Clark 1

Kaylee Clark

Professor Goeller

502 English 1201

17 March 2019

Annotated Bibliography

My research essay will take a deeper look at Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

used in the food industry and answer the question whether food made from these

organisms should be labeled in the marketplace. Through my research, I hope to learn

more about how these products are used in food. I want to find out the current

legislation for GMO products in the US, as well as any past legislation and its effects.

Also, I plan on comparing the US and its use and labeling of GMOs to other countries,

such as countries in the European Union. With this information, I will explain why GMOs

should be labeled in the US.

Brody, Jane E. “The Debate Persists Over G.M.O. Foods.” New York Times, vol.

167, no. 57942, 24 Apr. 2018, p. D5. EBSCOhost,

sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=

true&db=f5h&AN=129247118&site=eds-live.

Because of public pressure and state rules, a labeling requirement for GMOs was

put into place, which is misleading consumers into thinking negatively about GMOs. Not

all concerns consumers have are valid, but there are some negative aspects with using

GMOs. There are many positive aspects that have been found when using genetically

modified organisms that many consumers overlook. Before rejecting GMOs all together,
 Clark 2

consumers should learn about genetically modified organisms and look into some of the

benefits they can offer.

This is a newspaper article targeted towards the general population, especially daily

readers. It urges readers to take a closer look and learn more about genetically modified

organisms before automatically making assumptions. It provides some basic information

on both sides of the debate regarding labeling GMOs, but leans towards the idea of not

labeling GMOs.

This article was found using EBSCOhost. It was written by Jane E. Brody, a

personal health columnist for The New York Times, and was originally published by The

New York Times, vol. 167, no. 57942 on April 24, 2018. This article was written within

the last year, so it provides up-to-date and relevant information regarding my topic.

I plan to use this article to support my side of the labeling debate, which is to label

GMOs. Specifically, I want to use this article to help show the inconsistencies with

GMOs, as well as explain some of the unanswered questions surrounding this topic. I

also plan to use this article to show some of the positives of GMOs, such as benefits

GMO crops have on developing countries.

Caplan, Arthur. “GMO Foods Should be Labeled, But Not for Safety: Bioethicist.”

NBC News, 8 Sept. 2015, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna423451.

Companies in the food industry, as well as U.S. citizens, are divided over the issue

of labeling GMOs. The main case to label GMOs comes from arguments about their

safety. The real reason GMOs should be labeled is because consumers should be able

to know what is in their food. There are many labels on food, some of which have
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nothing to do with safety or nutrition facts. Putting a GMO label on your food would be

no different and than putting any of these other labels on food products.

This is newspaper article is targeted to the general public and people who usually

read the news. The goal of this article is to persuade readers to agree in the idea of

labeling GMOs because consumers have a right to know what is in their food.

This article is an internet source and was found at NBC News. It was posted on

September 8, 2015. The author is Arthur Caplan, who has written or edited 32 different

books. This article was published in 2015, so it isn’t as current as some of my other

sources, but there is still relevant information throughout the article.

I plan to use this article to support my argument over the labeling of GMOs. I am

going to use some of the evidence, especially the claims regarding the consumer’s right

to know what is in their food, to support my claim. This article is also very persuasive, so

I plan to incorporate some of the persuasiveness into my own research essay.

Castellari, Elena, et al. "Food processor and retailer non-GMO standards in the

US and EU and the driving role of regulations." Food Policy, vol. 78, 2018, pp.

26-37. OhioLINK Electronic Journal Center, https://eds-b-ebscohost-

com.sinclair.ohionet.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=62ba2802-57fb-43e1-9b5d-

f9975577dfe9%40sdc-v-

sessmgr04&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=130690949&db=eih.

Genetically modified organisms are used widely in both in the US and the EU. There

are different varieties of regulations regarding their labeling in each place, and even

though they each had different starting points, they are each experiencing similar
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solutions. While the mandatory labeling policies are different, each have laws that

regulate the GMOs that must be labeled. Along with this, non-mandatory standards for

labeling GMOs have also emerged in both systems. There are also notable differences

in each system, including increased flexibility on labeling in the US. Technology will

continue to improve and GMO use will continue to rise, which could result in global

standards, facilitated by the US and EU, on labeling GMO and non-GMO products.

