Nelson Fu

ME 371

Prof. Benenson

Due: 9/21/18

Homework 3: Review of Linear Algebra

1. Effect of a matrix on a vector

0 1
a) 𝐀 = [ ]
−1 0

1 0 1 1 (0 ∗ 1) + (1 ∗ 3) 3
If 𝐱𝟏 = { } , A𝐱𝟏 = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
3 −1 0 3 (−1 ∗ 1) + (0 ∗ 3) −1

3 0 1 3 (0 ∗ 3) + (1 ∗ 2) 2
If 𝐱𝟐 = { } , A𝐱𝟐 = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
2 −1 0 2 (−1 ∗ 3) + (0 ∗ 2) −3

2 0 1 2 (0 ∗ 2) + (1 ∗ 4) 4
If 𝐱𝟑 = { } , A𝐱𝟑 = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
4 −1 0 4 (−1 ∗ 2) + (0 ∗ 4) −2

Based on the results shown above, we can see Matrix A‘s influence on vectors 𝐱𝟏 , 𝐱𝟐 , 𝐱𝟑 .

Matrix A causes the vector to rotate and change its direction by 90 degrees clockwise, but

not its magnitude.

 1 0
b) 𝐁 = [ ]
0 −1

5 1 0 5 (1 ∗ 5) + (0 ∗ 9) 5
If 𝐱𝟏 = { } , B𝐱𝟏 = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
9 0 −1 9 (0 ∗ 5) + (−1 ∗ 9) −9

−8 1 0 −8 (1 ∗ −8) + (0 ∗ 3) −8
If 𝐱𝟐 = { } , B𝐱𝟐 = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
3 0 −1 3 (0 ∗ −8) + (−1 ∗ 3) −3

6 1 0 6 (1 ∗ 6) + (0 ∗ 4) 6
If 𝐱𝟑 = { } , B𝐱𝟑 = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
4 0 −1 4 (0 ∗ 6) + (−1 ∗ 4) −4

Based on the results shown above, we can see Matrix B’s influence on vectors 𝐱𝟏 , 𝐱𝟐 , 𝐱𝟑 .

Matrix B causes the vector to reflect about the x-axis causing it to change its directions, but

not its magnitude.

0 1
c) 𝐂 = [ ]
1 0

−2 0 1 −2 (0 ∗ −2) + (1 ∗ −6) −6
If 𝐱𝟏 = { } , C𝐱𝟏 = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
−6 1 0 −6 (1 ∗ −2) + (0 ∗ −6) −2

9 0 1 9 (0 ∗ 9) + (1 ∗ 5) 5
If 𝐱𝟐 = { } , C𝐱𝟐 = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
5 1 0 5 (1 ∗ 9) + (0 ∗ 5) 9

7 0 1 7 (0 ∗ 7) + (1 ∗ −8) −8
If 𝐱𝟑 = { } , C𝐱𝟑 = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
−8 1 0 −8 (1 ∗ 7) + (0 ∗ −8) 7
 Based on the results shown above, we can see Matrix C’s influence on vectors 𝐱𝟏 , 𝐱𝟐 , 𝐱𝟑 .

Matrix C causes the vector to reflect about the line y = x causing it to change its direction,

but not its magnitude.

d) An orthogonal matrix is a matrix that will causes vectors to change directions, but will not

have any effect on the magnitude of the vector. In this case, Matrix A, B and C are

orthogonal.

2. Matrix multiplication, transpose and inverse

0 1 1 0 3
a) 𝐀 = [ ] 𝐁=[ ] if x = { }
−1 0 0 −1 4

0 1 1 0 (0 ∗ 1) + (1 ∗ 0) (0 ∗ 0) + (1 ∗ −1) 0 −1
AB = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
−1 0 0 −1 (−1 ∗ 1) + (0 ∗ 0) (−1 ∗ 0) + (0 ∗ −1) −1 0

1 0 0 1 (1 ∗ 0) + (0 ∗ −1) (1 ∗ 1) + (0 ∗ 0) 0 1
BA = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
0 −1 −1 0 (0 ∗ 0) + (−1 ∗ −1) (0 ∗ 1) + (−1 ∗ 0) 1 0

