National Roads Authority
Pedestrian Crossing Specification
and Guidance
April 2011
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
1 Pedestrian Crossing Provision ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Types of Facility .................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Requests for a Pedestrian Crossing .................................................................................... 1
2 Assessing the Need for a Pedestrian Crossing ............................................................... 2
2.1 Assessment ......................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 On‐site Assessment............................................................................................................. 2
2.3 Site Survey .......................................................................................................................... 3
2.4 Traffic Survey ...................................................................................................................... 3
2.5 Crossing Need Assessment ................................................................................................. 4
2.6 Justification for a Crossing .................................................................................................. 5
3 Choosing the Most Appropriate Form of Pedestrian Crossing ...................................... 6
3.1 Forms of Crossing ............................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Uncontrolled Crossing at a Refuge Island ........................................................................... 6
3.3 Zebra Controlled Crossing ................................................................................................... 7
3.4 Signal Controlled Crossing .................................................................................................. 7
3.5 School Warden Crossing Patrol .......................................................................................... 8
4 Design and Installation of a Pedestrian Crossing .......................................................... 9
4.1 Visibility ............................................................................................................................... 9
4.2 Positioning Relative to Side Road ..................................................................................... 10
4.3 Crossing Width .................................................................................................................. 10
4.4 Road Markings and Signs .................................................................................................. 10
4.5 Lighting ............................................................................................................................. 11
4.6 Skid Resistance of Road Surface ....................................................................................... 11
4.7 Drainage at the Crossing ................................................................................................... 12
4.8 Dropped Kerbs and Tactile Paving .................................................................................... 12
4.9 Guard Railing ..................................................................................................................... 13
4.10 Specific Zebra Crossing Issues ........................................................................................... 13
4.11 Specific Signal Controlled Crossing Issues ........................................................................ 14
4.12 Toucan Crossings .............................................................................................................. 15
5 Standard Detail Drawings and Specification ............................................................... 17
6 References ................................................................................................................. 18
Appendix A Pedestrian Crossing Site Assessment ...................................................... A1
Appendix B Pedestrian and Vehicle Count Survey Summary ..................................... B1
Appendix C Pedestrian Crossing Need Assessment .................................................... C1
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment ............................. D1
Appendix E Typical Crossing Times for Signalised Crossings ....................................... E1
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
1 Pedestrian Crossing Provision
1.1 Introduction the green man display, or the act of stepping
onto a zebra crossing, gives an assured safe
This document is intended as good practice crossing opportunity and do not keep alert for
guidance for the provision of pedestrian approaching vehicles. However some drivers
crossings within 50km/h or 60km/h speed do not always stop when required to do so
limits on national roads. and occasionally pedestrians are injured on
the crossing, or there are nose to tail shunt
Pedestrian facilities at signal controlled accidents on the approaches as drivers brake
junctions are not covered by this document. suddenly. The provision of good inter‐visibility
between pedestrian and driver (see Section
Pedestrians need adequate gaps in traffic to 4.1) and high friction surface (see Section 4.6)
cross a road. In relatively low speed urban can help to minimise this.
environments (up to around 50km/h) a gap of
4‐6 seconds is adequate for most able‐bodied
adult pedestrians to cross a 7m wide two lane
road. Child and elderly pedestrians may have
more difficulty judging speed and safe gaps in
traffic and therefore will require longer gaps.
The first step to take after receiving a request
1.2 Types of Facility for a crossing is to assess the need at that
location for a crossing facility. The assessment
Crossing facilities fall broadly into three types;
will firstly consider whether there is a need for
• Uncontrolled crossing, often with a any facility at all, and then will determine
central refuge island which is the most appropriate form of crossing
• Controlled Zebra crossing, with black & to provide. This will ensure that crossing
white road markings and amber flashing facilities are provided at the most suitable
beacons locations for pedestrians to be able to cross in
• Controlled Signalised crossing, with a safety.
pushbutton facility for the pedestrian
Existing warrants for pedestrian crossings are
These types are described in more detail in contained in RT206 Warrants for Pedestrian
Chapter 3. Crossing Facilities1 published in 1981. While
these warrants were based only on pedestrian
It should be noted that crossings are an and traffic flow and collision history, it is now
amenity to aid access and make it easier to considered more appropriate to include other
cross a road. The provision of a controlled factors in assessing the need for a crossing.
crossing will not necessarily reduce collisions Accordingly the warrants in RT206 are
and may even lead to an increase in collisions. superseded by the criteria and procedures set
Where a controlled crossing is present some out in Chapter 2 of this guidance.
pedestrians assume that the appearance of
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
2 Assessing the Need for a Pedestrian Crossing
2.1 Assessment lines and of crossing visibility for drivers
emerging from the side road. This matter
Once a request for a crossing has been is discussed further in section 4.2.
received, an experienced engineer should visit
the proposed site of the crossing and carry out
an Assessment of Need for the crossing. This
will involve:
• an on‐site survey of the physical
environment and the nearby amenities
and generators of pedestrian traffic as
described below,
• traffic and pedestrian surveys to
determine the crossing demand and the
traffic environment at the site. Figure 2.1 Crossing site with good
pedestrian/driver inter‐visibility
2.2 On‐site Assessment
• It is not advisable to provide a controlled
The engineer should examine the site and crossing on a side road close to its
decide on the best location for a possible junction with the main road. It is
preferable to provide an uncontrolled
crossing. This should be located as close to
crossing point as shown in Figure 2.2.
the pedestrian desire line as possible but
Traffic turning into and out of the side
should avoid obvious points of conflict with
nearby side roads and vehicle accesses. road will tend to yield to pedestrians
crossing the side road at this location. If a
Once installed, a controlled pedestrian controlled crossing is to be provided
crossing will become a focus of concentration across the side road then it must be
for drivers. As their attention is directed to positioned a minimum of 20m from the
the crossing itself, drivers are not always fully junction mouth.
aware of what is occurring within the 50m
length of road on approach to the crossing.
