3-5 Copy of Centrifugal Compressor System Curve _ MW.pdf

Centrifugal Compressor System Curve
Understand
Centrifugal Compressor
Equipment
INTERACTION
1
Understand Centrifugal Compressor, Equipment Interaction
System Curve
Compressor Curve Basics
Relationship Between Compressor and System Curves
Compressor Behavior in Common Applications
1. Single-Speed Compressor Drive with Suction/Discharge Pressure Control
Scenario 1.1 Incoming Flow to Compressor Decreases
Scenario 1.2 Incoming Flow Drops Below Surge Control Point
Scenario 1.3 Gas Demand Decreases at the Compressor End
2. Variable-Speed Compressor Drive with Speed Controller
Scenario 2.1 Incoming Flow to Compressor Decreases
Scenario 2.2 Incoming Flow Drops Below Surge Control Point
Scenario 2.3 Gas Demand Decreases at the Consumer End
Scenario 2.4 Compressor Delivers at a Fixed Pressure to Consumer;
Set Pressure Changed.
3. Gas Molecular Weight Changes
Scenario 3.1 MW Decreases
Scenario 3.2 MW increases
Impact of MW Variation on Compressor Stability
4. Compressor Flow Increases Beyond Rating
2
Understand Centrifugal Compressor

Equipment Interaction
Compressor Operators find Difficulty
in Comprehending Compressor Behavior
with respect to System Changes, Particularly When
Coupled with Other Operational Changes.
Example is How to Predict possible Flow Increase
When there is still some room for a Speed Increase.
Where will New Operating Point be if Change is Made
Will it Shift: Along the Constant Pressure Line
to the Right, Along the System Curve
Or Along the Compressor Curve itself?
How are Power Consumption and Efficiency Predicted
in such cases?
3
For the Benefit of Operators,

Compressor Behavior with respect to
the Connected Systems and Related Problems
are Presented for Common Operating Scenarios.
Fig. 1 shows a Typical Arrangement
of a Compressor Operating in a Process System.
Compressor is taking Suction from Source, Point A
at Pressure p1, and Discharging at Pressure p2
at Point B into a Process System Consisting of
Pipelines, Valves and Equipment
Gas is transported through this System
to be Delivered to Point C at Pressure p3.
The Line Pressure Drop, (p2 - p3),
is usually denoted as ΔP of the System.
4
Fig. 1 Typical Process Compressor Arrangement

5
System
Curve
6
System Curve, Fig. 2a
Fig. 2a Total Pressure Drop has 2 Components.

7
Plot of Pressure Drop versus Flow gives System Curve.
The Total Pressure Drop has 2 Components,

Superincumbent Pressure or
Static Pressure Difference between Points B & C,
and The Dynamic Pressure Drop,
i.e., The Drop due to Friction, Velocity Change, etc
Static Pressure Drop of Any System is Constant
and is Independent of the Flow through the System,
Dynamic Pressure Drop Varies Directly as
the Square of the Velocity or Flowrate.
System Curve is Independent of Gas Supply Source
or the Equipment that is Delivering Gas into System.
8
Curve Remains Unchanged Unless Any Component

of the System is Changed, Like
Opening a Manual or a Control Valve,
Pipe Size Change, etc
As a Valve in the System is Opened,
Flow Increases, i.e. the Pressure Drop Decreases,
Shifting the System Curve to Right (Curve b in Fig. 2a)
When the Valve is Throttled
The System Curve moves to the Left (Curve c)
9
Compressor Curve
Basics
10
Compressor Curve Basics

Flow, Q, Head (or differential Pressure, P) & Speed, N, Relationship
of A Centrifugal Compressor is very Similar to
That of A Centrifugal Pump (Fig. 2b).
The Major Difference is that a Pump Handles Liquid,
which is a Incompressible Fluid.
Hence, Density and Volumetric Flow remain Unchanged
throughout the Flow Process.
A Compressor Handles Only Gas, which is Compressible.
As Pressure of Gas Changes During Compression or Flow,
Density or Specific Volume Changes Correspondingly.
As shown in Fig. 2b, Centrifugal Compressors have
Continuously Falling Pressure-Flow Characteristics
11
A Family of Parallel Curves Represents
Compressor Operation at Different Speeds
Fig. 2b Compressor Operating Limits

Are Between Surge and Stonewall.
12
For a Compressor Operating at a Constant Speed,

