Computers &GeosciencesVol. 20, No. 5, pp.

873-880, 1994
Copyright© 1994ElsevierScienceLid
~ ) Pergamon 0098-3004(94)E0010-Q Printed in Great Britain.All rights reserved
0098-3004/94 $7.00+ 0.00

FORWARD MODELING: GRAVITY

ANOMALIES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL
BODIES OF ARBITRARY SHAPE WITH
HYPERBOLIC AND PARABOLIC DENSITY FUNCTIONS
C. VISWESWARARAO, V. CHAKRAVARTHI,*and M. L. RAJU
Department of Geophysics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, India

(Received 13 August 1993; revised 27 September 1993)

Abstract---Computer programs in FORTRAN 77 to compute the gravity anomaly of a two-dimensional

(2-D) body of irregular cross section with hyperbolic and parabolic variations in density contrast are
developed and presented. The gravity anomaly of San Jacinto Graben, California, using a hyperbolic
function and that of Los Angeles Basin, California, using a parabolic function, are computed and
compared with respective observed anomalies.

Key Words: Parabolic function, Hyperbolic function, Density contrast, Forward modeling, Gravity
anomalies, Sedimentary basin.

INTRODUCTION derive the gravity anomaly expressions of a 2-D

The use of the concept of uniform density contrast of
the sediments in modeling sedimentary basins from
their gravity anomalies is well known. But in some
basins the sediment density differs with depth and this
variation depends on several factors [see for example
Athy (1930), Hughes and Cooke (1953), and Crowe
and Redmond (1962)]. In such situations, the gravity
modeling can be carried out assuming variable den-
sity which plays an important role in accurate deter-
mination of basement depths under the sedimentary
pile. Cordell (1973) and Chai and Hinze (1988)
assumed an exponential variation in density contrast
of the sediments in interpreting gravity profiles over
San Jacinto Graben, California. Murthy and Rao
(1979) derived the anomaly equation of a polygonal
model for a linear variation in density contrast and
applied it to the situation of exponential variation by
dividing each side of the polygon into several seg-
ments over each of which density contrast can be
assumed to decrease linearly. Bhaskara Rao (1986)
used a quadratic density function in gravity modeling
of sedimentary basins. Of all the density contrast
functions presently being used in sedimentary basin
modeling, the hyperbolic function proposed by Litin-
sky (1989) and the parabolic function introduced by
Rao, Chakravarthi, and Raju (1993) seem to provide
better approximations to the true density contrast-
depth data.
In this paper, both hyperbolic and parabolic den-
sity contrast-depth functions are used separately to
*Present address: GWD, Chittor, AP, India.
irregular body of arbitrary cross section in terms of
the coordinates of its vertices. These expressions can
be used in gravity modeling of sedimentary basins.
Forward modeling of the interpreted cross sections of
San Jacinto Graben, California, and Los Angeles
Basin, California is carried out using the derived
expressions.
EXPRESSION FOR THE GRAVITY ANOMALY OF A
2-D BODY OF ARBITRARY SHAPE WITH
VARIABLE DENSITY CONTRAST
Hyperbolic function
Let the density contrast within a 2-D body of
irregular cross section vary according to the following
hyperbolic function (Litinsky, 1989).
Apoh '2
A p ( z ) = ~(B + z) (1)
where Ap(z) is the density contrast at any depth z,
AP0 is the density contrast extrapolated to the ground
surface, and fl is the rate of density variation ex-
pressed in length units,
The gravity anomaly Ag(0) at any point P(0) on
the principal profile of a 2-D body of irregular cross
section can be obtained by integrating the gravity
effect of a line mass through out the cross section of
the body. Accordingly,
Ag(0) = 2G fs Ap(z) x2z +dsz2 (2a)
where G is the universal gravitational constant and
Ap(z) ds = hp(z) dx • dz is the elementary line mass.

873
874 C. VISWI~WARA RAO, V. CHAKRAVARTHI, and M. L. RAJU

Replacing Ap(z) in Equation (2a) by its value from " ,Fsin i, r,+zQl
Equation (!), we can write
fl-elcosi , --q~)] (4)
Ag(0) = 2GApofl 2 fs (ff + z~2~-~2
z ds + z2) . (2b)
Equation (4) is used to prepare a function subpro-
Applying Stoke's theorem, Equation (2b) can be
gram HF2DPOL shown in Appendix 1. This function
transformed as
subprogram calculates the gravity anomalies of 2-D
body of irregular cross section with hyperbolic vari-
Ag(0) = 2GAp0fl 2 ~ arctan -z dz. (2c) ation of density contrast.

