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ScienceDirect
Procedia Economics and Finance 25 (2015) 53 – 58

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© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
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Peer-review under responsibility of University of Economics, Prague, Faculty of Finance and Accounting
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2212-5671 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of University of Economics, Prague, Faculty of Finance and Accounting
doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00712-1
54 Simona Jirásková and Jan Molín / Procedia Economics and Finance 25 (2015) 53 – 58

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