17 BayavinasakaDipani

b,0demou'DyeDusrf;
rmwd u m
ed ' gef ;
r[m0if t |uxm rd e f Y q d k c suf
&weok w f rd e f Y q d k c suf
OyÜ g woEÅ d ygVd a wmf v m rd e f Y q d k c suf

uvd u F Z mwf rd e f Y q d k c suf
tEÅ & m,f u d k Bud K wif umuG , f & rnf
bk & m; 7-ql puf * gxmBuD ;
puf B uD ; 13-yg;*gxm
ok w f r [m0g r[my&d e d A Á m eok w f rd e f Y q d k c suf
v,fwDrdefYcGef;awmfrsm;
ed ' gef ;
a½S ; upmoif o m; ES i f h ,ck p moif o m;
EG m ;om; rpm;&ef arwå m &yf c H
tvnf v monf r[k w f
jref r mjynf u srf ; jyKq&mES i f h pmMunf h y &d o wf

jref r mpmud k ta&;ay;yH k
igh p mtk y f z wf v Qif ur® | mef ; xd k i f a eovd k y J
rk q d k ; rtd r f u rD ; cG u f v d k
ay:onf h t MuH tzd k ; wef
a&rsm; a&Ed k i f
tcsd e f o nf wef z d k ; t½S d q H k ;
rpd k ; &d r f r d e f Y c G e f ;
abmif ; vH a tmif a vmif ;
awmif w G i f ; BuD ; rd e f Y c G e f ;
yk o d r f N rd K Urd e f Y c G e f ; awmf
wqd w f ½ S d v Qif v,f w D
oH C mh u Ref jzpf v d k o nf
ol e mjyKwm0ef vG e f a usyG e f
avS c G u f c snf ; usef tvH r vJ
wpf A d k v f x J usef a omf v J
BuH U oG m ;vQif om;aoonf

yxrausmf OD ; BuD ; az tm; rd e f Y M um;aom
rd e f Y c G e f ; awmf r sm;
o'¨ g wwf c sif ½l y od ' ¨ d o if
tbd " mef o nf usuf p mr[k w f
yk P Ö m ;wynf h rvk y f E d k i f
ok w å e f E S i f h tbd " r® m
ypö n f ; Nyd K if E S i f h p yf í rd e f Y a wmf r l y H k
oN*Ø K [f E S i f h p yf í rd e f Y a wmf r l y H k
y&rw¬ ' D y eD E S i f h p yf í rd e f Y a wmf r l y H k
y&d w f ½ G w f y H k ½G w f e nf ;
tEÅ & m,f u if ; ur® 0 gzwf e nf ;
rD ; cd k ; <uuf a vQmuf
ik y f r d o J w d k i f wuf E d k i f z sm;a&muf
t*¾ r [my@d w bG J U ES i f h p yf í rd e f Y a wmf r l y H k
ok n ES i f h 0vH k ;
awbk r ® m ES i f h v,f w D q &mawmf
b,0demou'DyeD ESifh v,fwDrdefYcGef;awmfrsm;
rmwdumNyD;NyD
--------- Ä ---------
ZtpodYk b,0demou'DyeDusrf; 1
aus;Zl ; ½S i f
v,f w D q &mawmf b k & m;BuD ;
a&;om;jyKpk a wmf r l a om
b,0demou'DyeDusrf;
ed ' gef ;
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ 'DyeDusrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK;wGif
b,0demou'DyeDusrf;pmudk usrf;pmp&if;wGifom awGU&onf/
zwfzl;olç avhvmzl;ol enf;yg;ayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;odkYjzpf&onfrSm
pmtkyt f jzpf ½du k Ef ydS xf wk af 0jcif; r½Scd í
hJ jzpf[efwal yonf/ odaYk omf
v,fwaD usmufpmwdu k w f iG f b,0demou'DyeDtrnfjzifh ausmuf
pmawmf tcdkiftrm a&;xdk;pdkufxlxm;onfudk awGU½Sd&ayonf/
,if;ausmufpmudk ausmufpmrS rdwLå ul;,lavhvm Munf½h aI omtcg
tjcm;tjcm;aom 'DyeDusrf;pmrsm;uJhodkY tbd,mpuyk*¾dKvf
usrf;jyK&mXme usrf;jyKouú&mZf usrf;pm\ ed'gef;ydkif;wGifvnf;
aumif; ed*;kH ydik ;f wGiv f nf;aumif; rawGU½S&d ay/ odjYk zpfvQif þusr;f
pmonf v,fwDq&mawmfa&;aom usrf;pmr[kwf[k qdkwef&m
oavm? ,if;odkYvnf; rqdkEkdifay/ b,0demou'DyeDusrf;pmyg
taMumif;t&mwdo Yk nf a&m*EÅ&'DyeD? "m;0,fypk mä tajz? 'gem'd'yD eD
ponfww Ydk iG yf g0ifaom ½d;k &mewfu;kd uG,rf EI iS hf pyfvsO;f í rdeq
Yf ckd suf
rsm;ESifhta&;tom; tqdktrdefYtmabmf wlnDaeonfudk awGU&
ayonf/
odjYk zpfí b,0demou'DyeDukd b,ftcsed f b,fcEk pS af vmuf
ua&;cJhoenf;? o,0demou'DyeDonf armfvNrdKifwGif yvdyf
uyfa&m*gcsr;f omvTwNf ird ;f Mu&ef ewfyjJG yKvyk rf EI iS phf yfí rdpmä 'd|jd zpf-
rjzpf jyóemESifhpyfvsif;íjzpfay:vmaomusrf;pmjzpfonf/
odjYk zpfí armfvNrKd iNf rKd UrSm a&;onf[k ,lqEkid o f nf/ v,fwq D &m
awmfBu;D \ 0gqdpk Oft&qdv k Qif 1270-jynfEh pS jf zpfonfh ¤if;ESpw f iG f
armfvNrdKifNrdKU awmifxdyf atmifvHwdkifbk&m;teD; atmifvHwdkif
0gqdkausmif;wGif 0guyfawmfrIonf/
¤if;ESpf awmfovif; vqkwf(1)&ufaeYwGif a&m*EÅ&'DyeD
usr;f pmudk tNy;D a&;om;awmfrI onf/ a&m*EÅ&'DyeDonf uyfa&m*g
trsKd ;rsKd ;wd\Yk taMumif; t&mrsm;udk umuG,&f efenf;vrf;rsm;ESihf
wuG jyqdkaomusrf; pmjzpfonf/ b,0demou'DyeDrSmvnf;
tEÅ&m,fuif; tvif;jy tEÅ&m,fuif; vrf;ñTejf zpfí usr;f pmESpf
ckrSm oabmxm; twl wlyifjzpfonf/ tus,ftusOf;rQom
uGmjcm;onf/ tb0demou 'DyeDü r[m0ift|uxmvm oD[Vkd f
uRef; oCFaAm"drif; taMumif;t&mESifh uvduFZmwftaMumif;
t&mwdkYom uGmjcm;rI ½Sdonf/ useftaMumif;t&mwdkYrSm v,fwD
q&mawmfBu;D rdeq Yf akd eus taMumif;t&mrsm;om jzpfonf/ oCF
aAm"drif;taMumif;t&mudk a&m*EÅ&'DyeDpmrsuEf mS (497-6)wdw Yk iG f
awGU½SdEkdifayonf/
odkYjzpfí b,0demou'DyeDonf a&m*EÅ&'DyeD\a½SUajy;
usrf;pm[k,lu &Edkifayonf/ armfvNrdKifNrdKUwGif yvdyfa&m*g
csr;f omvTwNf ird ;f Mu&ef ewfyBJG u;D jyKvyk rf EI iS phf yfí rdpmä 'd|jd zpf-rjzpf
jyóem ajz½Sif;½kHrQ a&;om;aom usrf;pmjzpfonf[k ,lq&ef½Sd
onf/
tEÅ&m,fuif; tvif;jy? tEÅ&m,fuif; vrf;ñTefozG,f
jzpfaom þb,0demou'DyeD usrf;pm udk a½S;u ½kdufESdyfxkwf
a0zl;jcif;½Sad omf ½SEd ikd &f mygonf/ odaYk omf ,aeYrsuaf rSmufacwfrmS
pmtkyfpmwrf; r½SdíausmufpmawmfrlrS rdwåLul;,lum pmtkyf
pmwrf;tjzpf pmzwfy&dowfodkY wifjytyfygonf/
v,fwDpmay...wdkYpmay/
v,fwDordkif;...wdkYordkif;/
v,fwDwm0ef...wdkYwm0ef/
t½S i f o k r embd 0 H o
(r[m*EÅ 0 gpuy@d w )
e,m;ysH a usmif ;
v,f w D w d k u f ?