This article was written to educate others about the similarities and differences

between GMO labeling in the US and the EU. This is a scholarly article and written for

an academic audience.

Elena Castellari as well as Claudia Soregaroli, Thomas J. Venus, and Justus

Wesseler wrote this academic article. It was posted in Food Policy in 2018. I found this

article on EBSCOhost. This academic journal was found through a reliable source and

provides up-to-date information regarding my topic.

I plan on using this article to explain the labeling policies of the United States. I want

readers to understand why the US has the laws it does regarding GMOs. Also, I plan to

use this information to compare and contrast these US labeling policies to the labeling

policies of the EU.

Coit, Marne, and Kim Bousquet. “Gmo Labeling: An Emerging Food Labeling

Issue.” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, vol. 23, no. 1, Spring 2018, pp. 21–28.

EBSCOhost, https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=1bb1bc1b-

e05b-4ffa-b23d-
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a12f1cd9675a%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=

131339905&db=a9h.

The National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard was the first national

standard signed into law for labeling bioengineered foods. This law nullifies the different

government laws of three states, Connecticut, Maine, and Vermont, all of which

previously passed different regulations on labeling these foods. The law doesn’t

specifically state which products should or shouldn’t be labeled, instead it gave the

USDA the power to establish what should be labeled and how it should be labeled. The

USDA is struggling to answer all the questions that comes with this new legislation and

it is still unclear how this law will address all of the issues that come with labeling

bioengineered foods.

This article was created to explain the new law put into place in the United States

regarding GMO labeling. It is an academic journal the was created with an academic

audience in mind. Also this article provides questions that could come up regarding this

law, making readers more involved in reading and thinking about possible solutions and

answers.

Marne Coit and Kim Bousquet are the authors of this academic journal. I found this

source on EBSCOhost though it was originally posted in the Drake Journal of

Agricultural Law vol. 23 issue 1 in Spring 2018. This article is up-to-date and provides

relevant information on my topic. Also, this article was published by Drake University, a

reputable source.

I plan to use this article to explain the current legislation the US has over GMOs. I

hope to compare this legislation to the past legislation of some US states regarding
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GMOs. I hope to explain the benefits of this nationwide law, which would help to support

my claim.

McLure, Jason. "Genetically Modified Food." CQ Researcher, 31 Aug. 2012, pp.

717-40, library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2012083100.

As labeling laws begin to start appearing in state ballots, the debate whether GM

foods should be labeled in the marketplace is larger than it has ever been. Consumers

and other advocates for labeling these foods are fighting against large companies that

produce GM crops and seeds. The most common types of GM crops, “Roundup Ready

crops” and crops with “Bt”, don’t have any direct benefit on consumers. High costs are

preventing research of crops that could have positive effects on consumers, such as

crops that are more nutritional. Current GM crops have lead to the rise of weeds

resistant to Bt and Roundup, which cause producers to use other chemicals, such as

pesticides, when planting crops. Companies that don’t support GM labeling say that

putting a label on these foods could cause confusion to consumers, making them think

there is something harmful in the product even though evidence points to the opposite.

Proponents of GM labeling believe foods should be labeled so consumers can decide

for themselves if they want to consume the products.

This article is a compilation of many different smaller pieces of writing, all describing

genetically modified foods and the idea surrounding labeling these foods. There are

different sections, each describing different parts of GMOs and their labeling, including

one describing the background of GMOs and another that interviews two different

people, each with a different look on GMO labeling. I focused on the first section of the
 Clark 7

article, which is an overview of the entire article. This article was written for a scholarly

audience and created to inform the audience on the GM food labeling debate and the

many sides to this controversy.