This area is thus a potentially hazardous place
for pedestrians to cross the road. Therefore Carriageway
Uncontrolled
particular care should be taken to avoid crossing
placing the crossing in a location where the Footpath
desire lines may result in pedestrians crossing
the road within the 50m approach length.
Issues to take into account include:
Figure 2.2 Uncontrolled crossing
• Good pedestrian/driver inter‐visibility
position at junction mouth
should be available. The approaches
should be clear of trees, bushes and • The site must be reviewed at night time
street furniture which could block this to assess the existing standard of street
visibility or cause obstruction of the lighting.
footpath for wheelchair users or visually
• Vehicles should not be allowed to use the
impaired pedestrians.
dropped kerbs at the pedestrian crossings
• The location of the crossing relative to to gain access to property or to park on
side roads must be carefully considered, the footpath.
to take account both of pedestrian desire
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
• The placing of refuge islands should allow • Number and type of vehicles approaching
for the swept paths of turning vehicles at the proposed crossing location (see
any nearby junctions and accesses. section 2.4).
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
vulnerable road users, thus artificially between vehicles and pedestrians, but also
suppressing the measured crossing demand. includes an evaluation of latent demand and
The recording of crossing difficulty will of the other indicators of crossing need that
automatically highlight this situation in the have been collected in the Site Survey.
survey.
The crossing difficulty should be measured by Calculating PV2
noting the average length of time that As a first step a numerical value of PV2 is
pedestrians spend waiting at the kerb for a calculated using the values of P (number of
reasonable gap in traffic before crossing. pedestrians crossing per hour) and V (number
Separate values should be noted for able‐ of vehicles passing each hour) gathered in the
bodied and for elderly or disabled people. A traffic survey. Higher values indicate a greater
numerical rating of between 1 and 5, as need for a crossing.
described in Form PCS A1 can then be P = pedestrians crossing per hour
assigned to the location according to these V = two‐way vehicle flow per hour
lengths of time.
A single value of P and a single value of V are
Usually surveys should be carried out on a determined for each hour of the survey
typical weekday during school term time. If period.
the perceived need for the crossing occurs The P value for each hour is weighted to
outside this time period, such as weekend account for the increased need if there is a
shopping hours, then the appropriate hours large number of unaccompanied children
and days should be covered in the survey. under 16 years old, elderly pedestrians and
Pedestrian and vehicle count survey summary disabled pedestrians.
forms PCS B1 and PCS B2 are included as
Appendix B. The V value for each hour is also weighted to
account for high proportions of heavy vehicles
and buses.
The values of these weightings are shown in
the Pedestrian Count Summary Sheet PCS B1
and Vehicle Count Summary Sheet PCS B2 in
Appendix B.
A value of PV2 is then calculated for each hour.
The 2 highest hourly values should be
identified and averaged to give one value.
Latent Demand Evaluation
The very act of providing a crossing facility can
often lead to a substantial increase in
pedestrian flows. Therefore the next step in
the assessment involves adding weightings to
the calculated value to account for factors
Figure 2.3 Two types of that cannot be measured in the traffic survey
automatic traffic counter but may be a source of latent pedestrian
crossing demand.
2.5 Crossing Need Assessment For each of the following pedestrian
generators an additional PV2 value of 10 x 106
Once the surveys are complete, the need for a should be added to the value derived from the
crossing can be determined using the NRA survey:
Pedestrian Crossing Assessment Method. This • route to/from a school
method is based on the numerical PV2 • route to/from shops
method, which measures the existing conflict
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
• route to/from sheltered housing, hospital • the difficulty of crossing
or doctor’s surgery • the latent demand
• route to/from rail or bus station or stop
• route to/from leisure facilities The higher the value of the final PV2 the
• route to/from community facility greater the need for a crossing.
Crossing Difficulty The final PV2 value can be either set against a
value for justification or used as a way of
If a crossing difficulty rating of 4 or 5 is
ranking a number of different possible
assigned to the location then an additional PV2
crossing sites in priority order.
value of 10 x 106 should be added to the value
derived from the survey.
If, after all the weightings are accounted for,
the total PV2 value is less than 100 x 106 then
Pedestrian Crossing Need Assessment
a signal controlled or Zebra crossing would not
summary forms PCS C1 and PCS C2 for the
generally be justified.
calculation of the final PV2 value are included
as Appendix C.