0 −1 3 (0 ∗ 3) + (−1 ∗ 4) −4
(AB)x = [ ]{ } = [ ]=[ ]
−1 0 4 (−1 ∗ 3) + (0 ∗ 4) −3

0 1 3 (0 ∗ 3) + (1 ∗ 4) 4
(BA)x = [ ]{ }=[ ]=[ ]
1 0 4 (1 ∗ 3) + (0 ∗ 4) 3
 Based on the results shown above, matrix multiplication is not commutative. Matrix AB and

BA does not produce the same outcome. When multiplied to a typical vector x, Matrix AB

causes the vector x to reflect about line -y = x. While Matrix BA causes the vector x to reflect

about line y = x.

0 1 1 0 0 1
b) 𝐀 = [ ] 𝐁=[ ] 𝐂=[ ]
−1 0 0 −1 1 0

1 0 −1 0 −1
𝐀−𝟏 = [ ]=[ ]
(0 ∗ 0) − (−1 ∗ 1) 1 0 1 0

1 −1 0 1 0
𝐁−𝟏 = [ ]=[ ]
(1 ∗ −1) − (0 ∗ 0) 0 1 0 −1

1 0 −1 0 1
𝐂 −𝟏 = [ ]=[ ]
(0 ∗ 0) − (1 ∗ 1) −1 0 1 0

0 −1 3 (0 ∗ 3) + (−1 ∗ −1) 1
𝐀−𝟏 [A𝐱𝟏 ] = [ ][ ] = [ ] = [ ] = 𝐱𝟏
1 0 −1 (1 ∗ 3) + (0 ∗ −1) 3

1 0 5 (1 ∗ 5) + (0 ∗ −9) 5
𝐁−𝟏 [B𝐱𝟏 ] = [ ][ ] = [ ] = [ ] = 𝐱𝟏
0 −1 −9 (0 ∗ 5) + (−1 ∗ −9) 9

0 1 −6 (0 ∗ −6) + (1 ∗ −2) −2
𝐂 −𝟏 [C𝐱𝟏 ] = [ ][ ] = [ ] = [ ] = 𝐱𝟏
1 0 −2 (1 ∗ −6) + (0 ∗ −2) −6
 In the calculations above, by using the inverse matrix 𝐀−𝟏 , 𝐁−𝟏 and 𝐂 −𝟏 we can undo the

effects of matrix A, B and C to the vector 𝐱𝟏 . This is simply because when you multiply the

1 0
matrix by the inverse of itself, it becomes an identity matrix,[ ].
0 1

0 1 1 0
c) 𝐀 = [ ] 𝐁=[ ]
−1 0 0 −1

0 −1 1 0 1 0 −1
AB =[ ] (𝐀𝐁)−𝟏 = (0∗0)−(−1∗−1) [ ]=[ ]
−1 0 1 0 −1 0

0 −1 1 0
𝐀−𝟏 = [ ] 𝐁−𝟏 = [ ]
1 0 0 −1

0 −1 1 0 (0 ∗ 1) + (−1 ∗ 0) (0 ∗ 0) + (−1 ∗ −1) 0 1

𝐀−𝟏 𝐁−𝟏 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
1 0 0 −1 (1 ∗ 1) + (0 ∗ 0) (1 ∗ 0) + (0 ∗ −1) 1 0

(𝐀𝐁)−𝟏 does not equal to 𝐀−𝟏 𝐁−𝟏

0 −1 0 −1
AB =[ ] (𝐀𝐁)𝐓 = [ ]
−1 0 −1 0

0 −1 1 0
𝐀𝐓 = [ ] 𝐁𝐓 = [ ]
1 0 0 −1

0 −1 1 0 (0 ∗ 1) + (−1 ∗ 0) (0 ∗ 0) + (−1 ∗ −1) 0 1

𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐓 = [ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]
1 0 0 −1 (1 ∗ 1) + (0 ∗ 0) (1 ∗ 0) + (0 ∗ −1) 1 0

(𝐀𝐁)𝐓 does not equal to 𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐓

𝐀𝐁(𝐀𝐁)−𝟏 = 𝑨𝑩(𝐁−𝟏 𝐀−𝟏 ) ?

