Student Name: Marilyn Cristina Gudiño Villarreal Support Center N° 45 – Otavalo

Subject: Theory and Practice of Translation Second Partial

LEARNING ACTIVITIES
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2.1
Make a chart about Literal translation.

Word-for-word translation transfers SL grammar and word order.

VARIETIES OF CLOSE In one-to-one translation, a broader form of translation, each SL word has a corresponding
TRANSLATION TL word, but their primary (isolated) meanings may differ. The more specific or technical a
word, the less it is likely to be affected by context
In poetry where most emphasis is normally put on the creation of a new independent poem,
THE TRANSLATION OF and where literal translation is usually
POETRY condemned
The translation of objects and movements is usually more literal than that of qualities and
ways of moving.
FAITHFUL AND FALSE Many common adjectives of feeling cut up meaning in their own way, so that we cannot
FRIENDS trust a transparent translation.
Theorists believe that translation is more a process of explanation, interpretation and
reformulation of ideas than a transformation of words.
Grammar is expressed only in words so we have to get the words right. The words must
WORDS IN THEIR CONTEXT stretch and give only if the thought is threatened

In literal or one-to-one translation variations are common and sometimes satisfy the
translator's understandable wish to write in a style or phrase that is entirely natural to him.
ELEGANT VARIATIONS Literal translation may appear tedious, but there is satisfaction in weighing it against this
or that more elegant version and finding it more accurate and economical
The back-translation test is not valid in the case of SL or TL lexical gaps. Figurative element
BACK – TRANSLATION TEST in language militates against literal translation when It is a cultural or metaphor, but favors
literal translation when it is universal and or original.
The terms are normally important in their relation to the TL culture that a literal translation
rather than transference is indicated - a translated word more than a transferred one is
ACCEPTED TRANSLATION incorporated at once into the target language.
CONSTRAINTS ON LITERAL The SL word may be used more frequently or may have a wider semantic range than the
TRANSLATION corresponding TL word
NATURAL TRANSLATION Literal translation of an ordinary language unit is what its find it unnatural. A person should
write in a manner natural to themselves, a manner that expresses their own sense of good
style.
RE- RECREATIVE Is a procedure which some authorities and translation teachers regard
TRANSLATION as the heart or the central issue of translation. Re-creation is likely to be more common in
interpretation, if delegates are speaking off the cuff, than in written language translation,
where words are more carefully measured and perhaps closer to thought
LITERACY TRANSLATION It pursue what is to them more natural, more colloquial, more easy, more relaxed, than the
original, which was not particularly relaxed.

Teacher: Gonzalo Puma 01/09/2019

Academic year: October 2018 – February 2019
 Student Name: Marilyn Cristina Gudiño Villarreal Support Center N° 45 – Otavalo
Subject: Theory and Practice of Translation Second Partial

THE NOTION OF NO
EQUIVALENT WORD
THE ROLE OF CONTEXT
THE SUB TEXT
the most inclusive meaning of what's said comes to language only in the original saying
and slips away in all subsequent saying and speaking as an argument against literal
translation.
Context is omnipresent, but it is relative. It affects technical terms and neologisms less than
general words; it permeates a structured text and touches disjointed texts rather lightly.
Where a writer deliberately innovates, the translator has to follow him, and blow the
context
The true meaning behind the meaning is clear, and the translator must word the sentence
in such a way that the sub-text is equally clear in English.
It is a useful variant term for the function or the intention of a text, the thin thread which
the translator has to pursue throughout his work.

Write a short essay about Literal Translation

Translation is the process of delivering a meaning from the source language to the target language,
following the structure of the source language, and transforming it into the structure of the target
language.

Thus, translator must be able to find equivalent phrases, to replace certain information with
another, equivalent information, written in the target language. Therefore, main mission of every
translator is to translate a text naturally.

