ANTI-LOCK BRAKING

SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY ,
S.MANIKYAM
15/EE/68
NIT DURGAPUR
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Operation Principles of ABS
• ABS Components
• ABS Working
• System Diagram
• Types of Anti-lock breaking systems
• Comparison between ABS and Non-ABS
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Conclusion and References.
INTRODUCTION
• Antilock braking systems (ABSs) are electronic
systems that monitor and control wheel slip
during vehicle braking.
• ABSs can improve vehicle control during
braking, and reduce stopping distances on
slippery road surfaces by limiting wheel slip and
minimizing lockup.
• Reducing wheel slip improves vehicle stability
and control during braking, since stability
increases as wheel slip decreases.
OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF ABS
• The skidding and loss of
control was caused by the
locking of wheels.
• The release and reapply of
the brake pedal will avoid the
locking of the wheels which
in turn avoid the skidding.
• This is exactly what an
antilock braking system does.
Pressure Modulation:
• When the brake pedal is pumped or pulsed the
pressure is quickly applied and released at the
wheels. This is called pressure modulation.
Pressure modulation works to prevent the wheel
locking.
• ABS can modulate the pressure to the brake as
often as 15 times per seconds.
• ABS precisely controls the slip rate of the wheels to
ensure maximum grip force from the tire and it
there by ensures stability of the vehicle.
SLIP RATIO :
• When the brake pedal is depressed during driving, the wheel speed
decreases and the vehicle speed does as well. The decrease in the
vehicle speed, however, is not always proportional to the decrease in
the wheel speed. The non-correspondence between the wheel speed
and vehicle speed is called “slip” and the magnitude of the slip is
expressed by the “slip ratio” which is defined as follows:
• Slip ratio = (Vehicle speed – Wheel speed)/Vehicle speed ×100%
• When the slip ratio is 0%, the vehicle speed corresponds exactly to
the wheel speed. When it is 100%, the wheels are completely locking
(rotating at a zero speed) while the vehicle is moving.
• The best braking action occurs at
between 10-20%.
• If vehicle speed and wheel speed is
the same wheel slippage is 0%.
• A lock-up wheel will have a wheel
slippage of 100%.

Figure 2. Illustration of the relationship between

braking coefficient and wheel slip
Figure 1.
STRUCTURE AND COMPONENTS OF ABS

• Hydraulic unit.
• Electronic brake control
module (EBCM).
• Four wheel speed
sensors.
• Interconnecting wiring
• The ABS indicator
• The rear disc brake.
COMPONENTS OF ABS

• ABS systems consist of 4 primary components:

• 1. ABS Controller: the brains of the system.
ABS Controllers are a computer that reads the
inputs and then controls the system to keep the
wheels from locking up and skidding.
Fig: ABS Controller

2. ABS Speed Sensors: there are

generally one on each wheel (sometimes they
are located on the differential).It detects a
change in acceleration/deceleration in the
longitudinal direction of the vehicle and
outputs it to the ABSCM as a voltage signal.
Fig: ABS Speed Sensor
3. ABS Modulator/Valves: some system have separate
valves for each wheel with a modulator to control them.
Other systems they are combined. In either case they
work with the controller and the pump to add or release
pressure from the individual wheels brakes to control the
braking.
Fig: ABS Valves

4. ABS Pumps: since the ABS modulator/valves can

release pressure from the individual wheels brakes there
needs to be a way to restore the pressure when
required. That is what the ABS pumps job is. When the
pump is cycling, the driver may experience a slight
pedal vibration. This cycling is happening many times
per second and this slight vibration is natural.
Fig: ABS Pumps
WORKING OF ABS:
• We will discuss how one of the simpler system works:
• Sensors at each of the four wheels  sense the rotation of the wheel.
• Too much brake application  wheel stop rotating
• Sensors  ECU  releases brake line pressure wheel turns again.
• then ECU applies pressure again  stops the rotation of the wheel
releases it again and so on.
• NB:
• This releasing and re-application or pulsing of brake pressure
happens 20-30 times per second or more.
• This keeps the wheel just at the limit before locking up and skidding
no matter
• ABS system can maintain extremely high static pressure and must be
disabled before attempting repairs.
WORKING OF ABS:
(Solenoid Valve)
• Solenoid Valve Assembly:

Is a pair of valves that can:

A. Increase pressure

B. Hold pressure steady

C. Decrease pressure
1.INCREASE PRESSURE:

During pressure
increase mode of
operation fluid is
allowed to flow
through both
solenoids to the brake
caliper.
2.HOLD PRESSURE STEADY:

During Pressure
Hold mode of
operation both
solenoids are closed
and no additional
fluid is allowed to
flow to brake
calipers.
3.DECREASE PRESSURE:

During Pressure Vent

mode the pressure
increase solenoid is
closed. The Vent
solenoid opens
allowing fluid to vent
into an accumulator
chamber
SYSTEM DIAGRAM OF ABS:
TYPES OF ABS:

ABS brakes are either:

• 4 Channel ABS
• 3 Channel ABS
• 1 Channel ABS
▪ ONE Channel ABS: This system is commonly found on pickup trucks,
SUVs and Vans with rear-wheel ABS. It has one valve , which controls
both rear wheels and one speed sensor is located in the rear axle.
▪ THREE Channel ABS: This scheme is commonly found on pickup trucks
with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve for each of the
front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels. The
speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle.
▪ FOUR Channel ABS: There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a
separate valve for all four wheels. With this setup, the controller
monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving
maximum braking force.
 COMPARISON:

1.Full braking at high speed

2.Full braking in a Curve

3.Full Braking and Swerving

4.Full Braking on Different Surfaces

ADVANTAGES
• It allows the driver to maintain directional stability and control
over steering during braking.
• Safe and effective.
• Automatically changes the brake fluid pressure at each wheel to
maintain optimum brake performance.
• ABS absorbs the unwanted turbulence shock waves and
modulates the pulses thus permitting the wheel to continue
turning under maximum braking pressure.
DISADVANTAGES
• It is very costly.
• Maintenance cost of a car equipped with ABS is more.
• In exceptional circumstances, some drivers have the skill to
stop the vehicle in a shorter distance than achieved by an ABS
equipped vehicle.
• People who are inexperienced in using ABS may respond
inappropriately when they activate the system.
CONCLUSION

• Statistics show that approximately 40 % of automobile

accidents are due to skidding.
• Skidding , vehicle instability, steer inability and long
distance stopping, These problems commonly occur on
vehicle with conventional brake system which can be
avoided by adding devices called ABS.
• If there is an ABS failure, the system will revert to normal
brake operation. Normally the ABS warning light will turn
on and let the driver know there is a fault.
REFERENCES
• http:// www.google.com/abs /info/
• http:// www.wikipedia.com
• http:// www.teachertube.com
• http://autorepair.about.com/od/glossary/a/def_
ABS.htm
• http://www.me.utexas.edu/~longoria/VSDC/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKiTAcXK6M4
THANKYOU !