This article was written by Jason McLure, a correspondent for Thomson Reuters and

writer with work published in various publications. This article was found on CQ

Researcher and was posted on August 30, 2012. This article is the oldest article I found

for this research project, and though it doesn’t talk specifically about current debates, I

provides a lot of information about the background of GMOs and problems with labeling

that are still current in today’s world. This reliable article provides a large list of

publications used to write the entire article, as well as a list of footnotes.

I plan to use this article to help support why GMOs should be labeled. I will use

information from this article to support the claims I have throughout my writing. Also, I

hope to use the age of this article to show that consumers have been fighting for this

idea for years, and their voice isn’t being heard as well as it should be. Finally, I plan to

use this article to give background on GMOs as I introduce the topic in my essay.

Messer, Kent D., et al. “Labeling Food Processes: The Good, the Bad and the

Ugly.” Applied Economic Perspectives & Policy, vol. 39, no. 3, Sept. 2017, pp.

407–427. EBSCOhost,

https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=1bca5e50-bdb9-4517-

86a6-5c306f16bcf4%40pdc-v-

sessmgr01&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=fsr&AN=125039127.
 Clark 8

Recent federal legislation has made mandatory regulations for labeling certain food

processes, such as genetically modified organisms. There are many positives that could

come with labeling certain food processes. New markets for food products could be

created, which would increase consumer choice, and labels could help to protect public

health and promote the increase of environmental-friendly processes. Negatives of

labeling food processes include overloaded and crowded information, which could in

turn cause confusion and increased concern about certain food products by consumers.

Ugly results of food labeling including increasing costs of food and taxes as well as the

reduction of agricultural productivity could have a large effect on the economy. The

government needs to think about what will be best for both consumers and the country

as a whole before implementing laws regarding the labeling of food processes.

This is an article is an academic journal written for a scholarly audience. It was

created to help explain and inform the audience of the effects that the new labeling laws

could have on the United States and other countries around the world. It is a balanced

article that helps to explain many sides to the debate over labeling food processes.

This academic journal was written by Kent D. Messer, Marco Costanigro and Harry

M. Kaiser. It was originally posted by the Agricultural and Applied Economics

Association in the Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy of 2017. It was found

through EBSCOhost. This journal was found through a reliable source and includes up-

to-date information about my topic.

I plan to use this article to help support my argument of why GMOs should be

labeled. I am going to use the information from this article, specifically the “good”

aspects of food labeling, as evidence to support my claims. Also, I plan to use some of
 Clark 9

the “bad” and “ugly” points in this article in my counter argument to help make my essay

balanced.

Musico, Josie. “GMO Labels: Consumer Right, or Trouble Ahead?” Lubbock

Avalanche Journal (TX), 19 Apr. 2016. EBSCOhost,

sinclair.ohionet.org:80/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=

true&db=nfh&AN=2W61223439966&site=eds-live.

A new law in Vermont states that food products produced with genetically modified

organisms must be labeled. Many citizens are excited for the change and like the idea

that their voices were heard. Others, such as the chairman of the U.S. House of

Representatives' agricultural committee, are not happy with the labeling initiative, saying

it could cause large fines, create problems with interstate commerce, and make the

price of goods higher. Genetically modifying organisms isn’t something new and there

are many good things that come from GMOs, but people are still worried about the

potential dangers these products could cause. While some people agree that GMOs

should be out of the market altogether, others say it is unreasonable and unrealistic.

This article was created to inform the audience about the GMO labeling law in

Vermont. The article gives different sides to the argument, balancing the article and

allowing the readers to get information from both sides to the issue. This article is a

newspaper article, so it was created so the general population could understand the

information.

This newspaper article, found on EBSCOhost, was written by Josie Musico. It was

originally posted in the Lubbock Avalanche Journal in Texas on April 19, 2016. This
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article is older than some of my other sources, but still provides information that is

relevant to my claim. It is a balanced article and a reliable source.

I plan to use this article as I write about some of the US regulations on GMO

labeling. I will use this article to provide evidence and help explain what these

regulations are and why they US has these regulation. Also, I plan to use this article to

help support my claim of labeling GMOs, as it provides information that supports this

side of the controversy.