Chapter 22 Respiration

Multiple-choice questions

[10144701]
* Directions: The following three questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows a set-up for studying respiration in yeast. The glucose solution was
boiled and cooled down to room temperature before yeast was added to it. The
set-up was left for 2 hours.

At the end of the experiment, the temperature of the mixture increased. Which
of the following is/are the explanation(s)?
(1) The glucose solution had been boiled.
(2) The yeast carried out respiration and produced heat.
(3) The room temperature rose during the experiment.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10144707]
* Which of the following measures in the set-up aim at providing an anaerobic
environment for the yeast?
(1) Cover the mixture of glucose and yeast with a layer of paraffin oil.
(2) Plug the vacuum flask tightly with a stopper.
(3) Boil the glucose solution before adding yeast.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10144711]
* What would be the colour of the hydrogencarbonate indicator at the end of the
experiment? What is the cause of such colour change?
Colour of indicator Reason for colour change
A purple the colour was intensified by a rise in
temperature
B purple carbon dioxide was used up by the yeast
C yellow carbon dioxide was released by the yeast
D yellow lactic acid was produced by the yeast

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[10144745]
 Which of the following correctly shows the final electron acceptor in the final
stage of aerobic respiration and the molecule produced after the final electron
acceptor has accepted electrons?
Final electron acceptor Molecule produced
A carbon dioxide oxygen
B NAD NADH
C oxygen water
D ADP ATP

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[10144753]
* Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagrams below, which
show sections of two organelles isolated from plant cells.

Which of the following comparisons between organelles X and Y is not

correct?
Organelle X Organelle Y
A can be found in both animal cells cannot be found in animal cells
and plant cells
B for releasing energy for capturing energy
C consumes oxygen produces oxygen
D functions all the time functions only in the presence of
light

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[10144759]
* Which of the following are the similarities of organelles X and Y?
(1) Both are bounded by a double membrane.
(2) Both contain enzymes that are necessary for their functions.
(3) Both have a large surface area to facilitate their functions.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10144761]
**The graph below shows the rate of oxygen uptake due to respiration of isolated
barley embryos cultured in solutions containing 4% of glucose and different
concentrations of phosphate.

Which of the following substances is most likely limiting the rate of respiration
between points Q and R?
A phosphate
B oxygen
C ATP
D ADP

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[10144783]
* During a marathon, aerobic respiration predominates over anaerobic respiration
because
A aerobic respiration releases energy more rapidly than anaerobic
respiration.
B lipids are consumed during the first few minutes of exercise.
C aerobic respiration uses glucose more efficiently compared to anaerobic
respiration.
D anaerobic respiration produces ethanol which is harmful to the body.

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[10144811]
 Which of the following correctly shows the products of anaerobic respiration
which are useful in different industrial processes?
Making bread Making yoghurt Brewing beer
A carbon dioxide ethanol lactic acid
B carbon dioxide lactic acid ethanol
C ethanol lactic acid carbon dioxide
D lactic acid carbon dioxide ethanol

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[10144829]
 Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?
A NADPH
B FADH
C ATP
D carbon dioxide

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[10144843]
* Which of the following are the correct explanations for the difference in the
amounts of ATP produced per molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration and
anaerobic respiration?
(1) The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur in anaerobic
respiration because there is no oxygen to accept electrons.
(2) Part of the energy released by glucose is stored in NADH in anaerobic
respiration.
(3) Glucose is only partly broken down in anaerobic respiration.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10144861]
* Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows some reactions in aerobic respiration.

In which of the above reactions does reduction of NAD occur?

A I and II only
B I and III only
C II and III only
D I, II and III

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[10144869]
* Which of the following correctly shows the numbers of carbon atoms in
compounds X and Y?
X Y
A 6 4
B 6 3
C 5 3
D 4 2

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[10144888]
* The graph below shows the rate of oxygen uptake of a person before, during
and after exercise.

Which area in the graph represents oxygen debt?

A I
B II
C III
D IV

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[10144914]
* Which of the following comparisons between photosynthesis and respiration is
not correct?
Photosynthesis
A occurs in chloroplasts only
B light energy is captured and
converted to chemical energy
stored in food in the process
C an anabolic process
D all ATP is formed by
photophosphorylation
Respiration
occurs in mitochondria and
cytoplasm
chemical energy in food is
converted to ATP and heat in the
process
a catabolic process
all ATP is formed by oxidative
phosphorylation

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[10144923]
* Which of the following indicate(s) the occurrence of aerobic respiration?
(1) an increase in temperature
(2) a colour change of hydrogencarbonate indicator
(3) an increase in the mass of an organism
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (2) only
D (1) and (3) only

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[10144927]
* Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows two set-ups, X and Y, used to demonstrate respiration.