rH k Y & G m Nrd K U/
--------- Ä ---------
aus;Zl ; ½S i f v,f w D q &mawmf b k & m;BuD ;

a&;om;pD & if a wmf r l a om
b,0demou'DyeDusrf;
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm
or®morÁK'¨ó
rm*'l;rif; wnf&if;rqG rkwårc½dkif armfvNrdKifNrdKUESifhwuG
*gred*ra'otpdkYpdkY NrdKU&Gmt&yf&yfwdkYü yvdyfuyfa&m*g csrf;om
vGwNf ird ;f Mu&eftwGuEf iS hf ewfyMJG u;D jyKvyk Mf uonfukd usr;f *efrod
ÓPfr½Sd aomolwu Ykd rdpmä 'd|jd zpfonf[k ajymqdMk u&mü ukov kd uf ?H
tukov kd u f u H vkd nf;aumif;? &wemoH;k yg; vnf;aumif; y,fjypfí
xdkewfwdkYonf oDv*kPf? orm"d*kPf? ynm*kPfESifh jynfhpHkukef\/
¤if;ewfwdkYudk yoylaZmfukefonf½Sdaomf tyg,fav;yg;rSvGwf\/
ok*wdr*fzv kd ef Ad mÁ efoYkd a&mufEidk \ f [k rSw,
f í
l jyKvyk Mf uukeo f nf
r[kwf/ ya,m*em yl;0ifpGJuyfaomolwdkYonf ya,m*udkEkdif
eif;aom ½Srf;q&m? a,mq&mrsm;udk ylaZmfouúm&jyKí udk;uG,f
MuouJhodkY uyfOy'faysmufNidrf;&ef ylaZmfMuaomt&m jzpfayí
ewfyGJBuD;jyKvkyfrIonf rdpäm'd|drjzpf? avmu"r®aMuvnfMuaom
ynm½SdwdkY trIomjzpfownf;/ xdkodkYjyKí uyfOy'fNidrf;zl;aom
t&mudk jyqdkaythH/
r[m0if t |uxm rd e f Y q d k c suf
a½S;tcgu oD[dkVfuRef;ü oCFaAm"drif; vufxufay:
xGufjzpfyGm;½Sdaom a&m*EÅ&uyfBuD; aysmufNidrf;zl;aom enf;
vrf;um;-
1/ {aum,au©m £"*EÉm?
&wåu©d £wd 0dólawm/
ua&mwd &wåmedu©ded?
rEkómeH w[ð w[ð/
2/ tnrnH§ tayu©dwGm?
bm,dwGm &wåaewåwH/
e&m r&EÅdaw ,au©m?
aom bau©wd touØ a,m/
3/ &mZm Oy'´0H awoH?
okwGm oEÅwå rmeaom/
{aum[H 0go*AÇrdS?
uwGm t|*FkaygoxH/
4/ tyódwGm e wH,ku©H?
e OXmrDwd aom o,d/
wóap, "r® awaZe?
t*g ,au©m w'EÅduH/
5/ awe aumoDwd yka|mp?
aomt[E¦ ya0'od/
uo®m yZmar bau©,d?
rm cg' xkwdaomjA0d/
6/ {uoð® ar Zeya'?
ea&a'[Dwd aomjA0d/
e ouúmwd p Vawåaom?
uare uEÅdtjA0d/
7/ tnH eouúm 'gwHkaw?
rrH cg'gwdaomjAwd/
eouúm £wd wGH ,mpd?
*gar Avd ''g[d ar/
8/ om"lwd0wm blrdaE´m?
'DyrSDou avydp/
*gr'¨ga& eda0aowGm?
Avd wó t'gy,d/
9/ r[moawåe awae0H?
oAÁblwm EkurÜdem/
r[ma&m* b,H ZmwH?
'Dy'Dayeç emodwH/
(r[m0if t|uxm owåwd owdrydkif;
oCFaAm"ddrif;tzGifh)
teufum;-
(1) &wåw©d£wd? &wåu©d[lí/ 0dólawm? xif½Sm;ausmf
apmaom/ {aum,au©m? bDv;l wpfa,mufonf? £"? þtEk&m"
NrdKUawmfwdkY/ tm*EÉm? vmvwfí/ w[ð w[ð? xdkxdkt&yfpk
tuGufpkü/ rEkómeH? vlwdkY\/ tu©ded? rsufpdwdkYudk/ &wåmed?
aoG;cJuJhodkY eDonfwdkYudk/ ua&mwd? jyK\/
(aemuf ü r[ma&m*b,H ZmwH [ k v maomaMumif h
uyfa&m*gBuD; wpfrsdK;udkjzpfaponf[kod tyf\/ tb,fa&m*g
rsdK;jzpfavoenf;qdkaomf rsufpdeDonf[kqdkaomaMumifh tjyif;
txef y l a vmif aomyvd y f a &m*gBuD ; jzpf o nf [ k od t yf \ /
xdka&m*gBuD;jzpfaomolwdkYrSm aoG;vQHvsuf rsufpdcsif;csif; eD\/
xdkYaMumifh xdkuyfa&m*gBuD;udk &wåu©da&m*g[lí vlwdkYac:Mu\/
xdka&mBuD;udk jzpfyGm;apaom bDvl;udkvnf; &wåu©dbDvl;[lí
vlwdkYac:Mu\/)
(2) tnHrnH? tcsi;f csi;f / 0g-wpfa,mufukd wpfa,muf/
&wåawwåw?H &wåu&d© m*guyfa&mufonf\tjzpfu/kd tayu©w d mG ?
