Biology SPM 2018

1. A __________ fluid which carries dissolved substances such as

digested nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol), waste
products (urea and uric acid), vitamins, minerals, hormones and
dissolved gases.

2. Blood plasma contains plasma proteins like __________,

__________, __________ and __________.

3. _____________ shaped which increases the cell’s surface area and

facilitates the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

4. ___________ have granular cytoplasm and lobed nuclei.

5. ___________ have relatively clear cytoplasm and their nuclei are not
lobed.

6. ________ carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the

systemic circulation.

7. _____________ prevents the backflow of blood from the arteries to

the ventricles during ventricular diastole.

8. _____________ is located between the right atrium and the right

ventricle to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.

9. _____________ valve is located between the left atrium and the left
ventricle.

10. The right and left side of the heart is separated by a _________.
11. Cardiac muscle is __________, which means that it is self-excitable.

12. The _________, known as the cardiac pacemaker, is located at the

upper wall of the right atrium.

13. An increase in the blood pressure is detected by the ____________.

14. __________ and other clotting factors are released by the platelets.

15. __________ is a hereditary disorder in which blood clots very slowly

due to the deficiency of certain clotting factors in the blood (e.g. factor
VIII).

16. __________ is a condition in which blood clots within the inner wall
of the blood vessels.

17. ______________ is a fluid that surrounds and bathes the cell.

18. The main lymphatic vessels are the ___________ and the
_____________.

19. Lymph flows as a result of ___________ contraction and respiratory

movements, aided by ______, as well as by the _________ of smooth
muscles in the walls of lymph vessels.

20. The right lymphatic duct delivers the lymph to the base of the
______________.

21. Saliva and tears contain antibacterial enzymes. Such as _________,

which __________ bacterial cell walls.
22. __________ are a special protein made by the body’s immune
system as a defence against foreign material (bacteria, viruses, etc.) that
enters the body.

23. __________ is an ability of an organism to resist diseases by

identifying and destroying foreign substances or pathogens.

24. Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a ________,

a substance that contains weakened antigens.

25. ____________ is obtained through injection of a serum which

contains specific antibodies.

26. ____________ is a vascular tissue responsible for transporting

water and minerals from the roots to the leaves of the plant.

27. ________ is a vascular tissue responsible for the transport

(translocation) of organic products of photosynthesis in the plant.

28. __________ is the movement of sucrose and other organic materials

from one place to another within the plant body.

29. __________ is the process of water loss in the form of water vapour
from plants through the stomata in leaves to the atmosphere.

30. ___________ is the process that forces the water absorbed from the
soil to move through the roots and up the stem of the plant.

31. _________ is made up of cranial and facial bones.

32. _________ vertebrae have short but big centrum for support and to
absorb shock.
33. _________ is longer bone of the forearm that articulates with the
humerus.

34. __________ are strong, tough and elastic yellow fibres.

35. __________ transmit the pulling force produced by the contraction of

the biceps muscles to the forearm.

36. Fish swim by contracting and relaxing a succession of muscle blocks

called _________.

37. Contraction of the ____________ muscles moves the wing upwards

and forwards, which drives the bird upwards and forwards.

38. ____________ is a sudden contraction of a muscle which results in a

sudden, intense pain and an inability to use the affected muscle.

39. Osteoporosis can be prevented by taking a diet rich in ________,

_________ and __________.

40. __________ is the inflammation of one or more joints characterised

by swelling, warmth, redness of the overlying area, pain and restriction
of movement.

41. Submerged plants such as ___________ and __________ possess

air sacs which are found on the stems and leaves to help the plant to
stay upright in water.

42. ___________ tissues store starch, sugars and water. These cells
maintain the __________ of the plants to give __________ to the plant.
43. The CNS consists of the ________ and the _____________.

44. ______________ is responsible for the vital physiological processes

such as breathing, heartbeat rate and blood pressure.

45. ___________ relays signals from various parts of the sensory

systems to the brain (cerebrum).

46. ___________ controls the coordination of the nervous and

endocrine systems.
47. _____________ is responsible for the secretion of many important
hormones in the body.

48. _________________ is a swelling in the dorsal root of the spinal

nerve consisting the cell bodies of the sensory neurones.

49. Axon is surrounded by an insulating membrane known as

___________.

50. __________ is a narrow gap located at the junction between the

axon terminal of one neurone and the dendrite of an adjacent neurone.

51. ____________ is an involuntary action that occurs automatically and

spontaneously without conscious control over a stimulus.

52. An ___________ is a ductless gland that manufactures one or more

kinds of hormones and secrete them directly into the bloodstream.

53. ___________ stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water from the

collecting tubules.
54. ___________ regulates the body’s metabolism and helps in normal
physical and mental development.

55. ___________ regulates the blood sugar level by converting excess

glucose to glycogen.

56. Too much thyroxine causes ____________ (an enlarged thyroid

gland, nervousness, rapid heart rate, bulging eyes, hand tremor and
weight loss).

57. ___________ is the process through which the physical and the
chemical factors within the internal environment of the body is kept
relatively constant.

58. The _____________ acts as an ultrafiltration unit.

59. ______________ is a process in which a dialysis machine is used to

remove metabolic wastes.

60. Each spermatogonium develops into _____________.

61. Sperm is produced in the ______________ of the testes and is

transported through epididymis, vas deferens and is kept in
_____________.

62. _____________ is the periodic sequence in which menstruation

takes place at the interval of about a month.

63. Ovulation occurs when the ____________ is released from the ovary
into the Fallopian tube.

64. ___________ functions to heal and repair the uterine wall which
causes the endometrium to thicken in preparation for implantation.
65. Implantation occurs when _________ attaches to the endometrium
of the uterus.

66. ____________ allows substances (carbon dioxide and nitrogenous

waste materials such as urea) to pass from the foetus to the mother.

67. In ______________, sperms are collected from the husband and

inserted into the uterus of the wife during ovulation phase.

68. __________________ are infectious diseases that are spread from

person to person through sexual contact.

69. The ______________ divides and forms two male gametes in the
pollen tube.

70. The ______________ divides by mitosis to form the endosperm

tissue.

71. _______ is a permanent and irreversible process that involves an

increase in the size and mass of the organism.

72. ____________ is the first form of growth that takes place in the
apical meristems of the shoot and the root.

73. _____ is a hereditary unit composed of DNA which determines a

particular characteristic in an organism.

74. ____________ is a genetic cross done between parents that differ in

the alleles they possess for one particular gene.
75. _____________ states that each individual characteristics of an
organism is determined by a pair of alleles.

76. _____________ states that during gamete formation, each member

of a pair of alleles may combine randomly with either member of another
pair of alleles

77. ______________ is failure of homologous chromosomes (during

meiosis II) or sister chromatids (during mitosis) to separate properly
during cell division.

78. DNA is made up of basic units called __________, which consists of

a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

79. __________ is the difference between the individuals of the same

species.

80. __________ is a spontaneous change in genetic composition of a

cell. It can occur in somatic cells or gametes.