Why are the vacuum flasks inverted?

A To prevent leakage of rising hot air.
B To accommodate more seeds.
C To allow more space for air.
D To fit the thermometer.

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[10144931]
* Which of the following curves correctly shows the results of the experiment?
A B

C D

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[10144942]
 Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
A in the mitochondrial matrix
B on the inner membrane of mitochondrion
C in the cytoplasm
D on the thylakoid membrane

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[10144961]
* Which of the following statements about oxidative phosphorylation of
respiration is not correct?
A It occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
B NADH and FADH lose hydrogen.
C Energy released in redox reactions is used to form ATP.
D Water acts as the final electron acceptor.

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[10144965]
* The diagram below shows a conical flask containing a mixture of glucose and
yeast. The mixture had been boiled and cooled down to room temperature. A
layer of paraffin oil was then added onto the mixture. The conical flask was
kept at 37 °C for 2 hours.

Which of the following was formed during the experiment?

A carbon dioxide
B lactic acid
C ethanol
D none of the above

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[10144995]
* An organism produces a gas when it carries out anaerobic respiration. This gas
turns lime water milky. Which of the following is most probably the organism?
A yeast
B a dog
C a flowering plant
D a human

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[10145012]
 Which of the following sub-cellular structures is the main site for respiration?
A mitochondrion
B chloroplast
C cell membrane
D nucleus

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[10145024]
* Which of the following graphs shows the change in the lactic acid
concentration in our muscles during and after strenuous exercise?
A B

C D

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[10145034]
 ATP can be readily broken down to release energy. Which of the following are
the uses of energy carried by ATP in humans?
(1) active transport
(2) cell division
(3) muscle contraction
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10145046]
 The photographs below show three products.

X Y Z

Alcoholic fermentation is involved in the production of

A X only.
B Y only.
C Y and Z only.
D X, Y and Z.

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[10145052]
* Which of the following processes require(s) energy from the breakdown of
ATP?
(1) breakdown of glucose to triose phosphate in glycolysis
(2) regeneration of the 4-C compound in the Krebs cycle
(3) regeneration of the 5-C compound in the Calvin cycle
A (1) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only

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[10145056]
* The photographs below show two sports.

weightlifting running a marathon

Which type of respiration supplies most of the energy for these two sports
respectively?
Weightlifting Running a marathon
A aerobic respiration aerobic respiration
B aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration
C anaerobic respiration aerobic respiration
D anaerobic respiration anaerobic respiration

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[10145074]
* Which of the following is/are the equation(s) for respiration in yeast?
(1) glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy
(2) glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
(3) glucose → lactic acid + energy
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (2) only
D (1) and (3) only

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[10145082]
 After running, the runner keeps breathing fast and deeply for a period of time to
take in extra oxygen
A to break down more glucose.
B to exchange for carbon dioxide.
C for reserve.
D to pay the oxygen debt.

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[10145086]
 When doing strenuous exercise, an insufficient supply of oxygen will lead to
the formation of
A sucrose.
B glucose.
C lactic acid.
D ethanol.

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[10145087]
 Skeletal muscle cells contain a lot of mitochondria because they
A use a lot of enzymes.
B produce a lot of enzymes.
C needs a large amount of ATP.
D use only small amount of ATP.

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[10145109]
* Which of the following molecules contains the largest amount of chemical
energy?
A ATP
B ethanol
C lactic acid
D glucose

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[10145124]
* Directions: The following two questions refer to the set-ups below. Three
identical vacuum flasks with equal mass of seeds were used to investigate
whether germinating seeds produce heat. The set-ups were left for 1 day.

Which set-up shows the highest temperature at the end of the experiment?
A X
B Y
C Z
D cannot be determined

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[10145127]
* At the end of the experiment, the seeds in each vacuum flask were weighed. In
which set-up were the seeds heaviest?
A X
B Y
C Z
D cannot be determined

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[10145128]
 Which of the following substances is/are produced when our skeletal muscle
cells respire anaerobically?
(1) lactic acid
(2) ethanol
(3) carbon dioxide
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only

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[10145130]
* Directions: The following three questions refer to the set-up below, which was
used to study anaerobic respiration in yeast. The glucose solution was boiled
and cooled down to room temperature before yeast was added to it.