½SLjrifMuukefonf½Sdaomf? bm,dwGm? aMumufvefYíe&m? vuFm
uRef;om; vltrsm;wdkYonf/ r&EÅd? aoMuukef\/
(xdka&m*guyfa&mufaomoludk Munfh½Iapmifha½SmufMu
ukefaom olwdkYonfvnf; aMumufjcif; xdwfvefYjcif; ½SdMuvsuf
xdka&m*gul;pufí xdka&m*gjzifh aoaysmufMuukef\[lvdkonf/)
aom,au©m? xdkbDvl;onf/ touÐa,m? ,HkrSm;ouFm
uif;½Sif;vsuf/ aw=xdka&m*gzdpD; aoavNyD;aom olwdkY\
taumifwdkYudk/ bau©wd? pm;av\/
(ighudkEkdifol ½SdNcdrfhrnfvm; [k ,HkrSm; r½Sd[lvdk/)
(3^4) &mZm=oCFaAm"drif;Bu;D onf/ awoH=xdOk ;D euf
OD;jzL jynfoljynfom;taygif;wdkYtm;/ Oya'´0H=uyfOy'f jzpfyGm;
onfudk/ okwGm=Mum;awmfrlvwfaomf/ oEÅwåewaom=jynfol
jynfom;wdt Yk wGuf pdwv f ufyyl efjcif;½So
d nfjzpfí/ t|*Hak ygoxH=
t|*FOk ykou f /kd uwGm=aqmufwnfí? qdwNf ird o f ifwh ifh vlEiS u
hf if;
uGmaom tdyf&mwdkufcef;ü/ {aum? wpfa,mufxnf;wnf;/
(þyk'rf sm;udk o,d[al omyk'rf mS pyf) t[H=igonf/ wH,u©=H xdb k D
vl;udk/ tyódwGme='d|udk,fxif rawGUrjrif&onf½Sdaomf/
eOXmrd=avsmif;puf&mrS igrxNyD/ £wd=þodkYt"d|mefjyKí/
aom=xdrk if;Bu;D onf/ o,d=avsmif;pufumaeav\/ (avsmif;puf
vsuf &wemoHk;yg;*kPfudktm½Hk0ifpm;í aeav\ [lvdkonf)/
wó=xdkrif;BuD;\? "r®awaZe=r[m*EöDv\wefcdk;aMumifh/
aom,au©m=xdb k vD ;l onf/ w'EÅu d =H xdo
k CFaAm"drif;Bu;D txHo/Ykd
t*g=vma&mufav\/ (rif;Bu;D a½SUawmfrmS ud, k (f xif) jyí &yfae
onf [lvdk)/
(5) awe=xdkoCFaAm"drif;BuD;onf/ wGH=oifonf/
aumtod=&yfvmwl½I tb,foljzpfavoenf;/ £wd=þodkY/
yka|m=ar;awmfrv l wfaomf? aom=xdb k vD ;l onf? t[EÅ=d tuREyfk f
&wåub d© vD ;l jzpfonf[í l / ya0',d=trnfxif½mS ; avQmufMum;
av\/ aom=xdrk if;Bu;D onf? uo®m=tb,fah Mumif/h wG=H oifbv D ;l
onf/ ar=ig\/ yZm=Bu;D i,fr[l wdik ;f oljynf om;(vltrsm;)wdu Yk /kd
bau©o=d aMumufz, G v f efMY um;pm;bdoenf;/ rmcg'=rpm;raomuf
vifh/ £wd=þodkY/ tjA0d=qdkav\/
(6) aom=xdkbDvl;onf/ {uo®ðZeya'=wpfckaom Ze
yk'fü/ ea&=vlwdkYudk/ ar=tuREkfyftm;/ a'wd=pm;zdkYta&; tcGifh
ay;ygavmh/ £wd=þodkY/ tjA0d=qdkav\/
(½Hk;wpfckpdkufí wpfckaomNrdKU0ef pD&ifpkNrdKUe,fwpfckonf
Zeyk'w f pfcrk nf\/ xdo k [
D Vkd f wpfuRe;f vH;k udk rpm;&vQif wpfcak om
NrdKUe,fudk oefYjcm;í pm;aomufzdkYay;yg [lvdkonf)/
eouúm=oifpm;zdkY&m igray;Ekdif/ £wd=þodkY/ 0kawå=rif;
Bu;D uqdo k nf½adS omf/ aom=xdk bDv;l onf/ uare=tpOftm;jzif/h
{uH=rnf0gr[l wpfa,mufaomvludk/ a'[d=ay;ygavmh/ £wd=
þodkY/ tjA0d=qdkav\/
(uare=tpOftm;jzifhqdkonfum; Zeyk'fwpfe,fvHk;udk
ray;Ekdifaomf xuf0ufudkay;ygavmh? xuf0ufudk ray;Ekdifaomf
oHk;yHkwpfyHkwpfpdwf ponfjzifh awmif;ír&? y,f½Sm;aomumvrS
tEÅdr tqHk;pum;wGif wpfa,mufaomoludkyif ay;awmfrlyg
avmh[k awmif;onfudk qdkdvdkonf)/
(7) tnH=ig\ud, k rf S wpfyg;aomolu/kd aw=&owPSm
vGefpGm,pfrl; oifbDvl;tm;/ 'gwHk=tydkif;teif; ay;tyfjcif;iSm/
eouúm=rwwfEidk /f rrH? ightm;/ cg'=oem;rn§mpm;aomufygavmh/
£wd= þod/Yk aom=xdrk if;Bu;D onf(0g)xdrk if;u/ tjA0d? qdak v\/
wG=H jynfrOD;pD; oifrif;Bu;D ud/k om'dw=kH aoG;oHjcif;jcif; pm;aomuf
jcif;iSm/ eouúm=rwwfEdkifyg/ *gar? þuRef;rsufESm ½Gmwdkif;
½Gmwdkif;ü/ ar=tuREkfyftm;/ Avð=Avdewfpm yGJwumudk/ ''g[d=
ay;ygavmh/ £wd=þodkY/ ,mpd=awmif;av\/
(bDvl;rdpäm arwåmavmif;xyf pdwfauseyfapjcif;iSm xrif;
rkefY yJt&om Avdewfpmudkrlum; ay;rnf[k 0efcHav\)/
(8) blrdaE´m=uRef;vHk;aoXfeif; oCFaAm"drif;BuD; onf/
om"lw=d aumif;NyaD y;rnf[í l / 0wGm? qdNk y;D í/ ouavydp=tvH;k pHk
vnf;jzpfuek af om/ 'DyrS=D oD[Vkd wf pfuRe;f vH;k ü/ *gr'Gga&=NrKd U½Gmed*r
wHcg;0wdkif;ü/ eda0aowGm=ewfpmauR;&ef r@yfuEém; aqmuf
vkyfapí/ wó=wdkbDvl;tm;/ Avð=Avdewfpmudk/ t'gy,d=
ay;apawmfrl\/
(tBuD;tuJudkqdkaomy"meenf;rsdK;jzpfí &wåu©dbDvl;udk
qdkojzifh xdkbDvl;\ toif;tyif;rsm;udkvnf; odMuav)/
(9) r[moawåe? bk&m;avmif;[k qdkaumif;xdkufpGm
owå0gjrwfBuD;wpfOD;jzpfayaom/ oAÁblwmEkurÜdem=oD[dkVf
wpfuRef;vHk;\ rSDcdk&muRef;vdIifBuD;wpfqljzpfawmfrlayaom/
awe=xdo k CFaAm"d rif;Bu;D onf/ {0H=þrQavmuf/ ZmwH=k uRe;f vH;k
ESHUjym;jzpfyGm;vmaom/ r[ma&m*b,H? aMumufrufzG,f&m
&m*gOy'fab;Bu;D ud/k emodw?H ajyajymufvw G Nf ird ;f apawmfral y\/
(r[m0if t|uxmteuf)
(þrQwpfyg; wpfuRef;vHk; rdk;acgifí 'kAÇdu©EÅ&uyfBuD;
qdu k af v&m oDvudt k m;ud;k vsuf rdrt
d oufupkd eG aYf omtrIujkd yKí
cPrMum rdk;BuD;½GmapíxdkuyfOy'f Nidrf;aprI? wpfuRef;vHk;cdk;ol
"m;jy x<uawmif;use;f í owåE&Å uyfqu kd &f m xdt Yk wljyKí xdu
k yf
Oy'fudkNidrf;aprI? &efolrif;ay:aygufí rw&m;t"r® ckcHvdkaom