A worked example of a full Pedestrian
Crossing Assessment, including Site
2.6 Justification for a Crossing Assessment, Pedestrian and Vehicle Counts
and Crossing Need Assessment for a site is
The final calculated PV2 value will include included as Appendix D.
elements evaluating:
• the pedestrian/traffic conflict
• the vulnerability of the road users
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
3 Choosing the Most Appropriate Form of Pedestrian
Crossing
3.1 Forms of Crossing offer pedestrians the benefit of being able to
cross streams of traffic separately with a safe
There are 3 forms of at‐grade pedestrian haven in the middle of the road. A typical
crossing generally available for use on national island is shown in Figure 3.1.
roads:
Refuge Islands have limited pedestrian storage
• Uncontrolled crossing, often with a
capacity and therefore are not suitable for
central refuge island.
high pedestrian volumes or locations where
• Controlled Zebra crossing, with black & large groups of pedestrians cross together.
white road markings and amber flashing
beacons. Refuge islands should be located sufficiently
far from side roads and accesses to allow for
• Controlled Signalised crossing, with a the swept paths of vehicles. Bus stops may
pushbutton facility for the pedestrian. need to be relocated. Parking or loading
facilities may need to be provided to prevent
This section gives advice on the selection of
vehicles obstructing the refuge island or the
the most appropriate type of crossing for the
road.
proposed location being investigated.
There are no definitive levels of traffic flow
that one can say require particular types of
crossing. It is the combination of the number
and type of pedestrian movements, the road
width, traffic speed, traffic volumes, etc. The
presence of significant numbers of vulnerable
road users such as unaccompanied children,
elderly people, visually impaired pedestrians
and wheelchair users may require a controlled
crossing regardless of traffic volumes.
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
4 Design and Installation of a Pedestrian Crossing
crossing. The required visibility distance to
4.1 Visibility
approaching vehicles is y as shown on the
diagram below. The y value is the same as the
Visibility is a key safety issue at pedestrian
driver visibility distance given in table 4.1.
crossings. It is important that drivers
approaching a crossing have good visibility of
the crossing and of any pedestrians about to
cross. Similarly, pedestrians must be able to
see approaching vehicles.
Table 4.1. Driver visibility requirements
85%ile approach speed Visibility
(km/h) (m)
50 70
60 90
Figure 4.2 Build‐outs at refuge island
Pedestrian visibility to approaching vehicle:
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
4.4 Road Markings and Signs
Figure 4.3 Position of crossing relative to
vehicle waiting on side road The road marking and sign requirements for
each type of crossing are detailed on the
• Wherever a controlled crossing of the
drawings in Chapter 5.
main road is to be located near a busy
side road junction the preferred position When a new crossing is installed temporary
is to the right hand side of the side road, signs should be provided indicating a “new
as illustrated in Figure 4.3. Crossings road layout” for refuge islands or “new
positioned to the left hand side can cause pedestrian crossing” for zebra and signal
visibility problems, as drivers turning left controlled crossings. These temporary signs
out of the side road tend to look only to should be removed after six months, when the
their right for approaching traffic, and do term “new pedestrian crossing” is no longer
not look to their left hand side until the appropriate.
left turn manoeuvre is already underway.
If the pedestrian desire line is in this Zigzag markings should be provided on both
position then it is preferable to place the the approaches to and exits from Zebra
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
crossings and signal‐controlled crossings. In located at the rear of the footpath, up to a
most cases eight zigzag markings, covering a maximum of 3m from edge of road, or for
distance of approximately 16m should be zebra crossings they can be combined with
provided on each approach and exit. This is to the Belisha beacon pole as shown in the
prevent parking which may restrict drawings in Chapter 5. Specification for the
pedestrian/driver inter‐visibility. However lamp unit is also given in these drawings. A
conditions on site such as parking space needs suitably qualified and experienced street
may make this difficult to achieve, and in such lighting engineer should be consulted on any
cases the designer should consider the queries regarding the provision of lighting.
circumstances and design the most suitable
layout. At Zebra crossings this minimum can
4.6 Skid Resistance of Road Surface
be reduced to 2 markings on the crossing exits
if absolutely necessary, but the approaches Approaches to crossings are generally high
must be kept at 8 markings. stress areas with frequent braking action. If
vehicles cannot stop in time there is a greater
All signs and road markings should comply
risk of collisions with a pedestrian on the
with the Traffic Signs Manual2.
crossing or of rear end shunts on the
approaches. Consequently the approaches
4.5 Lighting need to provide a high level of skid resistance.
This can be achieved in a number of ways:
If the existing street lighting is not sufficient
then additional lighting should be provided at • Provision of a new wearing course
pedestrian crossing points, as illustrated in incorporating a high Polished Stone Value
Figure 4.5. This additional lighting throws a chipping material.
band of light across the road at the crossing • Application of proprietary high friction
location and shines directly onto pedestrians surface.
waiting at the kerb, ensuring that there is
The high level of skid resistance should be
good visibility of pedestrians on and
provided for a minimum length of 50m on
approaching the crossing during the hours of
approaches to zebra and signal controlled
darkness.
crossings in 50km/h speed limits. If approach
85%ile speeds are greater than 50km/h then a
longer length would be required. A rule of
thumb for the length is 1m per 1km/h of
approach speed. However, there are
locations where traffic conditions may justify
longer lengths, for example where the length
of queues regularly exceeds the calculated
length for high friction surface and thus
braking occurs before vehicles reach this
length.
