IS:383-1970
2.2 Coarse Aggregate
Note- Coarse aggregate may be described as:
a) Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration
of rock,
b) Crushed gravel or stone when it results from crushing of gravel or
hard stone.
SP 23:1982
2.2.2.2 Well rounded particles require less water and less paste
volume for a given workability: Nevertheless, crushed or uncrushed
rounded gravels generally tend to have a stronger aggregate- mortar
bond and result in substantially the same compressive strength for
given cement content. The Unit water content could be reduced by 5 to
10 percent and sand content by 3 to 5 percent by the use of rounded
gravel.
3.2.1 (c) Cement content and characteristics– For particular water –
cement ratio, there would always be an optimum cement content
resulting in 28 day compressive strength being the highest. Increasing
the cement content above the optimum value may not increase the
strength of concrete, specially for mixes for low water cement ratio and
larger maximum size aggregate.
3.3 Durability of Concrete – Crushed rock or rounded river gravels
of 20 mm maximum size of aggregate will, in general, have
respectively 27 and 22 percent of aggregate voids. A cement content of
400 kg/m3 and water- cement ratio of 0.45 will result in paste volume
being 30 percent which may be suitable for the former (that is crushed
rock of 20mm maximum size aggregate) whereas cement content of
300kg/m3 and water- cement ratio of 0.50 will result in 25 percent paste
volume being sufficient to overfill the voids in 20 mm rounded gravel
aggregates. Increasing cement content will result in higher workability.
Plain and Reinforced Concrete by Professor Jai Krishna and
Professor O.P. Jain of University of Roorkee . – Round pebbles are
preferable to angular ballast as the former has got rid of any soft or weak
portions by weathering process and it also makes the concrete more
workable. Round pebbles are better than angular particles as the former give
smoother mixes for given water cement ratio and are therefore more
economical.
Recommendations
Quarry sites may be auctioned to the prospective batching and screener plant
owners on line of coal block auction by introducing threshold amount.
It would go a long way in curbing the menace of illegal quarrying and
would benefit to the state exchequer.
References:
IS. 456:2000- Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of practice
IS:383-1970- Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from natural source
for concrete.
SP 23:1982- Hand Book on Concrete Mixes (Based on Indian Standards)
IS 10262:2009- Concrete Mix proportioning – Guidelines
Plain and Reinforced Concrete by Dr. Jai Krishna and Dr. O.P. Jain- Renowned
Professors of University of Roorkee.