aMumifh eef;awmfxufu wpfu, kd w
f nf;qif;oGm;av&m wpfeyfpm
aom xrif;udk auR;arG;oltm; xdkae&müyifvQif rdrdudk,fudk
aoatmifjyKí rdrdOD;acgif;udk &efolrif;tm; ay;apvsuf xrif;
auR;aomol\ aMu;aiG qkvmbfrsm;pGm&aprI? xdkokdY olwpfyg;
twGufESifh toufudkpGefYayaom xdkoCFaAm"drif;BuD; trIwdkYudk
rIum; r[m0ift|uxm? ¤if;tzGihf 0HowåyumoeDtrnf½adS om
r[m0if#u D mwdüYk tus,q f akd y\/ qdck NhJ y;D aomygVdteuf t"dyd gÜ ,f
pum;pkum; r[m0ift|uxm ouúwd orydkif; oCFaAm"drif;
tcef;rSmvm\)/
&weok w f rd e f Y q d k c suf
a0omvDjynfü uyfoHk;yg;oifh&m jrwfpGmbk&m;<uoGm;
awmfrIí tEÅ&m,fuif;½Gwfzwf&efa[m awmfrIaom &weokwf
y&dwfawmfü ,meD"blwmed[laom tp*gxmBuD;onf NrdKUapmifh
ewf? ½Gmapmifh ewf? tp½Sdaom ewfwdkYudk wdkifwnfaom *gxm
a'oemawmfjzpfonf/ xdka'oemü
'd0gp &awåmp [&EÅd a,Avð wo®m[dae &u©x tyÜrwåm-
[laomygVdawmf teufum;-
a,=tMuifa0omvDjynfol vltaygif;wdkYonf/ 'd0gp=aeY
tcgüvnf;aumif;/ &awåmp=nOfhtcgüvnf;aumif;/ Avð=Avd
ewfpmylaZmfouúmudk/ [&EÅd=tdrfrSaqmif,l ylaZmfMuukef\/
wo®[d=xdkYaMumifhomvQif/ ae=xdkylaZmfMuol jynfoljynfom;
taygif;wdkYudk/ tyÜtwåm=rarhravQmhMuukefrlí/ &u©x=Munfh½I
apmifr ulnDMuukefavmh/ (a'oemawmfteuf)/
(þa'oemawmfjzifhyifvQif Ak'¨bmomjzpfukefaom
a0omvDjynfoljynfom;wdkYtm; NrdKUapmifhewf &Gmapmifhewf rd½dk;
zvmewfwdkYudk aeYnOfhrjywfylaZmfyo½dk; xHk;pHk½Sdonfudk odtyfay
ownf;/ xdo k wk t
f qH;k ,med"oH;k *gxmwdo
Yk nf tEÅ&m,f aysmuf
Nidrf;&ef trIüewfwdkYu ulnDMuaom *gxmtpkaywnf;/)
OyÜ g woEÅ d ygVd a wmf v m rd e f Y q d k c suf
wpf&Ha&mtcg Zif;r,fjynfü uyfOy'fBuD;jzpfyGm;onfudk
aysmufNird ;f ap&ef OyÜgwoEÅu d sr;f udk wpfNrKd UvH;k &Gwzf wfMuonf½&dS m
a½S;OD;pGm NrKd Uapmifeh wf &Gmapmifeh wf rd½;kd zvmewfwu Ykd kd yifzh w
d yf al Zmf
yçoç&aMumif; OyÜgwoEÅd ed'gef;üvmonf/ xkwjf ycJah om r[m0if
t|uxmü ewfbDvl;taygif;wdkYtm; AvdewfpmauR;arG;í
uyfOy'faysmufNidrf;aMumif; vmonf/
uvd u F Z mwf rd e f Y q d k c suf
uvduZF mwfü uvdurF if;ESihf tourif;ppfNyKd iMf urnf½&dS m
uvduFrif; ½IH;vdrfhrnf[k odMum;ewfrif; xGufqdkcsuf½Sdvsuf
uvdurF if; Ekid af v\/ odMum;rif;xGuq
f ckd suf ysu\
f / taMumif;
rlum;-
uvdurF if;ESihf uvdueF wf nDnw G Mf uayaomaMumifw h nf;/
nDnw G Mf uyHu k m;-uvdueF wf ruln l v D Qif uvdurF if;trSe½f ;HI rnf?
uvdueF wfEiS hf touewf EGm;a,mifaqmifjyKíwdu k Mf u&müvnf;
uvduFrif; ol&Jpkrsm; rulnDvQif uvduFewf trSef½HI;rnf?
uvdurF if; ½H;I rnf½jdS yef&m uvdueF wfu ulayonf/ uvdueF wfu
½HI;rnf½Sdjyef&m uvduFrif;u ulayonf/ þodkY uvduFewfESifh
uvduFrif;wdkY nDnGwfMuaomaMumifh uvduFrif; Edkifavonf/
tourif;buffüvnf; uourif;udk touewfu ulay\/
ewfcsi;f wdu k Mf u&mü touewfwt Ykd m; tourif;u rulno D nfh
twGuf touewf½IH;í touwyftm;vHk; ysufav\/
þO'g[½kPu f akd xmufí NrKd U&GmwdüYk usa&mufaom uyfOy'f
rsm;udk aysmufNird ;f apjcif;iSm &[ef; ½Siv f wl Ykd tm;xkwMf u&müvnf;
NrKd Uapmifeh wf? &Gmapmifeh wf? rd½;kd zvmewfwEYkd iS hf NrKd U&Gm½Sd &[ef;½Siv f w
l Ykd
nDnw G rf vI v kd oS nfukd owd½MdS uuke/f xdek wfwu Ykd kd ylaZmfyorIonf
ulnDazmf&atmifjyKrIaywnf;/ arwåm½SdrS ulnDMurnf/ &[ef;½Sif
vlwdkYu tm;xkwfízwfrI½GwfrIonf ewfwdkYudk ulnDrIaywnf;/
tEÅ&m,fwnf;[laom wzuf&efow l uYkd kd ewfwcYkd sn;f rEkid rf eif;½Scd hJ
vQif vlwu Ykd ulnMD urSEikd rf nf/ xdaYk Mumifh yvdyu f yfOy'ftwGuEf iS hf
ewfyGJBuD;jyKvkyfMuaom armfvNrdKifNrdKUom;wdkY\ trIonf w&m;
usrf;*efwdkYESifh nDnGwfonfyifjzpfí ynm½SdwdkY csD;rGrf;xdkufaom
trIomjzpfay\/ uJ&h UJ xdu k af omtrI r[kwaf y/ w&m;usr;f *efukd
rod? ÓPfr½SdaomolwdkYom uJh&JUMuukef&mownf;/ xdkaMumifh
,cktcgü armfvNrKd iu
f o
hJ Ykd tNrKd UNrKd Ut&Gm&Gmvdrm® Mu&ef tcsupf u
k kd
axmufjyvdkufaytHh/
tEÅ & m,f u d k Bud K wif umuG , f & rnf
,cktcg 0dywådumv jzpfacsonf/ omoemawmfvnf;
tm;enf;vsuf½Sdacsonf/ qkwfuyftcgjzpfacsí a½SUodkYonfh
xufqdk;rnfvm;rod? ,cktcg uyfOy'fuif;vGwfMuaom xdkxdk
NrKd U&Gmodu
Yk vnf; rdrw d NYkd rKd U&GmodYk uyfOy'frvmEkid af tmif apmapmu
wiful;ítxl;aMumifhMupdkuf&rnfh ta&;BuD;jzpfonf/ uyfOy'f
a&mufrS aMumifhMupdkufcJhaomf "m;jya&mufrS "m;udk½SmouJhodkY
udk;uG,f&m r&Edkif½Sdwwfonf/
aMumifhMupdkufenf;um;-
(u) rdrdudk,ftwGufESifh aMumifhMupdkufMu&ef
(c) NrKd U½GmtwGuEf iS hf aMumifMh updu k Mf u&ef ESpv
f rf;½So
d nf/
(u) rd r d u d k , f t wG u f E S i f h aMumif h M upd k u f e nf ; um;...