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
If needed, high friction surface that is Refuge islands when used on their own are
coloured grey and does not contrast with the uncontrolled crossings and buff tactile paving
colour of the road surface can be laid over the should generally be used, as shown in Figure
short length between stop line and crossing 4.7. This will provide a good colour contrast
walkway line. An example of grey coloured with most footpath surfaces. Alternatively,
high friction surface on the entire approach grey tactile paving can be provided if the
length to a crossing is shown in Figure 4.6. colour of the footpath is similar to the buff
tactile paving.
Figure 4.6 Grey high friction surface on
approach to Puffin crossing (UK) Figure 4.7 Tactile paving at a refuge island
4.8 Dropped Kerbs and Tactile Paving
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Signal controlled crossings do not have tactile Where guard rail is used it should be of the
paving in the central refuge, if one is provided. “offset infill bar” type, as shown in Figure 4.9,
Pedestrians are signalled to walk across the to ensure that there is good inter‐visibility
full width of the road in one go, and putting between child pedestrians and drivers.
tactile paving in the refuge island under these
circumstances could confuse visually impaired
people. The exception to this is for a
staggered crossing arrangement where two
separately controlled crossings are provided
with a large central refuge island.
Many collisions on pedestrian crossings occur A zebra crossing should be located a minimum
on the approaches to the crossing when of 5m from a side road, as described in section
pedestrians cross the road a few metres away 4.2.
from the crossing, in its “shadow”. Guard rail
can help to prevent this and can provide Zebra crossings can be located adjacent to low
useful guidance for visually impaired usage private accesses but the dropped kerbs
pedestrians. at the pedestrian approaches to the crossing
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
should not be used by vehicles for access Where possible signal controlled crossings
purposes. near roundabouts should be of the staggered
type so that the crossing of the exit lane is
At roundabouts the zebra crossing should be further from the roundabout than that on the
positioned away from the flared area of the entry lane. This can help to reduce the risk of
approach but as close to the pedestrian desire queues on the exit lane blocking the
line as possible. circulatory area.
Signal controlled crossings can be located
adjacent to low usage private accesses but the
dropped kerbs at the pedestrian approaches
to the crossing should not be used by vehicles
for access purposes.
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Additional pedestrian detection is provided at the primary pdu, at around 1m above ground
the kerbside to allow cancelling of the level, is blocked from view by a pedestrian
pedestrian demand if pedestrians cross the standing next to it, then there is an alternative
road in gaps in the traffic flow that become pdu on view at a higher level for other
available before the pedestrian phase begins, pedestrians waiting to cross.
thus negating the need for traffic to be
stopped. The push button units need to be adjacent to
where pedestrians will wait to cross. This is
A range of different pedestrian push button particularly important for visually impaired
units are used in Ireland. These incorporate road users who may not be able to see or find
different types of tactile and audible facilities the exact location of the push button unit.
for visually impaired pedestrians. Any of They should be around 500mm from the kerb
these can be used in conjunction with the edge and 500mm from the nearest edge of
Puffin style pedestrian display units (pdu) the crossing walkway.
which incorporate the red and green man
displays adjacent to the push button unit, as On wider roads it may be preferable to split
shown in Figure 4.12. Alternatively, specific the crossing movement into two separate
standard Puffin crossing combined push stages, to reduce the time that traffic is
button and pdu equipment, as shown in stopped. In this case a staggered crossing
Figure 4.13, can be used if preferred. arrangement must be used, details of which
can be found in Chapter 12 of the Traffic
Management Guidelines3.
4.12 Toucan Crossings
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
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5 Standard Detail Drawings and Specification
Drawing no. Title
PCS 001 Uncontrolled Crossing Road Markings and General Layout
PCS 002 Uncontrolled Crossing With Refuge Island Road Markings and General Layout