What would happen to the lime water several hours later?

A The lime water would remain clear.
B The lime water would turn yellow.
C The lime water would turn purple.
D The lime water would turn milky.

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[10145143]
* What is the purpose of adding a layer of paraffin oil onto the mixture of
glucose and yeast?
A To trap any gas produced in the solution.
B To prevent oxygen in the air from dissolving into the solution.
C To mix with the aqueous solution for forming an emulsion.
D To prevent heat loss from the solution.

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[10145150]
* The reactions in the flask stopped a few days later because
(1) the yeast was killed by the ethanol produced.
(2) the yeast was killed by the lactic acid produced.
(3) glucose was used up.
A (3) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10145163]
 Respiration involves
(1) the breakdown of food.
(2) the release of energy.
(3) the release of oxygen.
A (1) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10145167]
 Which of the following statements about respiration is correct?
A Carbon dioxide is always produced in the process of anaerobic
respiration.
B Glucose is completely broken down in anaerobic respiration.
C Respiration is an oxidative process.
D Respiration takes place in the nuclei of the cells.

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[10145178]
* Which of the following comparisons between aerobic respiration and anaerobic
respiration in yeast is not correct?
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
A occurs in mitochondria and occurs in cytoplasm only
cytoplasm
B pyruvate is oxidized in the process pyruvate is reduced in the process
C carbon dioxide is released no carbon dioxide is released
D more ATP is produced less ATP is produced

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[10145180]
 Which of the following statements about anaerobic respiration is/are correct?
(1) Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
(2) Anaerobic respiration takes place in mitochondria.
(3) Glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water in the
process.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10145181]
 Directions: The following two questions refer to the set-up below, which is
used to study carbon dioxide production in germinating seeds during
respiration.

A control set-up of this experiment should be the same as the above set-up
except
A removing the seeds.
B using boiled seeds instead of living seeds.
C using non-sterilized seeds instead of sterilized seeds.
D using distilled water instead of lime water.

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[10145186]
 In this experiment, lime water can be replaced by
A hydrogencarbonate indicator.
B potassium hydroxide solution.
C iodine solution.
D distilled water.

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[10145191]
 Which of the following cells do not carry out respiration?
A human liver cells
B human sperms
C yeast cells
D plant xylem cells

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[10145202]
* Directions: The following two questions refer to the set-ups below, which were
used to study heat production in germinating seeds. The set-ups were left for 1
day.

Why were the vacuum flasks placed in an inverted position?

A To prevent leakage of the gas produced.
B To prevent light from reaching the seeds.
C To prevent heat loss.
D To prevent microorganisms from entering the flasks.

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[10145216]
* Which of the following statements about the experiment is not correct?
A The temperature in Y remained unchanged throughout the experiment.
B The surface of the seeds was sterilized to eliminate the effect of
respiration by the microorganisms.
C At the end of the experiment, the seeds in X were heavier than the seeds
in Y.
D At the end of the experiment, the temperature in X was higher than that
in Y.

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[10145219]
 Which of the following is/are the importance of anaerobic respiration during
exercise?
(1) It allows muscles to contract at a higher rate.
(2) It produces lactic acid.
(3) It provides additional energy.
A (1) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10145222]
 Directions: The following two questions refer to the photographs below, which
show two kinds of foods and a drink.

X Y Z

The production process(es) of which of the foods and drinks make(s) use of
alcoholic fermentation in yeast?
A X only
B Z only
C X and Y only
D X, Y and Z

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[10145236]
 The spongy texture of Y is due to the production of
A ethanol.
B oxygen.
C carbon dioxide.
D lactic acid.

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[10145256]
 In which of the following processes is ethanol produced?
(1) anaerobic respiration in yeast
(2) aerobic respiration in skeletal muscle cells
(3) anaerobic respiration in skeletal muscle cells
A (1) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

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[10145266]
 Organisms do not release energy from food by burning because
A burning cannot release energy.
B burning is too slow.
C burning releases a large amount of energy as heat in one single step
which will kill the cells.
D there are too many reactions in the process of burning that consume
energy.