(1) ig;yg;oDvudk tNrJedpö vHkjcHKpGm apmifhxdef;&rnf/
(2) tbd0g'eoDvdó edpöH 0k¹mypm,daem?
yuúma&m "r®m 0a¹EÅd? tm,k 0aPÖm okcH AvH
[laom ygVdt& tm,k0¹e aq;BuD;udk tNrJrDS0J&rnf/
teufum; / tbd0g'eoDvdó? &wemoHk;yg;tm; aeYpOf
rysuf 0wfwufywfuyf edA'fjynfph íkH ,HMk unfpmG ½Scd ;kd avh½x
dS aom/
edpöH=rNrJ/ 0k¹mypm,daem=*kP0k¹d 0,0k¹d jzpfolwdkYtm;udk,fjzifh
t½kdtaojyKjcif;? EIwfjzifh t½dktaojyKjcif;? pdwfjzifh t½dktao
jyKjcif; tavh½Sdxaom/ owåó=owå0g tqif; rqkwfr,kwf
wJhjcif;vnf;aumif;/ okcH=csrf;omrqkwf r,kwfwJhjcif;vnf;
aumif;/ AvH? udk,ftm;ÓPftm; rqkwfr,kwfwJhjcif;vnf;
aumif;/ pwåma&m"r®m=av;yg;aom aumif;usdK; w&m;wdkYonf/
0¹EÅd? yGm;rsm;wufukef\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tm,k0¹e aq;awmf
BuD;aywnf;/
(3) tEÅ&m,fuif;apwwfonf [lí avmuüxif½Sm;
aom y&dwfawmf *kPfawmfygVdawmf *gxmrsm;udk
aeYpOfpNJG rí
J ykw;D pdyrf ?I tacgufrsm;pGm&Gwrf ½I adS p&rnf/
(4) avmuDt&mü tEÅ&m,fuif; apwwfonf[lí 'd|
okw½SdaeMuaom *gxm? rEÅ&m; aq;0g;? tif;tdkif
rsm;udkvnf; udk,fapmifhvufapmifh xm;½Sdap&rnf/
(c) NrdKU&Gm½Sd &[ef;awmf oHCmawmf NrdKU&GmvlBuD; taygif;
wdkYonf tnDtnGwf csdef;csufpnf;a0;í NrdKU&GmwdkYü uyf Oy'f
tEÅ&m,f uif;½Si;f apwwfaom taMumif;t&m enf;vrf; xH;k wrf;
rsm;udk wpfnw D pfñw G f jyKvyk Mf u&ef wdik yf ifzUJG pnf;Mu&rnf/ wpfnD
wpfnm tm;xkwfygvQif wwfEdkifavmufaomtrI jzpfcJhrI cdk;rI?
uyfol r½Sd? wpfnDwpfnm jyKvkyftm;xkwfMu&rnf/ enf;vrf;
xHk;wrf;udk t>rwfrQjyqdktHh-
(1) NrKd U&Gm½Sd bk&m;a[mif;? ausmif;a[mif;? ukov kd af [mif;
rsm;udk wwftm;orQ jyKjyifMu&rnf/
(2) NrdKU&Gm½Sd ewfuGef; ewfeef;rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm jyKjyif
Mu&rnf/
(3) &yfpk uGufpk 0wf0uftoif;rsm;udk NrdKUwGif;&GmwGif;
tESHUtjym;½Sdatmif wnfaxmifzGJUpnf;í y&dwfBuD;
ygVdawmfBu;D ? y|mef;ygVdawmfBu;D ? owdy|mef ygVdawmf
BuD; trsdK;rsdK; tEÅ&m,fuif; *gxm arwåmydkY BuD;rsm;
&olu wdkifí r&olwdkYu wpfnDwpfnm vdkufí
&Gwq f Mkd u&rnf/ &olr½Sv d Qif pmtkyu f ikd í
f ½Gw&f rnf/
(4) 0g0if 0guRwf oBueF t f cgBu;D or,Bu;D wdüYk NrKd Uapmifh
ewf? &Gmapmifhewf? tdrfapmifhewf? rd½dk;zvmewfwdkYudk
xrif; abmZOf a&pif a&csrf; yef; aygufayguf
qDrD;wdkYjzifh ylaZmfuefawmh½kd; jyKMu&rnf/
(5) uyf Oy'ftEÅ&m,f½cdS ahH omf NrKd U&GmnDnmí zwf&w G Mf u
&rnf/(jyqdkcJhNyD;aom ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;udk tdrfwdkif;ü
toD;oD;½SdapMu&rnf/)
(6) tEÅ&m,f½v dS mcJah omf NrKd U&Gm½Sad ,musmf ;wduYk wpfusyd f
toif;? ESpu f syd t
f oif;? oH;k usyd tf oif;zGUJ í vrf;Bu;D
vrf;ao;avQmufoGm;í wpfNrdKUvHk;? wpf½GmvHk; tkef;
tke;f qlatmif zwf½w G Mf u&rnf/ ae0ifonfaemufü
rdrw d tYkd rd rf mS vnf; xdyk gVdawmfBu;D rsm;udk toHus,pf mG
xkwfí uyf Oy'f aysmufNidrf;onfhwdkifatmif aeYpOf
tjrJ ½GwfzwfMu&rnf/
jyifopfEikd if üH jyifopfvrl sKd ;rSev f Qif ppfta&;t&m vufeuf
ud&, d mwdüYk rvdrm® aomol[í l r½S?d ppfta&;udp½ö cdS vhJ Qif ppfom;
udpö ppfAv kd u
f pd Eö iS hf cPcsi;f xGuEf ikd Mf uolcsn;f jzpfatmif wpfEikd f
iHvHk; tm;xkwfí xm;Mu&onf/ ,ckigwdkYEdkifiHrSm uyf Oy'f
tEÅ&m,fuif;½Sif;rIüvnf; jyifopfenf;wljyKvkyfíxm;MurS
oifah vsmrf nf/ *syefEikd if rH mS oa&mfysuaf csmaf jymqdjk yKvyk w
f wfaom
tavhudk ,cktcg Muyfwnf;pGm qHk;rMuonf[k wdkif;owif;pm
rsm;rSm awGUjrif&onf/ igwdkYEdkifiHrSmvnf; xdktrIrsdK;udk txl;
owdjyKMuzdkY aumif;vS\/ ta&;t&mudk rjrifwwfaom vl½Tif
vljyufwdkY\ tavhjzpfownf;/
bk & m; 7-ql puf * gxmBuD ;
(earmwó 3-acgufqdk)
0d y óD b*0g t&[H or® m orÁ K a'¨ g teEÅ Ó aPm
teEÅ*kaPm teEÅykanm teEÅawaZm teEÅ£'¨d teEÅZkwd/
odcD b*0g t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g teEÅÓaPm teEÅ*ak Pm
teEÅykanm teEÅawaZm teEÅ£'¨d teEÅZkwd/
a0óbl b*0g t&[H or® m orÁ K a'¨ g teEÅ Ó aPm
aumPm*raem b*0g t&[H or®morÁKa'¨g teEÅÓaPm
uóaygb*0g t&[H or® m orÁ K a'¨ g teEÅ Ó aPm
trSmuH b*0gt&[H or®morÁKa'¨g teEÅÓaPm teEÅ
*kaPm teEÅykanm teEÅawaZm teEÅ£'¨d teEÅZkwd/
owåad r Aka'¨g b*0aEÅm t&[aEÅm or®morÁK'g¨ r,HeS mxm
r,HS'Dyg r,HSwmPm r,HSavPm r,HSy#do&Pm r,HSywd|m/
teEÅÓPm Ak'g¨ b*0aEÅm teaEÅ[Ó d Ppauú[d rH &u©EKÅ /
teEÅ*kPm Ak'¨g b*0aEÅm teaEÅ[d *kPpau©[drH &u©EÅK/
teEÅawZm Ak'g¨ b*0aEÅm teaEÅ[d awZpauú[d rH &u©EKÅ /
teEÅ£'dr¨ EÅm Ak'g¨ b*0aEÅm teaEÅ[d £'dp¨ auú[d rH &u©EKÅ /
teEÅZwk rd EÅm Ak'g¨ b*0aEÅm teaEÅ[d Zkwpd auú[d rH &u©EKÅ /
puf B uD ; 13-yg;*gxm
oaAÁ r[d'düm Ak'¨g oaAÁ[d Ak'¨pauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁ r[d'd̈um yapöuAk'¨g oaAÁ[d yapöuAk'¨pauú[d rH
&u©EKÅ /
oaAÁ r[d'düm pdwåmo0g t&[aEÅm oaAÁ[d t&[EÅ
pauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁ r[d'düm t&d,moaAÁ[d t&d,pauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁ r[d'düm a'0goaAÁ[d a'0pauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁr[d'düm £EéoaAÁ[d £E´pauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁr[d'düm jA[®moaAÁ[d jA[®pauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁr[d'düm em*goaAÁ[d em*pauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁr[d'düm *½kVmoaAÁ[d *½kVpauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁr[d'düm ,u©moaAÁ[d ,u©pauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁr[d'düm &u©omoaAÁ[d &u©ompauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁr[d'düm *EÄÁmoaAÁ[d *EÄÁpauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
oaAÁr[d'düm ukrÇ@oaAÁ[d ukrÇ@pauú[d rH &u©EÅK/
yk&wådrm, 'dom, aoawtrEkóm umVm umV0PÖm
umVpdwåm? wPSm wPSm0PÖm? wPSmpdwåm? p@m? 0gVmvk'´g?