PCS 003 Zebra Crossing Road Markings and General Layout
PCS 004 Zebra Crossing With Refuge Island Road Markings and General Layout
PCS 005 Puffin Crossing Road Markings and General Layout
PCS 006 Puffin Crossing With Refuge Island Road Markings and General Layout
PCS 007 School Warden Crossing Patrol Point Road Markings and General Layout
PCS 008 Lighting Detail All Types of Crossing
PCS 009 2‐Lane Approach to Zebra Crossing, Visibility Requirements
PCS 010 Uncontrolled Crossing Construction Detail for Refuge Island
PCS 011 Zebra Crossing Construction Detail for Refuge Island
PCS 012 Puffin Crossing Construction Detail for Refuge Island
PCS 013 Uncontrolled Crossing Tactile Paving Detail
PCS 014 Zebra Crossing Tactile Paving and Road Markings Detail
PCS 015 Puffin Crossing Tactile Paving and Road Markings Detail
PCS 016 Refuge Island Pole Detail
PCS 017 Belisha Beacon Pole Detail
PCS 018 Puffin Crossing Signal Pole Detail
PCS 019 Retention Socket System L shaped 114mm
PCS 020 Retention Socket System L shaped 140mm
PCS 021 Retention Socket System Base Plate Retention Socket System
PCS 022 Retention Socket System T shaped 114mm
PCS 023 Retention Socket System T shaped 140mm
PCS 024 Access Chamber Detail
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
6 References
1. RT206 Warrants for Pedestrian Crossing Facilities, 1981, Environmental Research Unit.
2. Traffic Signs Manual (2010), 2010, Department of Transport. A copy can be downloaded from
www.transport.ie
3. Traffic Management Guidelines, 1999, Department of Environment/ Department of Transport.
4. Puffin Good Practice Guide, 2006, Department for Transport (UK)/ County Surveyors’ Society.
A copy can be downloaded from www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tss/gpg/
5. Local Transport Note 2/95 The Design of Pedestrian Crossings, Department for Transport (UK)
A copy can be downloaded from www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/ltnotes/
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix A Pedestrian Crossing Site Assessment
Appendix A
Pedestrian Crossing Site Assessment
Form PCS A1
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Appendix A Pedestrian Crossing Site Assessment
SITE ASSESSMENT FORM PCS A1 Page 1 of 2
Grid
Name of Site
ref
Attach a plan
Location description
Dimensions:
Footpath width
Comments:
Dimensions:
Refuge island (if existing)
Dimensions in accordance with PCS section 3.1? Yes / No
Comments:
Lighting type:
Road lighting standard
Inspection by Lighting Engineer needed? Yes / No
Comments:
Dimensions:
Visibility
All inter‐visibility adequate in accordance
Yes / No
with PCS section 4.2?
Comments:
Sketch existing restrictions on plan
Loading and parking
restrictions Existing restrictions cover proposed
Yes / No
crossing and its approaches?
Comments:
Mark bus stops on plan
Bus stops
Bus stops located near proposed crossing site? Yes / No
Bus stops need re‐siting to avoid blocking of crossing
Yes / No
or visibility?
Comments:
Existing surface type:
Skidding resistance of
surface Is high friction surface needed? See PCS section 4.5 Yes / No
Comments:
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Appendix A Pedestrian Crossing Site Assessment
SITE ASSESSMENT FORM PCS A1 Page 2 of 2
Nearby junctions and Distance from crossing to vehicle in side road / access:
accesses Comments:
If present: Distance to nearest crossing:
Other pedestrian crossings
close by Type of crossing:
Comments:
Sketch location on plan
School Warden crossing
nearby If present: School crossing warden site? Yes / No
Signs and markings present? Yes / No
Comments:
Mark location of these facilities (if present) on plan
Posted speed limit _____km/h
Speed of traffic 85 percentile speed at peak times: _____km/h
85 percentile at free flowing times _____km/h
Summary of pedestrian Adult _____per hour
flow at peak times Adult with pram/pushchair/buggy _____per hour
(Form PCS B1) Unaccompanied child less than 16 years old _____per hour
Elderly/ Disabled _____per hour
Peak Time
Summary of vehicle flow Car/ van _____per hour
at peak times Lorry/ Bus _____per hour
(Form PCS B2) Cycle/ Motor cycle _____per hour
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Appendix B Pedestrian and Vehicle Count Survey
Appendix B
Pedestrian and Vehicle Count Survey Summary
Form PCS B1
Form PCS B2
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix B Pedestrian and Vehicle Count Survey
Appendix B ‐ Pedestrian and Vehicle Count Survey Summary Forms
This appendix contains Form PCS B1 and Form PCS B2 for the pedestrian (P) and vehicle surveys (V)
that should be carried out at a potential crossing site.
Pedestrian and vehicle surveys should be done between 7am and 7pm during a typical day.
Weekend and holiday periods should be avoided unless these are likely to lead to busier pedestrian
or traffic conditions. Similarly, counts when the weather is poor may artificially suppress demand for
the crossing and should be avoided if possible.
The results should be summarised into 15 minute periods and the respective values of P and V
calculated accordingly.
For the pedestrian flows the more vulnerable groups such as children under the age of 16, elderly
and disabled people (wheelchair users or people walking with aids such as a stick, crutches or
walking frames) should be identified separately as they may need a longer gap in traffic to cross the
road. A weighting multiplication factor of 2 should be applied to these groups.
For vehicle flows buses and trucks should be identified separately as they take up more road space
and a weighting multiplication factor of 2 should be applied. Motor bikes and bikes take up less road
space and a weighting multiplication factor of 0.5 should be applied.
Once the summary forms have been completed then the PV2 values can be calculated, using the
forms in Appendix C, for each 15 minute period and the two highest hourly values identified. The
average of these should be calculated to produce the PV2 value. See Section 2 of the Notes for
Guidance for more detailed explanation.
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix B Pedestrian and Vehicle Count Survey
Total
Note:
This form provides for a survey for only 3 hours.
It is recommended that the entire 12 hour period 7am to 7pm is surveyed in order to identify the 2
separate hourly periods with the highest pedestrian and vehicle flow.
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National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix B Pedestrian and Vehicle Count Survey
Total
Note:
This form provides for a survey for only 3 hours.
It is recommended that the entire 12 hour period 7am to 7pm is surveyed in order to identify the 2
separate hourly periods with the highest pedestrian and vehicle flow.
