of openness, 1960-2017
Percent of GDP

67.8

61.2
53.7

52.5
49.0

47.7
43.7

38.5
36.6

33.7
31.1

27.7
27.6

27.6
26.1
25.2

24.7

23.9
23.8

23.7
23.1
23.0

20.6

19.7
18.7
13.2
9.9

1960-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-95 1996-2000 2001-05 2006-10 2011-15 2016-17

Exports of goods & services Imports of goods & services Total

Source: World Bank: for exports downloaded from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS); and for imports downloaded from
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.IMP.GNFS.ZS. Downloaded on August 14, 2017.
Example of Global Value Chains (pre
Example of global value chains: ipod-Apple
maturation)
• The case of iPod (Linden et al, 2009), iPhone (Xing and
Detert, 2010), iPad (Linden et al, 2011) show that most
Box 2. The balance of trade in gross and value-added terms (the iPhone example continued)

components are imported from outside China. The value

It is easy to observe, that all calculations concerning the balance of trade are founded on very uncertain facts
and suppositions Of the Balance of Trade, 1742)

added made in China through the assembly process only

To understand how the measurement of trade in value-added affects bilateral trade balances, we can use the
setting of the iPhone example described in Box 1. Assuming that 10 million iPhones are exported from China to the
US, the iPhone trade represents a trade deficit of USD 1,646 million for the US economy (this is simply calculated as
contribute small part of the final value of the products.
the difference between US exports of intermediate inputs to China USD 229 million and US imports of assembled
iPhones USD 1,875 million , see the Figure below). In gross terms, there is only a deficit between China and the US.

Upstream
For 10 input
supplier
ipods
Assembly
65

Source: OECD and WTO

In (relatively crude) value-added terms, however, China adds only a small share of domestic value-added to the
iPhone corresponding to the value of the assembly work. As highlighted in the list of costs presented in Box 1, most of
the components of the iPhone are sourced from economies outside China. Let's assume that Chinese assembly costs
are USD 6.50 per iPhone (and are part of the miscellaneous costs in Box 1). In (relatively crude) value-added terms,
 Skyrocketing fuel consumption, the production slump,
making imports increasingly undermined the economy

(thousand barrels daily) Oil production: A mixture

1,800
1,685 of hydrocarbons that exists
1,615
1,600
in liquid phase in natural
underground reservoirs
1,400 and remains liquid at
-734 atmospheric pressure after
(Imports)
1,200
passing through surface
1,000 1,398 separating facilities.
(Exports)
Oil consumption: Inland
800 881
demand plus international
600 aviation and marine
bunkers and refinery fuel
400 and loss. Consumption of
biogasoline (such as
200 287
ethanol), biodiesel and
Production Consumption derivatives of coal and
0

natural gas are also

5

7
74

80

83

86

92

04

10

13

16
6

0
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20
19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20

20

included.
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy.
Oil trade deficit increased sharply in 2017-18
Oil trade account, USD billions
20

15

10

-5

-10

-15
-14.7

-20 -18.6

-25

-30 -27.6

2017*
1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

2012

2015

2018*
1981

1983
1984

1986
1987

1989
1990

1992
1993

1995
1996

1998
1999

2001
2002

2004
2005

2007
2008

2010
2011

2013
2014

2016
2017
Crude oil Oil products Total Oil

*January-November.
Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia.
Oil and gas trade deficit increased sharply in 2017-18
Trade balance-oil&gas
30
USD billions

20

10

-8.0

-10

-12.2

-20

-30

-40

Total Oil Gas (X-M) Total oil+gas

*January-November.
Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia.
Paradigma migas masih kental diperlakukan
sebagai komoditi, penerimaan negara, ekspor

▪ Padahal ekspor migas netto sudah negatif (defisit).

Indonesia menjadi negara pengimpor netto migas
▪ Sebagai sumber penerimaan negara pun kian turun
(PPh Migas dan PNBP Migas)
▪ Produk turunan migas menjadi bahan baku utama
industri petrokimia yang merupakan industri dasar
atau “ibu segala industri”
▪ Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara pengimpor
BBM terbesar di dunia
▪ Menjadi salah satu sebab kemunduran relatif
industrialisasi
 Integrated refinery and petrochemical
industry in Singapore
ExxonMobil Singapore
PT Chandra AsriChemical
PetrochemicalPlant
Tbk Expansion

http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130530005473/en/ExxonMobil-Singapore-Chemical-Plant-Expansion-Operation

SHELL EASTERN PETROCHEMICALS COMPLEX

http://www.shell.com/about-us/major-projects/shell-eastern-petrochemicals-complex/shell-eastern-petrochemicals-complex-overview.html
Integrated refinery and petrochemical
industry in Malaysia
PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk
Saudi Aramco to
invest $7 billion in
Petronas' RAPID oil
refinery
https://www.pipelineme.com/news/regional-
news/2017/02/saudi-aramco-to-invest-7-billion-
in-petronas-rapid-oil-refinery/

Petroliam Nasional’s
(Petronas) Refinery and
Petrochemical
Integrated Development
(Rapid) project located
in the state of Johor.
http://refiningandpetrochemicals.energy-business-
review.com/news/technip-to-supply-hydrogen-
reformers-for-petronass-rapid-project-in-malaysia-
211015-4698991
 Integrated refinery and petrochemical
industry in Thailand
PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk

http://pttgcbelmontcountyoh.com/about-pttgc/

PTT Global Chemical (PTTGC) is Thailand's largest and Asia's

leading integrated petrochemical and refining company.
Petrochemical complex without refinery
PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk

• Kompleks industri petrokimia terbesar di Indonesia ini

tidak ada kilang minyak
• Di masa lalu tak masalah karena sangat diproteksi.
• Daya saingnya bakal meningkat jika terbentuk usaha
hulu-hilir terpadu.
TPPI is ideal as an integrated oil and gas industry
location

Future
Olefin Aromatic
Planned location Plant Plant
for Downstream Land owned PT
Plant Pertamina (64 Ha)

Pertamina TBBM
Tuban
Bontang
PT Chandra Asri Petrochemical Tbk
 Coal reserves: Top-5 and Indonesia, 2017

Antharacite Sub-
and bituminous Total Share R/P
bituminous and lignite (mil. of total ratio
(mil. tonnes) (mil. tonnes) tonnes) (percent) (year)

United States 220,800 30,116 250,916 24.2 357

Russian Federation 69,634 90,730 160,364 15.5 391

Australia 68,310 76,508 144,818 14.0 301

China 130,851 7,968 138,819 13.4 39

India 92,786 4,942 97.728 9.4 136

Total top-5 582,381 210,264 792,645 76.5 ..

Indonesia 15,068 7,530 22,598 2.2 49

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy.
 Coal: share to the world, percent

Reserves Production Export value

United States 24.2 9.9 8.9
Russian Federation 15.5 5.5 12.2
Australia 14.0 7.9 36.6
China 13.4 46.4 1.0
India 9.4 7.8 0.1
Germany 3.5 1.0 0.0
Ukraine 3.3 0.4 0.1
Poland 2.5 1.3 0.7
Kazakhstan 2.5 1.3 0.4
Indonesia 2.2 7.2 16.1
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy for reserves and production; www.worldstopexports.com.
Terima Kasih
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Twitter: @faisalbasri
Blog: faisalbasri.com
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