The most common example of such shifts is singular worlds translated as plural words, and vice
versa. Intra-System Shifts Sometimes translation shifts occur within a system. When the sentence
"The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak", an allusion obviously, all translators must consider such
an important issue, in order to create a good text.

There are the referential and textual levels, and translators have to connect these two levels, which
is another task. When we translate a text, we transfer the meaning of a certain phrase, or word.

This is a deviation of meaning itself. This approach helps translate cultural words, but grammatical
structure still may be inaccurate. The main problem for a translator “The Concept of Equivalence in
Translation” the concept of equivalence highlights the relation between the source text and the
target text.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2.2

Make a mind map about translation and culture aspects

Teacher: Gonzalo Puma 01/09/2019

Academic year: October 2018 – February 2019
Student Name: Marilyn Cristina Gudiño Villarreal Support Center N° 45 – Otavalo
Subject: Theory and Practice of Translation Second Partial

The diffusion of geographical features depends on the importance of

their country of origin as well as their degree of specificity
Ecology Ecological features: - the seasons, rain,hills of various sizes - where
they are irregular or unknown may not be understood denotatively or
figuratively, in translation

Food: the most sensitive and important expression of national

culture
Clothes as cultural terms may be sufficiently explained for target
Material culture language readers if the generic noun or classifier is added
Houses and towns
Transport is dominated by American and the car

Work and leisure

It has to distinguish between denotative and conno-tative problems
TRANSLATION Social culture of translation.
Denotative and Connotative problems
AND CULTURE
ASPECTS Historical terms: the first principle is not to translate them, whether
the translation makes sense (is transparent) or not (is opaque)
International terms: International institutional terms usually have
recognised translations which are in fact through-translations, and
are now generally known by their acronyms
Social organizations Religious terms: In religious language the proselytising activities of
Christianity, particularly the Catholic Church and the Baptisits, are
reflected in manifold translation
Artisitic terms: the translation of artistic terms referring to
movements, processes and organisations generally depends on the
putative knowledge of the readership

Used for Description or Function

Gestures and habits There is a distinction between description and function which can be
made where necessary in ambiguous cases

Teacher: Gonzalo Puma 01/09/2019

Academic year: October 2018 – February 2019
Student Name: Marilyn Cristina Gudiño Villarreal Support Center N° 45 – Otavalo
Subject: Theory and Practice of Translation Second Partial

Write a short essay about the other translation procedures

Translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language always depends on
a variety of contextual factors but the special procedures for metaphor and metalanguage will not
be taking in count due to they have a special treatment, each procedure will be then explained
shortly.

Transference which is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure,

naturalization this procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal
pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL, cultural equivalent refers to an
approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word the main
purpose of the procedure is to support another translation procedure in a couplet, functional
equivalent is a cultural componential analysis, is the most accurate way of translating which
requires the use of a culture-free word.

Descriptive equivalent the description sometimes has to be weighed against function discussion,
function used to be neglected now it tends to be overplayed, synonymy this procedure is used for
a SL word where there is no clear equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular
for adjectives or adverbs of quality, unnecessary use of synonyms is a mark of many poor
translations, through translation should be used only when they are already recognized terms,
shifts or transpositions is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL,
modulation is the variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and often of category of
thought.

Recognized translation it’s important to normally use the official or the generally accepted
translation of any institutional term, to avoid misunderstandings, translation level is a provisional
translation, usually of a new institutional term, which should be made in inverted commas, which
can later be discreetly withdrawn, compensation it occurs when loss of meaning, sound-effect,
metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a
contiguous sentence, componential analysis is the splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense
components, often one-to-two, -three or -four translations, reduction and expansion there are
imprecise translation procedures which it can be practiced intuitively in some cases

Paraphrase it is the explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text, also there are other
procedures as equivalence, adaptation but there are not usable procedures, couplets triplets,
quadruplets combine two, three or four of the above-mentioned procedures respectively for dealing
with a single problem, they are common for cultural words. Lastly there are some notes, additions,
glosses additional information a translator may have to add to his version is normally cultural,
technical or linguistic.

