Wireless Communications Research Laboratory (WiCoRe), UT-Dallas 1

' $

Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss

& %
Wireless Communications Research Laboratory (WiCoRe), UT-Dallas 2
' $

Propagation Models

• Propagation models have traditionally focused on predicting

– the average received signal at a given distance from the
transmitter
– the variability of the signal strength in close spatial
proximity to a particular location

& %
Wireless Communications Research Laboratory (WiCoRe), UT-Dallas 3
' $

Large-Scale Propagation Models

• Large-scale propagation models predict the mean signal (local

average signal) strength for an arbitrary transmitter-receiver
(T-R) separation distance (several hundreds or thousands of
meters)
– these models are useful in estimating the radio coverage
area of a transmitter

& %
Wireless Communications Research Laboratory (WiCoRe), UT-Dallas 4
' $

Small-Scale Propagation Models

• Small-scale or fading models characterize the rapid fluctuations

of the received signal strength over very short travel distances
(a few wavelengths) or short time durations (on the order of
seconds)

& %
Wireless Communications Research Laboratory (WiCoRe), UT-Dallas 5
' $

Small-Scale Propagation Models (continued)

• Small-Scale Fading: As a mobile moves over very small

distances, the instantaneous received signal strength may
fluctuate rapidly that gives rise to small-scale fading
– in small-scale fading, the received signal power may vary by
as much as three or four orders of magnitude (30 or 40 dB)
when the receiver is moved by only a fraction of a
wavelength

& %
Wireless Communications Research Laboratory (WiCoRe), UT-Dallas 6
' $

Free Space Propagation Model

• It is a large-scale propagation model used to predict received

signal strength when the transmitter and receiver have a clear,
unobstructed line-of-sight path between them
– Example: Satellite communication systems, micro-wave
line-of-sight radio links
• The free space model predicts that received power decays as a
function of the T-R separation distance raised to some power

& %
Wireless Communications Research Laboratory (WiCoRe), UT-Dallas 7
' $

Free Space Propagation Model (continued)

• The free space power received by a receiver antenna which is

separated from a radiating transmitter antenna by a distance
d, is given by the Friis free space equation
Pt Gt Gr λ2
Pr (d) = 2
(4π) d2 L

& %
Wireless Communications Research Laboratory (WiCoRe), UT-Dallas 8
' $

Free Space Propagation Model (continued)

• In the Friis free space equation of the previous slide

? Pt = transmitted power
? Pr (d) = received power which is a function of the T-R
separation
? Gt = transmitter antenna gain
? Gr = receiver antenna gain
? L = system loss factor not related to propagation (L ≥ 1)
? λ = wavelength in meters

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' $

Indoor Propagation Model

• The indoor radio channel differs from the traditional mobile

radio channels in two aspects
– the distances covered are much smaller
– the variablility of the environment is much greater for a
much smaller range of T-R separation distances
• Propagation within buildings is strongly influenced by specific
features such as
– the layout of the building
– the construction materials
– the building type

& %
1
' $

Indoor Propagation Model (continued)

• Indoor radio propagation is dominated by the same

mechanisms as outdoor
– reflection
– diffraction
– scattering
• Signal levels vary greatly depending on whether
– interior doors are open or closed inside a building
– antennas are mounted at desk level or on the ceiling

& %
2
' $

Partition Losses (same floor)

• Buildings have a wide variety of partitions and obstacles which

form the internal and external structure
• Two types of partitions are
– Hard Partitions: partitions that are formed as part of the
building structure
– Soft Partitions: partitions that may be moved and which
do not span to the ceiling
• Partitions vary widely in their physical and electrical
characteristics, making it difficult to apply general model to
slpecific indoor installations

& %
3
' $

Partition Losses between Floors

• The losses between floors of a building are determined by

– the external dimensions and materials of the building
– the type of construction used to create the floors
– the external surroundings
• Even the number of windows in a building and the presence of
tinting (which attenuates the radio energy) can impact the loss
between floors

& %
4
' $

Log-distance Path Loss Model

• Indoor path loss is given by the following equations

 
d
P L(dB) = P L(d0 ) + 10n log     + Xσ
d0
where
– the value of n depends on the surroundings and building
type
– Xσ is a normal random variable in dB with standard
deviation of σ dB
• Note: This path loss equation is identical in form to the
log-normal shadowing

& %
5
' $

Slidel Model

• It is an in-building propagation model that includes the effect

of building type as well as the variations caused by obstacles
• It provides flexibility
• It reduces the standard deviation between measured and
predicted path loss to around 4 dB, as compared to 13 dB when
only a log-distance model is used in two different buildings

& %
6
' $

Slidel Model (continued)

• The attenuation factor model is given by

 
 d
P L(d)[dB] = P L(d0 )[dB] + 10nSF log   + F AF [dB]
d0
where
∗ nSF = same floor path loss exponent
∗ F AF = floor attenuation factor

& %
7
' $

Slidel Model (continued)

• In the previous slide, FAF may be replaced by an exponent

which already considers the effects of multiple floor separation
 
 d
P L(d)[dB] = P L(d0 )[dB] + 10nMF log  
d0
where
∗ nMF = path loss exponent based on measurements through
multiple floors

& %
8