The integral in Equation (2c) is evaluated by replac- Parabolic function

ing the outline of the irregular body by an n-sided The parabolic density contrast variation with depth
polygon (Fig. 1), calculating the gravity anomaly in a sedimentary section may be defined according to
dg(k) of each side of the polygon and summing them the following equation.
up. Thus,
ap0~
Ap(z) = (Ap0 - ~z) 2 (5)
Ag(0) = L dg(k) (3)
k=l where c~ is a constant with reciprocal length units.
with Following a similar procedure adopted for the situ-
ation of hyperbolic function, the counterpart of
dg(k) = 2GApofl2{~!
~ 1 ~b;,+,
Q2 Equation (3) for the parabolic situation can be writ-
ten as,
~,['sin i rk+~Q1
+ r,[-~-ym r~ Ag(0) = ~ dg(k)

fl-Plcosi
P1P2 (~k+l--~)k)
]} with
k=l

dg(k ) =
2GA.~)%~+,
~"o) . - ~
G +~(T1-T2)
o~S1 2Aat
where
Pl=xgsini-z k cos i C sin i [- S2r k -]]
l n - -
A L Slr~+,J;
P2 =fl2_2flP1 c o s / + P 1 2
where
Q1 = f l +zk
Zk + C cos i
Q2 = f l +zk+l T1 = arctan
C sin i
r~ = (x~ + z~) ~/~ zk+t + C cosi
T2 = arctan
~+1 = (x~+, + z L , ) '~ C sin i
S 1 = Ap0 - ~Zk
$2 = Ap0 - ~Zk +t
C = Xksin i -- zk cos i
sin i = (zk+l - Zk)/R
A = C:~: + 2Ap0~C cos i + ApE
COSi = (x,+ 1-- Xk)/R
and
P(0] ~k*lt~k ~X
R = [(Xk+ 1 -- Xk) 2 ÷ (Zk+ 1 -- Zk)2] 1/2"
"~Z ~-.J-~rk` (Xk,Z k )
The symbols xk, xk+t, Zk, Z~+1, ~*, 4~k+l and i are
explained in Figure 1. The first two terms in Equation
(3) can be ignored because their sum for all sides of
the polygon,
(xk4 Zko ~ )