'k|m/ oaAÁau trEkó Ak'p¨ auú[d [wma[mEÅK 0d[wma[mEÅK
ed[ wma[mEÅK e|ma[mEÅK 0de|ma[mEÅK/
oaAÁ a w trEk ó m "rpauú [ d [wma[mEÅ K
0d[wma[mEÅK ed[ wma[mEÅK e|ma[mEÅK 0de|ma[mEÅK/
oaAÁ a w trEk ó m oH C pauú [ d [wma[mEÅ K
0d[wma[mEÅK ed[ wma[mEÅK e|ma[mEÅK 0de|ma[mEÅK/
yk&wådrm, tEk'dom, a,aw...(v) 0de|ma[mEÅK/
'ud©Pm,'dom, a,aw...(v) 0de|ma[mEÅK/
'dud©Pm,tEk'dom,a,aw...(v) 0de|m a[mEÅK/
ypdärm,'dom, a,aw...(v) 0de|m a[mEÅK/
ypdärm, tEk'dom,a,aw...(v) 0de|ma[mEÅK/
Owå&m,'dom, a,aw...(v) 0de|ma[mEÅK/
Owå&m, tEk'dom, a,aw...(v)0de|ma[mEÅK/
(r,S emxm? r,H'S yd g ponfwüYkd trsm;twGuf ½Gwzf wfaom
tcg trSmuH emxm? trSmuH 'Dyg [k½Gwf/)
(rH &u©EKÅ y'k w
f üYkd vnf; trsm;twGu½f w
G zf wfaomtcg tarS
&u©EÅK ½Gwf/ tdrfüvnf;aumif;? vrf;wdkYavQmufívnf;aumif;
½Gwfzwf&ef tEÅ&m,fuif;BuD; bk&m;ckepfqlwdkY\*kPfawmf/)
ok w f r [m0g r[my&d e d A Á m eok w f rd e f Y q d k c suf
ewfueG ;f ewfeef; ewfpifrsm;udk aumif;rGepf mG jyKjyifMu&rnf/
tcgBuD; ,r,BuD;wdkYü ylaZmfyoMu&rnf[lí qdkcJhaompum;ü
jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mawmfrlaom ygVdawmf om"uudk xkwfjyaytHh/
'DCedum,f okwfr[m0gygVdawmf r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü-
]]tmeE´? tmeE´m/ aw? oifonf/ udEdÅ? tb,fodkYvQif/
okwH? Mum;zl;oenf;/ 0ZÆD? a0omvDjynf 0ZÆDvlrsdK;wdkYonf/ 0ZÆDeH?
a½S;a½S;aom a0omvD jynf0ZÆv D rl sKd ;wd\
Yk / tAÇE&Å medap0? NrKd UwGi;f ü
½Sdonfvnf;jzpfukefaom/ Am[d&medp? NrdKUjyifNrdKUyü vnf;½Sdonf
vnf;jzpfukefaom/ ,medwmed0ZÆDapwd,med? tMuif0ZÆDwdkif;ü
wnfuek af om ewfueG ;f ewfeef; ewfpif ewfopfyifwo Ykd nf/ oEÅ?d
½Su
d ek \ f /
wmed? xdek wfueG ;f ewfeef; ewfjirf; ewfpif eefopfyifwu Ykd /kd
ouúa&mEÅ?d t½dt k aojyKjrjJ yKMuuke\ f / *½Hu
k a&mEd?Å tav;tjrwf
jyKjrJjyKMuukef\/ rmaeEÅD? tjrwfwEdk;jyKjrJjyKMuukef\/ ylaZEdÅ?
ylaZmfyoNrJ ylaZmfyoMuukef\/ awoÍö? xdkewfwdkYtm;vnf;/
'dEyé Ak ?HÁ a½S;üay;qufjrjJ zpfaom/ uwykA?HÁ a½S;ü jyKvyk jf rjJ zpfaom/
"r®duH? toufowfrlr½Sdjim;bJ w&m;ESifhavsmfuefaom/ Avð?
Avdewfpm ylaZmfoumud/k aem y&d[mayEd=Å qkw, f w
k f vpfvyfjcif;
r½SdapMuukef/ £wd? þodkY/ okwH? Mum;zl;\avm/ £wd? þodkY/
ykpäd? t½SiftmeE´mtm; ar;awmfrl\/
baEÅ? jrwfpGmbk&m;/ 0ZÆD? a0omvDjynf 0ZÆDvlrsdK;wdkYonf/
wmed? xdkapomvDjynf 0ZÆDvlrsdK;wdkY\ udk;uG,f&m jzpfukefaom
NrdKUwGif;NrdKUjyif ewfpif ewfuGef;wdkYudk/ ouúa&mEdÅ? t½dktao
jyKjrjJ yKuek \ f / *½Hu
k a&mEÅ?d tav;tjrwfjyKjrjJ yKMuuke\ f / rmaeEÅ?d
tjrwfwEd;k jyKjrjJ yKMuuke\ f / ylaZEd?Å ylaZmf yoMuuke\ f / awoÍö?
xdkewfwdkYtm;vnf;/ 'dEéykAÁH/ a½S;üay;qufjrJjzpfaom/ uwykAÁH?
a½S;üjyK vkyfjrJjzpfaom/ "r®duH? toufowfrl r½Sdjim;bJ w&m;ESifh
avsmu f efaom/ Avð? Avdewfpm ylaZmfoumud/k aemy&d[mayEd?Å
qkw, f wk v f pfpyfjcif;r½Sad pMuuke/f £wd? þod/Yk okw?H Mum;zl;yg\/
£wd? þodkY/ ta0gp? em;awmfavQmufay\/
(þum; tar; tajzcef;/)
,m0uD0Íö tmeE´ 0ZÆD ,medwmed 0ZÆDeH 0ZÆDapwd,med
tAÇEÅ&med ap0Am[d&medp? ,medouú&dó EdÅ *½Hkw&dóEdÅ
rmaeóEd Å yl a ZóEd Å / awoÍö 'd E é y k A Á H "r® d u H Avð aem
y&d[mayóEÅd/ 0k¹da,0 tmeE´-ZÆDeH yg#ducFg aemy&d[med/
(jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlcsuf)
tmeE´? tmeE´m/ ,m0uD0Íö? tMuifrQavmufaom umv
ywfvHk;/ 0ZÆD? a0omvDjynf 0ZÆD vlrsdK;wdkYonf/ 0ZÆDeH? a½S;a½S;aom
0ZÆv D rl sKd ;wd\Yk /
tAÇ E Å & med a p0? Nrd K UwG i f ; ü ½S d o nf v nf ; jzpf u k e f a om/
Am[d&medp? NrdKUjyifNrdKUyü½Sdonfvnf;jzpfukefaom? ,medwmed0ZÆD
apwd,med? tMuif0ZÆDwdkif;üwnfukefaom ewfuGef; ewfeef;
ewfjirf; ewfpif ewf opfyifwdkYonf/ oEdÅ? ½Sdukef\/ wmed?