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[10145268]
 Which of the following activities most probably leads to the greatest oxygen
debt?
A fishing
B running
C walking
D sleeping

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[10145270]
 Oxygen debt is
A the additional amount of oxygen required to remove all the lactic acid
after exercise.
B the additional amount of oxygen required to remove all the fatty acids
after exercise.
C the amount of oxygen breathed in during exercise.
D the amount of oxygen breathed in after exercise.

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Short questions

[10145375]
* In an investigation, the energy expenditure and oxygen consumption of an
individual were measured before, during and after 4 minutes of exercise.
The graph below shows the rate of energy expenditure and rate of oxygen
consumption compared with those before exercise.

a Describe the relationship between energy expenditure and oxygen

consumption during the 4 minutes of exercise. (2 marks)
The oxygen debt is shown as the shaded area on the graph.
b Explain why there is an oxygen debt after exercise. (3 marks)
Edexcel GCE (A) Biology Unit 4C Jun 2009 Q8a

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[10145384]
**a i Anaerobic respiration takes place where the availability of oxygen is
limited. Describe one advantage of this in highly active muscle cells.
(1 mark)
ii Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells leads to the build up of an
oxygen debt. Describe what is meant by an ‘oxygen debt’. (1 mark)
b Anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue does not produce carbon dioxide as a
waste product. However, anaerobic respiration in fungi and plants produces
carbon dioxide.
The diagram below shows one type of simple respirometer.

Devise a plan for an investigation using the respirometer to determine if a

sample of germinating peas is respiring anaerobically. Your plan should
outline the experimental set-up, the control of variables, the collection of
data and how you could determine if anaerobic respiration is taking place.
(You do not need to give a detailed procedure for the investigation.)
(4 marks)
CCEA GCE (A) Biology Module 2 May 2013 Q3

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[10145386]
 The diagram below shows how energy is transferred within a cell.

a In what form is energy transferred during the synthesis of ATP? (1 mark)

b Name X and Y. (1 mark)
c Give two specific examples of cellular processes in plants which require
energy from ATP. (2 marks)

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[10145405]
**a Explain why ATP is regarded as an immediate source of energy. (1 mark)
b In plants, ATP is produced in photochemical reactions of photosynthesis.
Give two reasons why plants cannot use this as their only source of ATP.
(2 marks)
c Red blood cells use ATP but they do not contain mitochondria. How do red
blood cells produce ATP? Name the process and suggest one reason for
your answer. (2 marks)
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[10145415]
 Complete the following paragraph with suitable words selected from the list
below. (6 marks)
ATP ADP NAD NADP
FAD Krebs cycle Calvin cycle cytoplasm
mitochondria acetyl-CoA triose phosphate

In living cells, aerobic respiration takes several stages to complete. Glycolysis

occurs in the a of the cells. Glycolysis produces the end compound,
pyruvate, which enters the next stage, the b , after being converted into
c . The hydrogen atoms released from the breakdown of this
compound are accepted by carrier molecules, d and e .
In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from these hydrogen atoms take part in a
series of redox reactions to release energy, which is used to form f .

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[10145428]
**Read the following article and answer the questions.
Wine production process
To produce red wine, whole grapes are crushed to extract their juice. The
juice is then transferred to barrels. Sugars in the grape juice and yeast naturally
found on the skin of the grapes are involved in fermentation in the production
of wine.
The processes of producing different wines are slightly different. In the
production of champagne (香 香), the wine obtained after the first fermentation is
sealed in bottles with extra yeast and sugars added for the second fermentation.
In the production of some types of wines, the fermentation mixtures are chilled
to stop the reactions before fermentation completes.

a Describe the processes occurring in the barrels that lead to the formation of
wine. (2 marks)
b Explain why the wine is sealed in bottles with extra yeast and sugars added
for the second fermentation in the production of champagne. (2 marks)
c The fermentation mixtures of some types of wines are chilled before
fermentation completes. How are these wines different from the other
wines? (2
marks)
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[10145451]
* The diagram below shows part of the process of aerobic respiration.

a Name X and Y. (2 marks)

b Describe how the chemical energy stored in the hydrogen atoms is released
to form ATP. (2 marks)

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[10145452]
* In an investigation, two groups of runners, one group was trained and the other
was untrained, ran for 45 minutes. The graph below shows the changes in the
lactic acid concentrations in their blood when they were running.

a Describe and explain the differences in the changes in the lactic acid
concentrations of the trained and the untrained runners. (4 marks)
b Both groups stopped running after 45 minutes. How would the lactic acid
concentrations change in both groups of runners? Explain briefly.
(2 marks)

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[10145460]
* When we are doing exercise, chemical reactions take place in our body to
provide energy.
a Marathon runners eat a large amount of starch-rich food several days before
the race. On the other hand, sprinters only have some glucose-rich drinks
just before the race. Explain the difference in the practices of marathon
runners and sprinters. (6 marks)
b During exercise, lactic acid is formed. Describe how the lactic acid is
formed. (1 mark)

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[10145478]
 a Explain why ATP is important in the cells. (2 marks)
b State three sites where ATP is formed in a cell. (3 marks)

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[10145486]
 The diagram below shows a skeletal muscle cell.