1 0 0 −1 (1 ∗ 0) + (0 ∗ 1) (1 ∗ −1) + (0 ∗ 0)
(𝐁−𝟏 𝐀−𝟏 ) = [ ][ ]= [ ]
0 −1 1 0 (0 ∗ 0) + (−1 ∗ 1) (−1 ∗ 0) + (−1 ∗ 0)
0 −1
=[ ]
−1 0

0 −1 0 −1 (0 ∗ 0) + (−1 ∗ −1) (0 ∗ −1) + (−1 ∗ 0)

𝐀𝐁(𝐀𝐁)−𝟏 = [ ][ ]=[ ]
−1 0 −1 0 (−1 ∗ 0) + (0 ∗ −1) (−1 ∗ −1) + (0 ∗ 0)
1 0
=[ ]
0 1
 0 −1 0 −1 (0 ∗ 0) + (−1 ∗ −1) (0 ∗ −1) + (−1 ∗ 0)
𝑨𝑩(𝐁−𝟏 𝐀−𝟏 ) = [ ][ ]=[ ]
−1 0 −1 0 (−1 ∗ 0) + (0 ∗ −1) (−1 ∗ −1) + (0 ∗ 0)
1 0
=[ ]
0 1

𝐀𝐁(𝐀𝐁)−𝟏 does equal to 𝑨𝑩(𝐁−𝟏 𝐀−𝟏 )

Based on the calculation above, we can see the relationship between (𝐀𝐁)𝐓 , 𝐀𝐓 and 𝐁𝐓 . By

proving 𝐀𝐁(𝐀𝐁)−𝟏 = 𝑨𝑩(𝐁−𝟏 𝐀−𝟏 ), we can say that the order of AB in the transpose

0 −1 0 1 0 1
matter, whereas AB =[ ] and BA= [ ]. Then, we can do (𝐁𝐀)𝐓 = [ ] which
−1 0 1 0 1 0

0 1
equals to 𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐓 = [ ].
1 0

3. Eigenvalues, eigenvectors and the Principal Axis Theorem

0 1 𝑥 4
a) 𝐂 = [ ] 𝒙𝟏 = { } 𝜆1 = 1 if x = 4, then 𝒙𝟏 = { }
1 0 𝑥 4

0 1 4 (0 ∗ 4) + (1 ∗ 4) 4
C𝒙𝟏 = [ ]{ } = [ ]={ }
1 0 4 (1 ∗ 4) + (0 ∗ 4) 4

With 𝒙𝟏 being an eigenvector of C and having an eigenvalue of 𝜆1 = 1, we know that the

eigenvector is multiplied by the eigenvalue which is also a scalar to change its magnitude

4 4
and not direction of the vector. In the results above, we can see C𝒙𝟏 = [ ] with 𝒙𝟏 = { }
4 4

and 𝜆1 = 1. We can say that C𝒙𝟏 = 𝜆1 𝒙𝟏 .

b) For Matrix C, that is symmetrical, the Principal Axis Theorem says that a 2x2 matrix would

have 2 eigenvectors and both eigenvectors are orthogonal to each other. So, there should

be a vector 𝒙𝟐 and eigenvalue 𝜆2 .

0 1 −4
c) 𝐂 = [ ] 𝒙𝟐 = { }
1 0 4

0 1 −4 (0 ∗ −4) + (1 ∗ 4) 4
𝐂𝒙𝟐 = [ ]{ } = [ ]={ }
1 0 4 (1 ∗ −4) + (0 ∗ 4) −4

−4
From the results above, 𝒙𝟐 = { } and 𝜆2 = −1. Since we know that an eigenvector is a
4

vector multiplied by a scalar to change its magnitude, we can see that the direction of 𝒙𝟐 is

the opposite direction of 𝐂𝒙𝟐 , but it’s not the direction that changed but the magnitude.

The magnitude is scaled by -1 because of the eigenvalue, making the vector to change.