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Appendix C Pedestrian Crossing Need Assessment
Appendix C
Pedestrian Crossing Need Assessment
(PV2 Calculation)
Form PCS C1
Form PCS C2
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Appendix C Pedestrian Crossing Need Assessment
CALCULATION OF PV2 FORM PCS C1
Site:
Time P V P /hour, V /hour, PV2/106, 2 highest
Period pedestrians vehicles hour hour hour PV2/106
starting (weighted) (weighted) starting starting starting hourly values
07.00
07.15
07.30
07.45
08.00
08.15
08.30
08.45
09.00
09.15
09.30
09.45
10.00
10.15
10.30
10.45
11.00
11.15
11.30
11.45
12.00
12.15
12.30
12.45
13.00
13.15
13.30
13.45
14.00
14.15
14.30
14.45
15.00
15.15
15.30
15.45
16.00
16.15
16.30
16.45
17.00
17.15
17.30
17.45
18.00
18.15
18.30
18.45
Average PV2/106 from 2 busiest hours
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Appendix C Pedestrian Crossing Need Assessment
SUMMARY OF TOTAL PV2 FORM PCS C2
Site:
Base PV2
Calculated PV2 value from Form PCS C1, (expressed in units of 106)
Weighting for Latent Demand, Additional PV2 value Yes/No Enter 10 x106 for each “Yes”
Route to/from school
Route to/from shops
Route to/from sheltered housing / hospital / doctor’s surgery
Route to/from rail / bus station or stop
Route to/from leisure facilities
Route to/from community facility
Weighting for Crossing Difficulty Yes/No Enter 10 x106 for each “Yes”
Crossing difficulty rating of 4 or 5
Final Sum Value of PV2
April 2011 C3
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
Appendix D
Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
April 2011 D1
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
Appendix D ‐ Worked example of pedestrian crossing assessment
The following is a worked example of a typical request for a pedestrian crossing on a National Road.
Connaught Road
Connaught Road is a National Road which passes through the centre of a large well
established village. Patrick Road leads directly to the main gate of the secondary
school while south of Connaught Road there is the parish church and the village’s
primary school. There is an existing school crossing patrol that crosses Connaught
Road just to the east of the crossroads junction with Patrick Road and Milltree
Terrace.
On the north side of Connaught Road there is a parade of shops which includes a
small convenience goods store, Post Office, a small bank, a café and a number of
other small specialist shops. There is a bus service which runs through the village
with a bus stop for both directions located near the shops. All these features have
been marked on the location plan below.
The length of Connaught Road which is being considered for a possible pedestrian
crossing point is approximately 150m in length. While it is hoped that a crossing
could benefit all pedestrians crossing this length of road it is also important that it
is located so that it directly benefits the most pedestrians. To aid this analysis
Connaught Road has been divided up into three 50m wide zones (Zone 1, Zone 2
and Zone 3) with the number of pedestrians crossing in each zone counted
separately.
April 2011 D2
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
April 2011 D3
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
SITE ASSESSMENT FORM PCS A1 Page 1 of 2
Grid
Name of Site Connaught Road by Patrick Road N/A
ref
Attach a plan
Location description
Connaught Road near junction with Patrick Road
and Milltree Terrace
Single ✓ 1 way 2 way ✓
Carriageway type
Dual No of lanes:
Carriageway width
Dimensions: 9.50m
Comments: Two lanes of 4.75m
Footpath width
Dimensions: 3.50m
Comments: Both sides
Dimensions: N/A
Refuge island (if existing)
Dimensions in accordance with PCS section 3.2? Yes / No
Comments: N/A
Road lighting standard
Lighting type: SON
Inspection by Lighting Engineer needed? No
Comments: Good. Recently upgraded
Mark bus stops on plan
Bus stops
Bus stops located near proposed crossing site? Yes
Bus stops need re‐siting to avoid blocking of crossing
Yes
or visibility?
Comments: Buses hourly.
Stops will only need relocating if Zone 3 is chosen for
crossing location
Skidding resistance of
Existing surface type: Hot Rolled Asphalt
surface Is high friction surface needed? See PCS section 4.5 Yes
Comments: Surface worn, high friction surface needed.
Surface sound.
April 2011 D4
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
SITE ASSESSMENT FORM PCS A1 Page 2 of 2
Distance from crossing to vehicle in side If Zone 1, 25m
Nearby junctions and
road / access: If Zone 2, 25m
accesses
Comments: Junction not near Zone 3
Other pedestrian crossings
If present: Distance to nearest crossing: N/A
close by Type of crossing: N/A
Comments: N/A
Sketch location on plan
School Warden crossing
nearby If present: School crossing warden site? Yes
Signs and markings present? Signs Yes
Comments: Warden operates morning, lunchtime,
afternoon. No lines on ground, signs need maintenance.