X is a food molecule and Y is a gas. These two substances move into the skeletal
muscle cell from the blood. They are involved in reactions that release energy in
the cell.
a i Name the reactions that release energy in the cell. (1
mark)
ii State two uses of energy released from these reactions. (2
marks)
b i What are X and Y? (2
marks)
ii By what process does Y move into the cell? (1 mark)

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[10145490]
 A student is sprinting.
a Explain why the heart rate and the breathing rate increase when we are doing
exercise. (2 marks)
b Explain the meaning of oxygen debt. (2 marks)

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[10145497]
 Alcoholic fermentation can be applied in our daily life.
a Give two applications of alcoholic fermentation in industrial processes.
(2 marks)
b What are the similarities and differences between alcoholic fermentation
and the anaerobic respiration in our skeletal muscle cells when we are
doing strenuous exercise?
(4 marks)
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[10145520]
 Complete the table below by stating the precise locations and the main products
in the three stages of aerobic respiration. (6 marks)
Stage of respiration Location Main products
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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[10145538]
 Complete the following paragraph with suitable words. (4 marks)
During respiration, a series of chemical reactions occur to release a
from food. These reactions are controlled by b . When oxygen is
available, glucose is broken down completely to form carbon dioxide and c
. This type of respiration is called d respiration.

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Structured questions

[10145639]
**One way of calculating the rate of respiration is to measure the volume of
oxygen taken up over a period of time.
A student carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on
the rate of respiration in soaked (germinating) pea seeds and dry (dormant) pea
seeds.
A simple piece of apparatus called a respirometer was used, as shown in the
diagram below.

The potassium hydroxide solution in this apparatus absorbs carbon dioxide. If the
apparatus is kept at a constant temperature, any changes in the volume of air in
the respirometer will be due to oxygen uptake.
a State the stage(s) of aerobic respiration during which:
i carbon dioxide is produced. (1 mark)
ii oxygen is used. (1 mark)
 b The student set up three respirometers, X, Y and Z, in water baths at two
different temperatures. The respirometers were left for 10 minutes in order
to equilibrate.
The contents of each respirometer are shown in the table below.
Temperature (°C) Respirometer Contents
X 30 soaked pea seeds
15 Y glass beads + 30 dry pea seeds
Z glass beads
X 30 soaked pea seeds
25 Y glass beads + 30 dry pea seeds
Z glass beads

At each temperature, respirometer Z, which contained only glass beads, was

a control.
Respirometer Y, at each temperature, also contained some glass beads.
i Suggest why, at each temperature, respirometer Y contained some
glass beads. (2 marks)
ii Suggest how the student determined the quantity of glass beads to
place in respirometer Y at each temperature. (2 marks)
c After the student had left each respirometer to equilibrate, a small volume
of coloured liquid was introduced into each graduated tube.
The respirometers were then left in the appropriate water baths for 20
minutes and maintained at the correct temperature. During this time, the
coloured fluid in the graduated tube moved.
The level of the coloured fluid in each respirometer was recorded at the start
of the experiment and after 20 minutes.
The results are summarized in the table below.

Reading Rate of
Reading Corrected
Temperature Respiro- after 20 Difference oxygen
at start difference
(°C) meter minutes (cm3) uptake
(cm3) (cm3)
(cm3) (cm3/min)
X 0.93 0.74 0.19 0.16 0.008
15 Y 0.93 0.86 0.07 0.04 0.002
Z 0.91 0.88 0.03 - -
25 X 0.94 0.63 0.31 0.27
Y 0.93 0.84 0.09 0.05 0.003
 Z 0.95 0.91 0.04 - -
i The table is incomplete.
Calculate the missing value for the rate of oxygen uptake for soaked
pea seeds (X) at 25 °C. Show your working. (2 marks)
ii Explain why there is an increased rate of respiration in soaked seeds at
25 °C compared with soaked seeds at 15 °C. (2 marks)
iii Suggest a reason for the difference in the rate of respiration between
soaked and dry pea seeds. (2 marks)
OCR GCE (A) Communication, Homeostasis and Energy Jan 2012 Q4