xdkewfuGef; ewfeef; ewfjirf; ewfopfyifwdkYudk/ ouú&dóEÅD? t½dk
tao jyKjrjJ yKMuukejf im;tH/h *½Hu k &dóEd?Å tav;tjrwf jyKjrjJ yKMu
ukefthH/ rmaeóEdÅ? tjrwfwEdk;jyKjrJ jyKMuukefthH/ ylaZóEdÅ=
ylaZmfyojrJylaZmfyoukefjim;tHh/ awoÍö? xdkewfwdkYtm;vnf;/
'dEyé Ak ?HÁ a½S;üay; qufjrjJ zpfaom/ uwykA?HÁ a½S;üjyKvyk jf rjJ zpfaom/
uwykAÁH? a½S;üjyKvkyfjrJjzpfaom/ "r®duH? toufowfrIr ½Sdjim;bJ
w&m;ESifhavsmfuefaom/ Avð? Avdewfpm ylaZmfoumudk/ aem
y&d[mayóEd?Å qkw, f wk jf cif;r½SMd u ukejf im;tH/h wm0? xdek wfwu
Ykd kd
t½dt k aotav;tjrwfjyKí ylaZmfyojrJ ylaZmfyoMuorQumv
ywfvHk;/ 0ZÆDeH=0ZÆDvlrsdK;wdkYtm;/
0k'dä,0? ypöKyÜefoHo&m csrf;ompD;yGm;wdkY\ wdk;wuf
jzpfxGef;jcif;udkomvQif/ yg#ducFg? rcRwfrvGJ tjrJtvdk½Sdtyf\/
y&d[med? qkwf,kwfysufjym;jcif;udk/ aem yg#ducFg? tvdkr½Sdtyf/
(NrdKUwGif; NrdKUy½Sd NrdKUapmifhewfwdkYudk ylaZmfjrJylaZmfyoMu
orQumvywfv;kH a0omvDjynfonf wpfaeYwpfjcm;wd;k yGm; pnfyif
vwåHUomjzpf\? qkwf,kwfysufjym;jcif;r½Sd[lvdkonf/ ygVdawmf
teuf)
0ZÆDeH 0ZÆDapwd,meDwd 0ZÆD,mZlleH 0ZÆD&a| pdwåduwa|e
apwd , meD w d v'¨ e mrmed ,u© X memed / tAÇ E Å & meD w d
taEÅme*a&Xdwmed/ Am[d&meDwd Am[d& ea*a& Xdwmed/ 'dEyé Ak EÁ dÅ
yk a AÁ ' d E é H / uwyk a AÁ E Å d yk a AÁ u wH / aemy&d , may óEÅ D w d
ty&d [ maywG m ? ,xmy0wå a r0 u&d ó EÅ D / "r® d u H Avð
y&d[mayEÅm eOd§ a'0wm tm&u©H okoH0d[dwH eua&mEÅd? tEkyÜEé
'ku©HZaewHk toauúmEÅmyd OyÜEéumo oDo&m*g'ð 0a¹EÅd?
o*Fgaryeowdo[m,m ea[mEÅ/d ty&d,mayEÅmeH ye tm&u©H
okoH0d[dwH ua&mEÅd? tEkyÜEéH okcH OyÜga'wHk toauúEÅmyd
OyÜEéHumo oDoa&m*g'ð [eEÅd? o*Fgyodaoo[m,ma[mEÅd/
(okwfr[m0g t|uxm)
0ZÆeD H 0ZÆaD pwd,meDwd [lonfum;-0ZÆ&D mZle?H a0omvDjynf
0ZÆDrif;rsdK;wdkY\/ 0ZÆD&a|? 0ZÆDwdkif;twGif;ü/ pdwåduwa|e? t½dk
taojyKtyfaom teufaMumifh/ apwd,meDwd? apwdwdkY[lí/
v'ëmrmed? &tyfaom trnf½u dS ek af om/ ,u©XmemeD? ewfbv D ;l
wdkY\wnfae&m ewfuGef; ewfeef; ewfjirf; ewfopfyifwdkYonf/
(igwdEYk ikd if üH t½SiBf u;D [lí ac:a0:Muaom oH;k q,fch ek pfrif; tp
½Sdaom bkr®pdk;ewfwdkYudkvnf; ,u©[líac:a0:onf/ ,u©o'´g
onf ylaZmftyfaom teufukd a[m&if;jzpf\/ jrefrmjyef&müum;
bDvl;[lí jyef½kd;½Sd\/ aMumufrufzG,faumif;aomol qdkvdk\/)
(tqif;oP²mefaumif; jzpfapvdo k nfjzpfap ewfrsKd ;rSev
f Qif
yuwdvlwdkYu tOD;tp awGUjrif&aomtcg MuufoD;arG;n§if;
xatmif aMumufvefYrI jzpfwwf\/ tavmif;awmfaerdrif;BuD;
odMum;rif;udk jrif&mü MuufoD; arG;n§if;xatmif aMumufvefY
jcif;jzpf\/)
tAÇEÅ&meDwd [lonfum;-taEÅme*a&? jrdKUwGif;ü/ Xdwmed?
wnf½Sdukefaom/ Amed&meDwd[lonfum;- Am[d&e*a&? NrdKUwGif;
NrKd Uyü/ Xdwmed? wnf½u dS ek af om/ 'dEyé Ak EÁ dÅ [lonfum;-ykaAÁ? a½S;ü/
uwH? jyKvkyfjrJjzpfaom/ (epfuGef;aqmufvkyfjcif;? jyifqifjcif;
ponfudk uwykAÁHqdkonf/)
aemy&d , mayóEÅ d w d [l o nf u m;-ty&d [ maywG m ?
r,kwfrvQmhaprlí/ ,xmy0wåar0? jzpfjrJwdkif;udkomvQif/
u&dóEÅ?d jyKuek v f wåUH / [dopö?H rSe\ f / "r®u d ?H w&m;ESiahf vQmaf om/
Avð? ewfpm ylaZmfoumud/k y&d[mayEÅmeH? ,kwaf vsmv h pfvyfap
ukeaf om rif;rsKd ;wdt Yk m;/ a'0wm? wdik ;f apmif?h jynfapmif?h NrKd Uapmif?h
½Gmapmifh ewfwdkYonf/ tm&u©H? NrdKU½GmwdkYü ab;&efra&mufatmif
apmifha½Smufjcif;udk/ okwH0d[dwH? aumif;pGmpD&ifrIudk/ eua&mEÅd?
rjyKMuukef/ tEkyÜEéH? rjzpfao;aom/ 'ku©H? 'ku©udk/ ZaewHk?
jzpfapjcif;iSm/ toauúmEÅmyd? rwwfEdkifukefaomfvnf;/ OyÜEéH?
taMumif;wpfyg;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom/ umo oDoa&m*g'ð?
acsmif;qdk;aoma&m;*g? OD;acgif;a&m;*gtp½Sdaom temrsdK;wdkYudk/
0a¹EÅd? wdk;yGm;apukef\/ o*Fgar? ppfa&;rufa&;onf/ owd?