Time to cross the road Able pedestrians (sample) 10 seconds
Elderly or disabled people (sample) 15 seconds
Difficulty of crossing Indicate degree of difficulty 1 – 5: 3
1 No difficulty, 1 or 2 second wait at peak times
2 Wait of 3 ‐ 20 seconds for gap at peak times (able person)
3 Wait of 20 – 40 seconds for gap at peak times (able person)
4 Wait of more than 40 seconds at peak times (able person)
5 Impossible to cross safely at all times
April 2011 D5
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
April 2011 D6
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
April 2011 D7
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
April 2011 D8
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
April 2011 D9
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
CALCULATION OF PV2 FORM PCS C1
Site: Connaught Road by Patrick Road. Zone 1
Time P V P /hour, V /hour, PV2/106, 2 highest
Period pedestrians vehicles hour hour hour PV2/106
starting (weighted) (weighted) starting starting starting hourly values
07.00 3 40 77 266 5
07.15 6 65 90 293 8
07.30 32 76 115 304 11
07.45 36 85 117 318 12
08.00 16 67 121 332 13
08.15 31 76 135 374 19 19
08.30 34 91 113 402 18 18
08.45 40 99 88 412 15
09.00 30 109 54 424 10
09.15 9 104 27 422 5
09.30 9 101 36 416 6
09.45 6 111 27 406 4
10.00 3 107 27 378 4
10.15 18 97 27 359 3
10.30 0 91 12 360 2
10.45 6 83 39 367 5
11.00 3 88 54 395 8
11.15 3 98 57 405 9
11.30 27 99 57 402 9
11.45 21 111 36 401 6
12.00 6 99 27 403 4
12.15 3 95 33 419 6
12.30 6 98 39 442 8
12.45 12 112 60 465 13
13.00 12 115 54 465 12
13.15 9 118 54 462 12
13.30 27 120 57 448 11
13.45 6 113 45 418 8
14.00 12 112 49 396 8
14.15 12 104 42 382 6
14.30 15 90 39 386 6
14.45 10 91 29 405 5
15.00 5 98 53 432 10
15.15 9 108 66 465 14
15.30 5 109 69 469 15
15.45 34 118 82 464 18 18
16.00 18 131 57 473 13
16.15 12 112 58 473 13
16.30 18 104 55 481 13
16.45 9 127 51 492 12
17.00 19 131 57 475 13
17.15 9 120 51 453 10
17.30 14 115 57 437 11
17.45 15 109 55 413 9
18.00 13 109 46 371 6
18.15 15 104
18.30 12 91
18.45 6 68
Average PV2/106 from 2 busiest hours 19
April 2011 D10
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
SUMMARY OF TOTAL PV2 FORM PCS C2
Site: Connaught Road by Patrick Road. Zone 1
Base PV2
Calculated PV2 value from Form PCS C1, (expressed in units of 106) 18 x106
Weighting for Latent Demand, Additional PV2 value Yes/No Enter 10 x106 for each “Yes”
Route to/from school Yes 10 x106
Route to/from shops No
Route to/from sheltered housing / hospital / doctor’s surgery No
Route to/from rail / bus station or stop No
Route to/from leisure facilities No
Final Sum Value of PV2 48 x106
April 2011 D11
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
CALCULATION OF PV2 FORM PCS C1
Site: Connaught Road by Patrick Road. Zone 2
Time P V P /hour, V /hour, PV2/106, 2 highest
Period pedestrians vehicles hour hour hour PV2/106
starting (weighted) (weighted) starting starting starting hourly values
07.00 0 40 14 266 1
07.15 0 65 37 293 3
07.30 0 76 164 304 15
07.45 14 85 308 318 31
08.00 23 67 366 332 40
08.15 127 76 398 374 56 56
08.30 144 91 313 402 50 50
08.45 72 99 176 412 29
09.00 55 109 111 424 18
09.15 42 104 70 422 11
09.30 7 101 62 416 10
09.45 7 111 61 406 11
10.00 14 107 68 378 13
10.15 34 97 80 359 17
10.30 6 91 59 360 13
10.45 14 83 60 367 13
11.00 26 88 53 395 11
11.15 13 98 41 405 7
11.30 7 99 48 402 8
11.45 7 111 58 401 9
12.00 14 99 68 403 11
12.15 20 95 68 419 12
12.30 17 98 57 442 11
12.45 17 112 54 465 12
13.00 14 115 64 465 14
13.15 9 118 73 462 16
13.30 14 120 71 448 14
13.45 27 113 103 418 18
14.00 23 112 102 396 16
14.15 7 104 96 382 14
14.30 46 90 99 386 15
14.45 26 91 74 405 12
15.00 17 98 380 432 71
15.15 10 108 404 465 87 87
15.30 21 109 416 469 91 91
15.45 332 118 415 464 18
16.00 41 131 110 473 13
16.15 22 112 96 473 13
16.30 20 104 111 481 13
16.45 27 127 133 492 12
17.00 27 131 122 475 13
17.15 37 120 122 453 10
17.30 42 115 107 437 11
17.45 16 109 81 413 9
18.00 27 109 72 371 6
18.15 22 104
18.30 16 91
18.45 7 68
Average PV2/106 from 2 busiest hours 89
April 2011 D12
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
SUMMARY OF TOTAL PV2 FORM PCS C2
Site: Connaught Road by Patrick Road. Zone 2
Base PV2
Calculated PV2 value from Form PCS C1, (expressed in units of 106) 89 x106
Weighting for Latent Demand, Additional PV2 value Yes/No Enter 10 x106 for each “Yes”
Route to/from school Yes 10 x106
Route to/from sheltered housing / hospital / doctor’s surgery No
Route to/from leisure facilities No
April 2011 D13
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
CALCULATION OF PV2 FORM PCS C1
Site: Connaught Road by Patrick Road. Zone 3