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[10145656]
* During a sporting event an athlete may have to carry out not only aerobic
respiration but also anaerobic respiration to produce sufficient ATP.
The diagram below outlines both these processes in a muscle cell and shows how
a liver cell is linked to the processes.
a State one use of glucose in the liver cell apart from maintaining the blood
glucose concentration. (1 mark)
b Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Explain the meaning of the term less efficient as applied to anaerobic
respiration. (2 marks)
 c Complete the table below to indicate the precise locations of glycolysis, the
link reaction, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation within the muscle
cell. (4 marks)
Process Precise location
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

d In the muscle cell, glucose is phosphorylated at the start of glycolysis.

Suggest why this phosphorylated glucose does not diffuse out of the muscle
cell into the blood. (1 mark)
e State what is meant by excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption
(EPOC). (1 mark)
f Oxygen is required in the metabolic pathways involved in the conversion of
lactate to glucose.
Suggest two further uses of the additional oxygen from EPOC. (2 marks)
OCR GCE (A) Human Biology Energy, Reproduction and Populations
Jun 2011 Q2a

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[10145661]
* a Hepatocytes (liver cells) detoxify the blood.
Alcohol can be toxic. To prevent this, hepatocytes oxidize the alcohol into a
less toxic substance. This process involves the reduction of NAD.
The relationship between the concentration of NAD in the hepatocytes and
the concentration of alcohol in the blood is shown in the diagram below.
 i Describe the relationship shown in the diagram. (1 mark)
ii Using the diagram, suggest two respiratory processes that may be
affected by an increased concentration of alcohol in the blood.
(2 marks)
b During a 100-metre race, a sprinter’s muscle cells have a high demand for
oxygen. The circulatory system is unable to fully meet this demand.
In this situation, both anaerobic and aerobic respiration will occur.
Outline the process of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells. (3 marks)
c The oxygen uptake for a sprinter will remain high for several minutes after
a race.
This is popularly known as the ‘oxygen debt’.
Explain the reason for excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC).
(3 marks)
OCR GCE (A) Human Biology Energy, Reproduction and Populations
Jun 2010 Q4a, b ii ,c

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[10145666]
* The flow chart below shows a summary of the stages involved in respiration.
 a Name processes X and Z and state precisely where in the cell each process
occurs. (2 marks)
b A compound called coenzyme A is involved in process Y. State the role of
this compound in the process. (2
marks)
c State the numbers of carbon atoms in a molecule of compounds P, Q and
R. (3 marks)
d Describe the fate of atom M. (4 marks)

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[10145668]
* The table below shows the change in lactic acid concentration in the blood of an
athlete when attending a running race.

Lactic acid concentration

Time (s)
(mg/100 cm3 blood)
5 10
10 30
15 60
20 40
25 20
30 10
 a Present the above data in the form of a graph. (4 marks)
b After the running race, the athlete still breathed deeply for a period of time.
State the significance of this. (2 marks)
c When did the athlete finish his race? (1 mark)
d Write a word equation for the process that leads to lactic acid production in
the muscles. (1 mark)
e What is the importance of the process in d? (2 marks)

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[10145681]
* The diagram below shows glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration.

a Name compound X. (1 mark)

b Where do glycolysis and the Krebs cycle occur precisely in a cell?
(2 marks)
c i Indicate on the diagram by writing a letter ‘U’ where ATP is used in
respiration. (1 mark)
ii Indicate on the diagram by writing a letter ‘P’ where ATP is produced
in respiration. (2 marks)
d Describe the fate of the NADH and FADH produced. (2 marks)
e Describe what happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions in skeletal
muscle cells. (2 marks)

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[10145684]
* A student used the set-ups below to study respiration.