Edik ½f cdS ahJ omf/ o[m,m? ulabmfnb D ufwo Ykd nf/ ea[mEÅ?d rjzpfuek /f
ty&d[mayEÅmeH? jyKjrJwdkif;udk r,kwfravQmhaprlí ylaZmfy
oukefaom rif;rsdK;wdkYtm;/ tm&u©H? NrdKU&GmwdkYü ab;&ef ra&muf
atmif apmifha½Smufjcif;udk/ okoH0d[duH? aumif;pGm pD&ifrludk/
ua&mEÅd? jyKMuukef\/ tEkyÜEÅH? rjzpfao;aom/ okcH? csrf;omudk/
ZaewHk? jzpfapjcif;iSm/ toauúmEÅyd? rwwfEdkifjim;aomfvnf;/
OyÜE?Hé jzpfíaeaom/ umooDoa&m*g'ð? acsmif;qd;k em OD;acgif;em
tp½Sdaom a&m*grsdK;udk/ [eEÅd? y,fazsmufEdkifMuukef\/ o*Fgr
oDao? ppfajrOD;ü? o[m,m? ulabmfnDabmf&Muukefonf/
a[mwd? jzpfukef\/ (t|uxm teuf)
t"d y Ü g ,f u m;
(a0omvDrif;wdu Yk kd taMumif;jyKí a[mawmfral om aMumifh
rif;rsKd ;udo k mxkwaf zmfí zGijhf yayonf/ rylaZmfaomolwu Ykd rkd u l m;
tapmift h a½Smufukd rpD&ifMuuke/f wpfyg;aom tEÅ&m,fwo Ykd nf
xdk½GmodkY0ifa&mufrnfudk odjrifMuukefaomfvnf; vpfvsL½Iíom
aeMuukef\/ NrdKU½GmodkY r0if&atmif[efY wm;jcif;udk rjyKMuukef/
NrKd U½GmwGi;f wd0Yk ifa&mufaomfvnf; NrKd U&GmwGi;f ½Sed wfwu Ykd xdt k EÅ&m,f
wdkYudk rESifxkwfukef/ 0if;jcHtwGif;? tdrf0if;twGif;wdkY a&muf
aomfvnf; 0if;jcHwGif;½Sd? tdrfwGif;½Sd ewfwdkYu xdktEÅ&m,fwdkYudk
rESix f wk u f ek /f tb,faMumifeh nf;qdak omf a½S;a½S;aomolw l u Ykd whJ Ykd
rylaZmfMuonft h wGuf NrKd Uom; &Gmom; tdro f m;wdt Yk ay:ü trsuf
pGe;f jijd cif;½Sad eMuaomaMumifw h nf;/ vlrif;rsm;jzpfcv hJ Qif ay;aeMu
tcGet f wkwf ray;yJaecJv h Qif xdo k u
l kd rif;jypfrif;'PfEiS hf ESyd pf uf\/
xdt Yk wl ESyd pf ufvakd om pdw½f í dS aeMuuke\ f / xdaYk Mumifh t|uxm
ü a&m*gOy'f½Sdaomtcg xdka&m*gOy'fwdkY wdk;yGm;apMuukefí
wdk;yGm;atmif jyKítaoowfwwfMuukef\ [lvdkonf/
tnDtnm ylaZmfyoMuukefaom olwdkY\NrdKU&Gmürlum;
tapmifhta½Smufudk aumif;pGm pD&ifMuukef\/ NrdKU&GmrSm "m;jy
tEÅ&m,fr0if&atmif y,f½mS ;Muuke\ f / bDv;l obuftExÅ&m,f?
jcaoFh? opf usm;tEÅ&m,f r0if&atmify,f½Sm;Muukef\/ jyify
ewfwdkY rodí0ifa&mufcJhvQif twGif;ewfwdkYu y,f½Sm;Muukef\/
rdrdwdkYy,f½Sm; jcif;iSmrwwfEdkifcJhvQif NrdKUwGif; &GmwGif; &yfwGif;
tdrf;wGif;odkY tEÅ&m,f0ifa&mufonfudk vlwdkYodzdkY tdrfrufjyKjcif;
ponfjzifh aMumifhMupdkufMuukef\/ ewfwdkYjyKaomtrl[lonf
vlvltcsif; csif;jyKaomtrIuJhodkY vlwdkif;uodMu&onfr[kwf/
onftrd o f m;wdu Yk kd rke;f í tcGio hf maomtcg a&m*gwd;k yGm;apjcif;
ponfudkjyKíowfojzifh onftdrfrSmq,fa,mufyif aoaomf
vnf; igowfonf[k ajymawmhonfr[kwf/ onftdrfom;wdkYudk
arwåm½Sí d onftrd o f 0Ykd ifvmrnft h EÅ&m,fukd y,f½mS ;í xdt k rd o
f l
tdrfom;wdkYrSm q,fcgwdkifatmif tEÅ&m,fvGwfuif;í oGm;aomf
vnf; tEÅ&m,f igy,f&Sm;vdkufonf[k ajymawmhonf r[kwf/
xdktdrfolwdkYonfvnf; odMuukefawmhonf r[kwfMuukef/ xdkY
aMumifhewfESifhpyfaomt&mwdkYü usrf;*efA[kokw? avmuD
A[kow k wdEYk iS hf jynfph MkH uaom olwrYkd o S m vdrm® Edik Mf uuke\
f / ewfEiS hf
pyfaomt&mü usr;f *efA[kow k avmuDA[kow k enf;yg;Muaom
olwdkYrlum; vdr®mEddkifzdkYa0;pG? rsufjrif'd|r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh
vdr®mEdkifol ajymonfudk em,lzdkYonmrQ r½SdMuavukef/
vdr®mEdkifMuukef\qdk&mrSmvnf; ewfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í
onfvjkd zpfvrf;½So d nf [dv k jkd zpfvrf;½So
d nf onfvv kd yk ef nf;½So d nf?
[dkvdkvkyfenf;½Sdonf[k enf;vrf;rQüom vdr®mEdkifMuukefonf/
twwfodjrifEdkif Muukefonfr[kwf/ þodkYtwwfrodrjrif
Edik af omt&mwdüYk usr;f *efA[kow k avmuDA[kow k wdEYk iS hf jynfph kH
aomolom yrmPajrmuf\/ rjynfhpHkaomolonf yrmP
rajrmuf/ ,ckuo hJ aYkd om Bu;D rm;pGm uyf Oy'ftEÅ&m,frsKd ;rsm;ürlum;
yd#uwfusr;f *efwrYkd v S maom enf;vrf;wdw Yk iG f 'kp½du k rf uI kd csev f yS í f
jzpfEdkifavmufaom enf;vrf;[lorQwdkYudk ae&mrus[lí qkwf
ESpfjcif;r½SdMubJ pHkvifatmif jyKvkyfMuukef&m\/ rqkwfrepf
tm;xkwfrIonf 0D&d,yg&rDBuD;aywnf;/
Bu&H ,
G w
f ikd ;f tusKd ;Ny;D pD;onfjzpfap? rNy;D pD;onfjzpfap? 0D&, d
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a'oemawmftvGefrsm;ao;\/
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taMumif;jyKí tvGefBuD;aom uyfOy'fBuD;t&mü ynmrJhpum;
ydw
k aYkd Mumifh tusKd ;rJjh zpfí raeMu&atmif xdx k Nkd rKd U&Gmae vlaumif;
½Siaf umif; ynm½St d aygif;wdt Yk m; ynmowdtxl;½SMd u&ef usr;f *ef
xGufpum;wdkYudk xif½Sm;½kHazmfjyvdkufonf/
b,0d e mou'D y eD u srf ; NyD ; \/
------------
v,fwDrdefYcGef;awmfrsm;
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------------------
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------------------
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1995? 'DZifbmv
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