will vanish. Thus Equation (3) ends up in a simple

form given by

a g (0) = L dg (k)
k~l Figure 1. Polygonal model.
 Gravity anomalies of 2-D bodies
and
B = - 2 C a cos i - 2Ap0.
This equation can be written in a simplified form by
eliminating the first two terms because their sum for
all sides of the polygon will vanish. Thus, we have
Ag(0) = 2GAp3o i["
k=l
~a (T1 -- T2)
_ C sin____j/In S2r------L1. (6)
A Slrk+lJ
Equation (6) is used to prepare a function subpro-
gram PF2DPOL for calculating the gravity anomaly
over a sedimentary basin when the density contrast of
the sediments differ according to Equation (5). This
function subprogram is shown in Appendix 2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNCTION SUBPROGRAMS
Both the function subprograms HF2DPOL and
PF2DPOL calculate the gravity anomaly at any point
on the principal profile of a 2-D irregular body of
polygonal cross section. The input data to be supplied
are the number of vertices, the coordinates of the
vertices of the polygon as measured from the point of
calculation, Ap0, density contrast that would be
observed near the ground surface, fl (for HF2DPOL),
and ~t (for PF2DPOL). If the length parameters are
measured in kilometers and density contrast in g/cm 3,
the gravity anomalies are returned in milligals.
FORWARD MODELING---EXAMPLES
From the borehole density measurements in Los
Angeles Basin, California, the sediment density is
known to differ with depth. Chai and Hinze (1988)
using an exponential function and Rao, Prakash, and
Ramesh Babu (1990) using a quadratic function
explained this variation. The same could be explained
alternatively by a parabolic function using a least-
squares fit and Figure 2 shows this exercise. The
values of the constants of the parabolic function ~t
and Ap0 are 0.0576 and -0.5206 respectively.
A polygon is fitted to the cross section of the Los
Angeles Basin drawn from the basement contour map
of the basin derived from 3-D modeling of gravity
anomalies (Rao, Prakash, and Ramesh Babu, 1990).
The function subprogram PF2DPOL presented here
has been used to compute its gravity anomaly. The
closeness-of-fit between the residual anomaly and the
computed anomaly as shown in Figure 3 shows the
validity of Equation (6) and the assumption of
parabolic variation of sediment density. The minor
discrepancy on the right flank of the profile may be
the result of errors in digitization. Another reason for
this discrepancy may be that the cross section of the
basin was derived in terms of quadratic function
constants and forward modeling is done using
875
0 -o:2 -o:4 - o J6
AP(Z) g m / c c
Pa r a b o lic f u n c t i o n
-0.1609Z
~xe(z) : -0.5 e
E
E
67_
tm
a
l
0
Figure 2. Parabolic function fit for Los Angeles Basin
sediment density-depth data.
parabolic function. However, the accuracy is reason-
able.
Based on seismic refraction data, Fett (1968) de-
rived a five layered density model of San Jacinto
Graben, California. Cordell (1973) explained the
density variation in terms of exponential function and
interpreted the gravity profile over the graben in
terms of this density function using a recursive algor-
ithm. The interpreted maximum depth of 2.4 km of
the graben (Fig. 4) is consistent with seismic in-
terpretation (CordeU, 1973). Litinsky (1989) showed
that the sediment density variation in the San Jacinto
Graben could be explained more accurately using a
hyperbolic function. The interpretation of gravity
profile by Litinsky (1989) using the concept of effec-
tive hyperbolic density also yielded a maximum depth
of 2.4 km for the basement. By fitting a polygon to
the cross section of the basin obtained by Cordell
(1973) the gravity profile across the graben is calcu-
lated by using the function subprogram HF2DPOL.
The values of fl and Ap0 used in the computation are
3.12 and - 0 . 5 6 respectively. The fit between the
residual anomaly and the computed anomaly is
shown in Figure 4. The error at some stations, which
is less 1 milligal, may be minimized according to
Cordeil (1973), by modifying the regional com-
ponent.
DISCUSSION
Before attempting the gravity modeling of the
sedimentary basins, the nature of sediment density at
876 C. VISWESWARARAO, V. CHAKRAVARTHI,and M. L. RAJU

','+, 3?.. 4'o

km ,,.
-20 ~ •

--40 z t,g (Residual anomal

IE "~t,k,xCom p u t e d anomaly/~'
=60 ; \ /"
--80
0 I~ 16| 24, ~}21 40, 481
~ ~ / ~ - km 2 ~ ~

+! ",, /
10 Cross section of the basin (Rao etat, 1990)
for which n-sided polygon is fit
Figure 3. Forward gravity modeling of Los Angeles Basin using parabolic density contrast.

different depths of the basin must be ascertained
using either borehole gravity measurements or seis-
mic refraction data (Fett, 1968). If the sediment
density differs, an appropriate mathematical function
should be used to ascribe the type of variation. This
can be done by fitting either a parabolic or a hyper-
bolic function to the observed density contrast-depth
data in a least-square sense and selecting the best
fitting function. Approximate thickness of sediments
at each gravity station can be determined using
the infinite slab formula developed by Rao,
Chakravarthi, and Raju (1993) for parabolic and
Litinsky (1989) for hyperbolic situations. The depth
values thus obtained are used to assign an arbitrary
shape to the structure of the basin. This shape
is refined by following the procedure outlined by

Distance (km)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10
~ '.~....... ' ' ' ' , , ,

="~'~% Computed anomaly / -8 -

~ R e s i d u a t anomaty / _~

I I 1 I I I I I 1

o f

t...-

-2 ~"

3 Crosf's's section of the graben [Cordetl,1973)

Figure 4. Forward gravity modeling of San Jacinto Grabcn, California using hyperbolic density contrast.
 Gravity anomalies of 2-D bodies 877