The student recorded the changes in the temperatures of the three flasks in a 5-
day period. The results are shown in the table below.
Temperature (°C)
Time (day)
Flask X Flask Y Flask Z
0 20.0 20.0 20.0
1 20.5 20.2 20.0
2 22.8 20.5 20.0
3 24.2 20.8 20.0
4 25.9 21.0 20.0
5 27.1 21.0 20.0
 a Why are vacuum flasks used instead of beakers in the above set-ups?
(1 mark)
b i Plot a graph to show the changes in the temperature of the three flasks
in the 5-day period. (4
marks)
ii Describe and explain the change in the temperature of flask X.
(2 marks)
iii Explain the difference in the temperatures of flasks Y and Z.
(3 marks)

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[10145693]
 The diagram below shows the structure of a mitochondrion.

a Name X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

b State a feature of X that facilitates respiration. (2 marks)
c i Name the main molecule that is formed in the mitochondrion.
(1 mark)
ii State the role of this molecule in the cell. (2 marks)
d Which type of cells, skin cells or skeletal muscle cells, contain more
mitochondria? Explain briefly. (3 marks)

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[10145708]
* A student carried out an experiment using the set-up below.

He carried out the experiment at 25 °C. He recorded the number of gas bubbles
released. The results are shown in the table below.
Time (minute) Number of gas bubbles
5 10
10 18
15 30
20 44
25 25
30 18

a Name the process that was carried out by the yeast. (1 mark)
b What is the gas produced? (1 mark)
c Why did the number of gas bubbles decrease after 20 minutes? (2 marks)
d Predict the results if the temperature was increased to 80 °C. Explain your
answer. (2 marks)
e The student repeated the experiment. This time the glucose solution was
boiled and yeast was added after the glucose solution was cooled down. A
layer of paraffin oil was then added to the mixture. In addition to the gas,
one other product was produced in the flask.
i What is this product? (1 mark)
ii Explain why this product was produced. (2 marks)
---------------------------------------------------

[10145720]
* a The diagram below shows the main stages in the breakdown of a glucose
molecule in an animal cell when oxygen is available.

i Name molecules X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

ii In which process is ATP used? State the function of ATP in the
process. (2 marks)
b The diagram below shows a stage of respiration not shown in the above
diagram.

i Name W. (1 mark)
ii State the role of W in the reaction. (1 mark)
iii State precisely where this process takes place in a cell. (1 mark)
iv Where do electrons come from? (2 marks)
 v As electrons pass from one carrier to another, energy is released. State
the use of this energy. (1 mark)

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[10145721]
* ATP is described as an energy carrier in all organisms.
a i Explain why ATP can act as an energy carrier. (3 marks)
ii State two metabolic activities that involve the use of ATP. (2 marks)
 b The diagram below shows how ATP is produced in respiration.

Name the hydrogen donor and the final electron acceptor. (2 marks)
c Describe and explain how the Krebs cycle will be affected if the final
electron acceptor is not available. (2 marks)

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[10145761]
 a In a marathon, most of the energy of the runners is produced through
aerobic respiration.
i Write a word equation for aerobic respiration. (1 mark)
ii The runners breathe faster during the race. State the significance of
this. (2 marks)
 b In a sprint, most of the energy of the runners is produced through anaerobic
respiration.
i Explain why the runners depend on anaerobic respiration to provide
energy. (2 marks)
ii Write a word equation for anaerobic respiration in skeletal muscle
cells. (1 mark)
iii After sprinting, the runners keep breathing fast and deeply for a period
of time. State the significance of this. (2 marks)

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[10145766]
* The rate of respiration of an organism can be estimated by using a respirometer.
The respirometer measures the volume of oxygen consumed by an organism over
a fixed period of time. The diagram below shows a simple respirometer. A
similar set-up without an animal was used as a control.
 a Explain why the respirometer must be airtight. (1 mark)
b Name one chemical that can be used as a carbon dioxide absorbent.
(1 mark)
c Explain why the drop of dye solution moved towards the animal in the
experimental set-up. (4 marks)
d Name one animal that can be placed in the respirometer. (1 mark)
e If the carbon dioxide absorbent was removed from the boiling tube, what
would happen to the drop of dye solution in the experimental set-up?
Explain your answer. (3 marks)
f Explain how this respirometer should be modified to measure the rate of
respiration of a plant. (2 marks)

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[10145767]
* The diagram below shows an outline of different stages of aerobic respiration (X,
Y and Z).

a i Name stages X and Z. (2 marks)

ii State where these stages occur. (2 marks)
 b NADH and FADH are oxidized in oxidative phosphorylation to yield more
ATP.
i Calculate the net yield of ATP per glucose molecule in aerobic
respiration by completing the following table (stage Y was done as an
example). (3
marks)
NADH FADH Net yield of
Stage ATP formed
formed formed ATP
X
Y 0 2 0 6
Z
Total:

ii Which of the stages, X, Y or Z, yields the greatest number of ATP?