Time P V P /hour, V /hour, PV2/106, 2 highest
Period pedestrians vehicles hour hour hour PV2/106
starting (weighted) (weighted) starting starting starting hourly values
07.00 16 113 54 418 9
07.15 24 112 41 396 6
07.30 0 104 24 382 4
07.45 14 90 85 386 13
08.00 3 91 146 405 24
08.15 7 98 230 432 43
08.30 61 108 276 465 60 60
08.45 75 109 256 469 56 56
09.00 87 118 223 464 48
09.15 53 131 146 473 33
09.30 41 112 109 473 24
09.45 42 104 105 481 24
10.00 10 127 79 492 32
10.15 16 131 79 475 27
10.30 37 120 79 453 25
10.45 16 115 55 437 20
11.00 10 109 49 413 14
11.15 16 109 55 371 10
11.30 13 104
11.45 10 91
12.00 16 68
12.15 16 113 54 418 9
12.30 24 112 41 396 6
12.45 0 104 24 382 4
13.00 14 90 85 386 13
13.15 3 91 146 405 24
13.30 7 98 230 432 43
13.45 61 108 276 465 60 60
14.00 75 109 256 469 56 56
14.15 87 118 223 464 48
14.30 53 131 146 473 33
14.45 41 112 109 473 24
15.00 42 104 105 481 24
15.15 10 127 79 492 32
15.30 16 131 79 475 27
15.45 37 120 79 453 25
16.00 16 115 55 437 20
16.15 10 109 49 413 14
16.30 16 109 55 371 10
16.45 13 104
17.00 10 91
17.15 16 68
17.30 16 113 54 418 9
17.45 24 112 41 396 6
18.00 0 104 24 382 4
18.15 14 90 85 386 13
18.30 3 91 146 405 24
18.45 7 98 230 432 43
Average PV2/106 from 2 busiest hours 58
April 2011 D14
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
SUMMARY OF TOTAL PV2 FORM PCS C2
Site: Connaught Road by Patrick Road. Zone 3
Base PV2
Calculated PV2 value from Form PCS C1, (expressed in units of 106) 58 x106
Weighting for Latent Demand, Additional PV2 value Yes/No Enter 10 X106 for each “Yes”
Route to/from school Yes 10 x106
Route to/from sheltered housing / hospital / doctor’s surgery No
Route to/from leisure facilities No
Route to/from community facility No
Weighting for Crossing Difficulty Yes/No Enter 10 X106 for each “Yes”
Crossing difficulty rating of 4 or 5 No
Final Sum Value of PV2 88 x106
April 2011 D15
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix D Worked Example of Pedestrian Crossing Assessment
Summary
A summary of the Final Sum Value of PV2 for the three zones is:
The traffic and pedestrian flows are insufficient on their own to justify a pedestrian
crossing in any of the three zones but when the local factors are included the final
PV2 for zone 2 is large enough to justify a crossing at this location.
April 2011 D16
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix E Typical Signalised Crossing Times
Appendix E
Typical Crossing Times for Signalised Crossings
April 2011 E1
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix E Typical Signalised Crossing Times
Table 5: PUFFIN CROSSINGS – OPERATIONAL CYCLE, USE & VARIATIONS
PERIOD USE VARIATION FOR
1 Vehicle running time Traffic volumes
2 Standard amber to vehicle None
3 Vehicle clearance period Vehicle actuation
Road width, disabled pedestrians,
4 Pedestrians must not start to cross
crossings with central refuge
5 Pedestrians must not start to cross Type of detector
Completion of pedestrian crossing
6 Road width
time
Additional pedestrian clearance
7 Pedestrian detection
time
Additional pedestrian clearance
8 Pedestrian gap change
time
Table 6: PUFFIN CROSSINGS – OPERATIONAL CYCLE & TIMINGS
SIGNALS SHOWN
PERIOD TIMINGS (Seconds)
TO PEDESTRIANS TO VEHICLES
Red Standing Figure Green (proceed if way
1 20‐60 (fixed) 6‐60 (VA)
(Wait) is clear)
Amber (stop unless not
2 Red Standing Figure 3
safe to do so)
Red (stop, wait behind
3 Red Standing Figure Stop line on 1 to 3
carriageway)
Green Walking Figure
with audible signal if
4 Red 4 to 9
provided (cross with
care)
Ref Standing Figure (do
5 Red 1 – 5
not start to cross)
0 – 22 (pedestrian
6 Red Standing Figure Red
extendable period)
0 – 3 (only appears on
a maximum change if
7 Red Standing Figure Red
pedestrians are still
being detected)
0 – 3 (only appears at a
8 Red Standing Figure Red
pedestrian gap change)
April 2011 E2
National Roads Authority Pedestrian Crossing Specification and Guidance
Appendix E Typical Signalised Crossing Times
SIGNALS SHOWN
PERIOD TIMINGS (Seconds)
TO PEDESTRIANS TO VEHICLES
Red Standing Figure Green (proceed if way
I 20-60 (fixed) 6-60 (VA)
(Wait) is clear)
Amber (stop unless not
II Red Standing Figure 3 (mandatory)
safe to do so)
Red (stop, wait behind
III Red Standing Figure Stop line on 1 to 3
carriageway)
Green Walking Figure
with audible signal if
IV Red 4 to 7
provided (cross with
care)
Black-out – no signal
V shown (Do not start to Red 3 (Fixed period)
cross)
0 – 3 (pedestrian
VI Black-out Red
extendable period)
0 – 3 (only appears on
a maximum change if
VII Black-out Red
pedestrians are still
being detected)
VIII Red Red 1-3
April 2011 E3