Bott (1960). During this process of refinement for-
ward modeling is an essential step and the Equations
(4) and (6) presented in this article are useful. The use
of either hyperbolic or parabolic density variation
enables us to derive the gravity anomalies of models
in a closed form. This is not possible in the situation
of exponential density variation.
Acknowledgments--The computational work was carried
out on a PC-AT 386 acquired in a project financed by
the DST, New Delhi. The authors are grateful to the DST.
The authors wish to thank the Head, Department of
Geophysics for providing necessary facilities. The authors
are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their
critical review.
REFERENCES
Athy, L. F., 1930, Density, porosity and compaction of
sedimentary rocks: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists
Bull. v. 14, no. 1, p. 1-24.
Bhaskara Rao, D. B., 1986, Modeling of sedimentary basins
from their gravity anomalies with variable density con-
trast: Geophys. Jour. Roy. Astro. Soc., v. 84, no. 1,
p. 207-212.
Bott, M. H. P., 1960, The use of rapid digital computing
methods for direct gravity interpretation of sedimentary
basins: Geophys. Jour. Roy. Astro. Soc., v. 3, no. 1,
p. 63~7.
Chai, Y., and Hinze, W. J., 1988, Gravity inversion of an
interface above which the denstiy contrast varies expo-
nentially with depth: Geophysics, v. 53, no. 6,
p. 837-845.
Cordell, L., 1973, Gravity analysis using an exponential
density-depth function, San Jacinto Graben, California:
Geophysics, v. 38, no. 4, p. 684-690.
Crowe, C., and Redmond, J. C., 1962, Some effects of
pressure on porosity permeability and resistivity of
sandstones,/n 23rd Technical Conference on Petroleum
Production: The Pennsylvania State Univ., Mineral In-
dustries Experiment Station Circ. 63, 240 p.
Fett, J. D., 1968, Geophysical investigations of the San
Jacinto Valley, Riverside Country, California: unpubl.
masters thesis, Univ. California at Riverside, 87 p.
Hughes, D. S., and Cooke, C. E., 1953, The gravity effect
of pressure on the reduction of pore volume of consoli-
dated sandstones: Geophysics, v. 18, no. 2, p. 298-309.
Litinsky, V. A., 1989, Concept of effective density: key to
gravity depth determinations for sedimentary basins:
Geophysics, v. 54, no. 11, p. t474-1482.
Murty, I. V. R., and Rao, D. B., 1979, Gravity anomalies
of two dimensional bodies of irregular cross section with
density contrast varying with depth: Geophysics, v. 44,
no. 9, p. 1525-1530.
Rao, C. V., Chakravarthi, V., and Raju, M. L., 1993,
Parabolic density function in sedimentary basin model-
ing, PAGEOPH, v. 140, no. 3, p. 493-501.
Rao, D. B., Prakash, M. J., and Ramesh Babu, N., 1990, 3D
and 21/2D modeling of gravity anomalies with variable
density contrast: Geophys. Prospect., v. 38, no. 4,
p. 411-422.

APPENDIX 1

* PROGRAM HFeDPOL COMPUTES THE GRAVITY ANOMALY IN M I L L I G A L S *

* OF A TWO DIMENSIONAL(~D) BODY OF ARBITRARY SHAPE WITH *
* HYPERBOLIC DENBITY CONTRAST *

* INPUT .
i

* X DISTANCE TO THE POINT OF CALCULATION FROM THE FIRST *

* POINT ON THE PROFILE (KILOMETRES) *
* XV X CO-ORDINATES OF THE VERTICES OF THE ~D ARBITRARY' *
* BODY (KILOMETRES) *
* ZV Z CO-ORDINATES OF THE VERTICES OF THE eD ARBITRARY *
* BODY (KILOMETRES) *
* N NUMBEROF POINTS AT WHICH THE ANOMALY I S TO BE *
* CALCULATED *
* NV NUMBER OF VERTICES OF THE POLYGONAL FITTED TO THE *
* ARBITRARY BODY *
* RHO DENSITY CONTRAST THAT WOULD BE OBSERVED AT THE GROUND *
* SURFACE(GM/CC) *
* BETA RATE OF VARIATION OF DENSITY CONTRAST *