(1 mark)
iii ATP is also produced in anaerobic conditions but the yield is much
less than that in aerobic respiration. Explain why. (4 marks)

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[10145787]
* A student prepared the following set-up to demonstrate the release of heat by a
living mouse during respiration.

a The liquid levels in both arms of the U-shaped capillary tube did not
change much during the experiment. Why? (2
marks)
b What would happen to the liquid levels if the set-up was able to detect the
heat released by the mouse? Explain. (3 marks)
c Suggest one improvement to make the set-up more sensitive to the release
of heat. (2 marks)
d Write a word equation to show how heat is produced during respiration by
the mouse. (2 marks)
e Apart from being lost as heat, state one other fate of the energy released
during respiration. (1 mark)
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[10145788]
 The diagram below shows an experimental set-up. The sugar solution was
boiled. Yeast was added after the sugar solution was cooled down. A layer of
paraffin oil was then added onto the mixture.

a What is the gas released from the vacuum flask? Suggest a test to verify
your answer. (2 marks)
b Explain why it is necessary to boil the sugar solution and add a layer of
paraffin oil onto the mixture. (3 marks)
c State two more changes that could be detected in the vacuum flask at the
end of the experiment. (2 marks)
d State two applications of fermentation by yeast. (2 marks)
e If paraffin oil was not added and the sugar solution was not boiled, would
the gas still be produced? Explain. (3 marks)

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[10145796]
* The diagram below shows an experiment, which was carried out to study aerobic
respiration of a grasshopper.

a What is the function of potassium hydroxide? (1 mark)

b Before the experiment started, the clip were opened for a while and then
closed. Why is this necessary? (2 marks)
c Write a word equation for the type of respiration carried out by the
grasshopper. (2 marks)
d After 2 hours, the liquid level in arm X rose but that in arm Y fell. Explain
why. (4
marks)
e What may happen if the grasshopper is placed in the set-up for 5 days?
(1 mark)

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[10145851]
**The diagram below shows an experimental set-up used to study respiration of
yeast.

a Sketch a graph to show the volume of oil in the measuring cylinder against
time. Explain briefly. (6 marks)
b Explain why it is not suitable to replace oil with water. (2
marks)
c List two possible control set-ups for the above experiment. (2 marks)

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[10145854]
 The diagram below shows a set-up used to study anaerobic respiration of yeast.
When the experiment started, the solution appeared cloudy and gas bubbles were
releasing from the solution. After 2 days, the solution became clear and no more
gas bubbles were released.

a What precaution should be taken to ensure the yeast carries out anaerobic
respiration? (1 mark)
b How can the air-free glucose solution be prepared? (1 mark)
c What is the gas released? (1 mark)
d Why did the solution become clear after 2 days? (3 marks)
e Write the word equation of anaerobic respiration carried out by the yeast.
(2 marks)

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[10145856]
* A balloon was fitted to the mouth of a bottle containing a mixture of yeast and
boiled apple juice. The change in the circumference of the balloon during the
experiment is shown in the graph below.

a Explain the increase in the circumference of the balloon in the first 2 days.
(4 marks)
b Suggest two reasons to explain why the increase in the circumference of the
balloon stopped after 2 days. (2 marks)
c State the importance of yeast in bread-making. (2 marks)

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[10145862]
 Seals are mammals which feed on fish. To hunt for fish, seals have to dive in
deep sea for a long period of time. During diving, seals carry out anaerobic
respiration.
a Explain why muscles of the seals respire anaerobically during diving.
(2 marks)
b Explain why anaerobic respiration cannot go on forever. (2 marks)
c Give one example of human activities that depends on mainly anaerobic
respiration to provide energy. (1 mark)
d Both seals and humans keep breathing fast and deeply for a period of time
after carrying out anaerobic respiration. What is the significance of this?
(2 marks)
e Give one advantage of anaerobic respiration and one advantage of aerobic
respiration. (2 marks)

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Essays

[10145957]
* Describe the similarities and differences of chloroplasts and mitochondria in
terms of their structure. (9 marks)
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[10145983]
* Describe how ATP is formed in aerobic respiration. (10 marks)
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[10145984]
* Describe the similarities and differences in the processes of photosynthesis and
respiration. (9 marks)
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