Finally, the translator has to decide what is the word that it best match in the language to be
translated, noticing all the procedures and alternatives, sometimes it has to be taken in count that
a word by itself could have a meaning but if is with another word before or after the meaning could
change as it also has sometimes cultural influences which are important at the time of translating.

Teacher: Gonzalo Puma 01/09/2019

Academic year: October 2018 – February 2019
 Student Name: Marilyn Cristina Gudiño Villarreal Support Center N° 45 – Otavalo
Subject: Theory and Practice of Translation Second Partial

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2.3

Design a table explaining the most relevant information about the application of case grammar to
translation.

THE TRANSLATION OF MISSING VERBS,
IE, VERB FORCE
THE TRANSLATION OF CASE-GAPS
VARIOUS TYPES OF CASE-PARTNER
CONTRAST AND CHOICE IN
TRANSLATION
SOME RELATED ISSUES
CASE-PARTNERS OF ADJECTIVES AND
NOUNS
THE VERB AS A CENTRAL ELEMENT IN
KEEPING 'COMMUNICATIVE
DYNAMISM
A REMARK ON TESNIERE
The translator has a wide semantic choice if he wishes to supply a verb, since
stylistically the source language text in omitting the verb is attempting to give a
rather general impression of sudden strong action
There are four main categories of case-gaps, which represent different points
on a scale, and may overlap: mandatory, implied, optional and supplementary.
The translator may feel that the subject should be manifestly expressed,
although it would not be difficult to reproduce the rather impersonal SL original,
the most common missing case-partner is the direct object, in semantic terms,
the thing directly affected.
There are two aspects of translation, the contrastive mechanical, and the
possible empty positions, the translator would normally fill in gaps for trivalent
verbs only if the SL text required clarification
Sequencing a sentence, the translator may have to determine whether each
sentence is an addition, a detail, an example, a contrast, an opposition, a
reservation, an aside, an afterthought, a consequence. Some extent the
sequence is indicated by the connectors, which may each have a variety, indeed
a contrariety of meaning
There are a large number of adjectives formed from verbs that imply case-
partners; they are distinguished from present participles in denoting qualities or
roles rather than single actions, also there is a group of Ls equitative
adjectives, often used with equitative verbs, which all signal a similar or
identical object which is implied
In case grammar, the verb is the central element in a clause, it inevitably
has a directive role in allotting emphasis to the most important component in a
sentence
There are some types of translation process which illustrate the differences
between the relevant SL and TL constructions rather than any particular
translation problems; therefore they are instances of contrastive linguistics,
rather than of translation theory.

PREPARE AN ESSAY ABOUT THE APPLICATION OF CASE GRAMMAR TO TRANSLATION

Case grammar as a method of analyzing a sentence, a clause, or a verb less compound in a manner
that demonstrates the central position of the verb or the word, it has verbal force within the word
sequence his word may be an adjective, adverb or noun, case grammar has an indispensable role in
advanced foreign language teaching because it has applications to translation either mechanically
or creatively.

Case grammar has an indispensable role in advanced foreign language teaching because it’s a
completely new way to understand what a word or group of words means, there a lot of different
process of translation most of them demonstrate the knowledge and the best decision a translator

Teacher: Gonzalo Puma 01/09/2019

Academic year: October 2018 – February 2019
Student Name: Marilyn Cristina Gudiño Villarreal Support Center N° 45 – Otavalo
Subject: Theory and Practice of Translation Second Partial

makes when it means to give the translation from one language to another taking in count nouns,
adjectives, verbs, adverbs, colloquialism everything that form the language by itself.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2.4

D:\SEMESTRE 7\Translation\~$ACTIVITY 2.4pptx.pptx

Teacher: Gonzalo Puma 01/09/2019

Academic year: October 2018 – February 2019