* OUTPUT : *

* GC GRAVITY ANOMALY ( M I L L I G A L S ) *

* NOTE THE VERTICES ARE COVERED IN THE CLOCKWISE DIRECTION *

I M P L I C I T REAL*8(A-HpO-Z)
DIMENSION X ( I O O ) , G C ( I O O ) , X V ( I O O ) , Z V ( I O O ) , X X ( I O 0 )
READ(*,I)RHO,BETA
READ(*,2)N,NV
READ(*,13)(X(K)IK=1IN)
READ(*,3)(XV(KV),KV=I,NV)
READ(*,3)(ZV(KV)IKV=IINV)
DO 5 K = 1,N
DO 4 KV= 1,NV
4 XX(KV)= X V ( K V ) - X ( K )
5 GC(K) = HF2DPOL(XX,2VjNV,RHO~BETA)
WRITE(*,6)
WRITE(*,?)
878 C. VISWI~WARARAO, V. CHAKRAVARTHi,and M. L. RMu

WRITE(*,8)
WRITE(*,9)
WRITE(*,8)
W~ITE(*,IO)(X(K),GC(K),K=I,N)
WRITE(*,8)
1 FORMAT(2FIO.4)
e FORMAT(el5)
13 FORMAT(IOFS,2)
3 FORMAT(IOF5.3)
a FORMAT(IHI~
7 FORMAT(/////)
8 FORMAT(15X,30('-'))
9 F O R M A T ( 1 7 x . ' D I S T A N C E ' , 3 X , ' G R A V I T YA N O M A L Y ' / e o x I ' ( K M ) ',
*gx,'(M.GALS)')
10 FORMAT(I?X,F8.4,?X,F8.4)
STOP
END
FUNCTION HF2DPOL(X,Z,N,RHO,BETA)
IMPLICIT REAL*8(A-H,O-Z)
DIMENSION X ( I O O ) , Z ( I O 0 )
X(N+I) = X(1)
Z(N+I) = Z(1)
GRAV = 0 . 0
DO 10 K = 1,N
RK = D S Q R T ( X ( K ) * * 2 + Z ( K ) * * e )
I F ( R K . E Q . O . O ) G O TO 10
RK1 = D S Q R T ( X ( K + I ) * * 2 + Z ( K + I ) * * e )
I F ( R K 1 . E Q . O . O ) G O TO 10
DX = X ( K + I ) - X ( K )
DZ = Z ( K + I ) - Z ( K )
DENM = DSQRT(DX*DX+D2*DZ)
IF(DENM.EQ.O.O)SO TO 10
C = DX/DENM
S = DZ/DENM
P1 = X ( K ) * S - Z ( K ) * C
Pe = B E T A * * 2 - 2 . 0 * B E T A * P I * C + P I * * 2
QI = BETA+Z(K)
Qe = B E T A + Z ( K + I )
IF(Z(K).EQ.O.O)THEN
PH1 = 1 . 5 7 0 7 9 & * X ( K ) / D A B S ( X ( K ) )
ELSE
PH1 = D A T A N ( X ( K ) / Z ( K ) )
ENDIF
IF(Z(K+I).EQ.O.O)THEN
PH2 = 1 . 5 7 0 7 9 & * X ( K + 1 ) / D A B S ( X ( K + 1 ) )
ELSE
PH2 = D A T A N ( X ( K + I ) / Z ( K + I ) )
ENDIF
D1 = RKI*Q1
D2 = RK*Q2
A1 = DLOG(D1/D2)
T1 = ( A l * S ) / P 2
Te = ( S E T A - P I * C ) / ( P I * P 2 )
T3 = PH1-PH2
T4 = T 2 * T 3
DG = P I * ( T I - T 4 )
GRAV = GRAV+DG
I0 CONTINUE
CONST = 1 3 . 3 3 3 3 * R H O * B E T A * * 2
HFeDPOL = GRAV*CONST
RETURN
END
 Gravity anomalies of 2-D bodies 879

APPENDIX 2

* ~U~M ~ F ~ U L UUMPUtE~ THE ORAVITY ANOMAL

* OF A TWO DIMENSIONAL(2D)BODY OF ARBITRARY SHAPE WITH
* PARABOLIC DENSITY CONTRAST
*
* INPUT :

X DISTANCETO THE POINT OF CALCULATION FROM THE FIRST

POINT ON THE PROFILE(KILOMETRES)
XV X CO-ORDINATES OF THE VERTICES OF THE 2D ARBITRARY
BODY(KILOMETRES)
ZV Z CO-ORDINATES OF THE VERTICES OF THE 2D ARBITRARY
BODY(KILOMETRES)
N NUMBEROF POINTS AT WHICH THE ANOMALY IS TO BE
CALCULATED
NV NUMBER OF VERTICES OF THE POLYGON FITTED TO THE
ARBITRARY BODY
RHO DENSITY CONTRAST THAT WOULD BE OBSERVED AT THE
GROUND SURFACE(GM/CC)
ALFA IS THE CONSTANT TO BE DETERMINED BY FITTING
DENSITY-DEPTH DATA TO THE PARABOLIC DENSITY
FUNCTION(PER KILOMETRE)

* OUTPUT :
*

* GC GRAVITY ANOMALY (MILLISALS)

* NOTE THE VERTICES ARE COVERED IN CLOCKWISE DIRECTION *

******************************************~***************~**
IMPLICIT REAL*8(A-H,O-Z)
DIMENSION X(IOO),GC(IOO),XV(50),ZV(50),XX(50)
READ(*,IO)N,NV,ALFA,RHO
READ(*,20)(X(K),K=I,N)
READ(*,20)(XV(K),K=I,NV)
READ(*,21)(ZV(K)~K=1INV}
DO 30 I = 1,N
DO 40 K = I,NV
40 XX(K) = XV(K)-X(I)
30 GC(1) = PF2DPOL(XX,ZV,NV,RHO,ALFA)
WRITE(*,6)
WRITE(*,?)
WRITE(*,8)
WRITE(*,~)
WRITE(*,B)
WRITE(*,50)(X(K),GC(K),K=I,N)
WRITE(*,8)
i0 FORMAT(215,2F?.4)
20 FORMAT(IOF4.1)
21 FORMAT(IOF4.B}
6 FORMAT(1H1)
7 FORMAT(/III/)
S FORMAT(15X,30('-'))
9 FORMAT(I?X,'DISTANCE',3X,'GRAVITY ANOMALY',/~OX,
*'(KM)', X,'(M.GALS)')
50 FORMAT(17X,F8.4,TX,F8.4)
STOP
END
FUNCTION PF2DPOL(X,Z,N,RHO,ALFA)
IMPLICIT REAL*8(A-H,O-Z)
DIMENSION X ( 5 0 ) , Z ( 5 0 )
TOGAMA = 13.33333
.CONST = TOGAMA*RHO**3
X(N+I) = X(1)
Z(N+I) = Z(1)
GRAV = 0.0
DO bO K = I , N
RK = X(K)*X(K)+Z(K)*Z(K)
RK1 = X(K+I)**2+z(K+I)**2
DZ = Z(K+I)-Z(K)
DX = X(K+I>-X(K)
R = DSQRT(DX*DX+D2*D2)
S = DZlR
C = DX/R
D = X(K)*S-Z(K)*C
AK = RHO-ALFA*Z(K}
AK1 = RHO-ALFA*Z(K+I)
ALl = AKI**2*RK
880 C. VISWESWARARAO, V. CHAKRAVARTHI,and M. L. RAJU

AL2 = AK**2*RKI
IF<Z(K).EQ.O)THEN
TK = 1.50?gb*X(K)/DABS(X(K))
ELSE
TK = DATAN(X(K)/Z(K))
ENDIF
IF(Z(K+I).EQ.O)THEN
TKI = 1.50976*X(K+1)/DABS(X(K+1))
ELSE
TKI = DATAN(X(K+I)/Z(K+I))
ENDIF
D1 = D*S
I F ( D I . E Q , O ) G O TO bO
A = D*D*ALFA**2+ALFA*2.0*D*C*RHO+RHO**2
B =-2.0*D*C*ALFA-2.0*RHO
TI = (1.0/(ALFA*AK1))*TK1
T2 = (1.0/(ALFA*AK))*TK
T3 = (D1/(2.0*A))*DLOG(ALI/AL2)
P1 = DATAN((2(K+I)+D*C)/D1)
P2 = DATAN((Z(K)+C*D)/D1)
T4 = (B/(2.0*A*ALFA))*(P1-P2)
DG = T1-T2-T3-T4
GRAV = GRAV+DG
b0 CONTINUE
PF~DPOL = CONST*GRAV
RETURN
END