Pressure Increases as Flow Decreases and vice versa
If Reduction in Flow Continues,

at one point Compressor Operation Becomes Unstable
and a Momentary Flow Reversal takes place
This Leads to Very Rapid Pulsating Flow

Backward and Forward through Compressor Internals
resulting in Severe Vibration and Consequent Damage.
This Phenomenon is known as Surge and flow at which

Surge occurs is Surge Point for that particular speed.
The Surge Point Shifts to the Right

as Speed Increases (Fig. 2b)
13
Line joining Surge Points of curves at Different Speeds

is The Compressor Surge Line
To Avoid Surge, Compressors are always operated at

Flows Greater than Surge Point, i.e., at
a reasonable Distance to the Right of the Surge Line.
As Flow Increases, Point reached at Right-Hand Extreme

of Compressor Curve after which Flow can Not Increase
No Matter what changes are made on the Outlet Side.
This Point is known as Stonewall for the Compressor

for that Particular Speed.
Like the Surge Point, the Stonewall Point

also Shifts to the Right as Speed Increases (Fig. 2b).
14
However, Unlike Surge, No Adverse Effect Occurs

to the Compressor at the Stonewall Point.
The Operating Regime of a Compressor is confined

Between these 2 Limits, i.e. Surge and Stonewalls.
The Set of Curves including the Limit Lines is also

known as The Compressor Operating Map
15
Relationship
Between
Compressor and
System
Curves
16
Relationship Between Compressor

and System Curves
When Compressor Connected to System, Operating Point
can be Obtained by Superimposing System Curve (Fig. 2a)
on Compressor Curve (Fig. 2b), Resulting in Fig. 2c.
Point at which Compressor Curve for Particular Speed
Meets the System Curve represents the Compressor
Operating Point,for that Speed.
That Means Compressor would Deliver Flow and Pressure
Corresponding to the Intersection Point in Fig. 2c.
Under No Circumstances can the Compressor Deliver
Any Other Flow or Pressure (at that Speed),
Unless a Change is Made in the System
17
Only When Change is made in Connected System

(Say, Change in Valve Opening,
Pipe Size, Length, etc.)
does Operating Point shift along Compressor Curve.
Otherwise, the Compressor will continue to Operate at
that Fixed Flow and Pressure.
Note that although a System is quite Independent of
its Upstream Source Equipment,
In this case Compressor, Compressor Operation is
Dependent on its Downstream Connected System.
18
Fig. 2c Operating Point is Obtained by Superimposing

The System and Compressor Curves
19
System Curve Compressor Curve
Operating Point
20
Compressor Behavior
in
Common
Applications
21
Compressor Behavior
in
Common Applications
The Figures shown Later are Only Schematics of
The Most Common Compressor Configurations
They are Neither Complete in All Details,

Nor do they Represent All Possible Configurations.
Variations and Different Control System Arrangements

are also Possible, although Not Shown here,
22
1
Single-Speed
Compressor
Drive
23
1. Single-Speed Compressor Drive

with
Suction/Discharge Pressure Control
Fig. 3 shows the Typical Arrangement of
A Single-Speed (Motor-Driven) Compressor
In this configuration, A Compressor Operates Similarly to

A Motor-Driven Pump
The Compressor takes Suction from the Suction Drum
and Discharge into the Piping System.
Main Objective of Any Compressor Control is to Maintain
a Balance between Discharge and Incoming Flows.
This is Done by Tracking Pressure in the Suction Drum by
A Pressure Controller, which Regulates a Control Valve
mounted either on the Suction or Discharge Line.
24
Fig. 3 In This Configuration, A Compressor Operates

Similarly to A Motor-Driven Pump
25
In Some Installations,
A Pressure Controller is Installed
on the Compressor Discharge Line, which Works
in conjunction with Suction Side Pressure Controller
through A Signal Selector
or A Microprocessor-Based Control Module.
In Case of Low Pressure Gas,

it is More Common to provide
the Control Valve on the Discharge Line
26
Scenario 1.1
Incoming Flow to Compressor Decreases
Consider that Flow Coming into Drum Drops
Outgoing Flow being Higher than Incoming Flow,

Suction Drum Pressure Falls Momentarily
The Pressure Instrument Mounted on Suction Drum

Senses This Drop
The Pressure Controller takes Action by Control Valve

on Discharge Line (or Suction Line) to Reduce Flow.
As the Control Valve Closes,

The System Curve Shifts to the Left (Fig. 4a)
27
Fig. 4a As Control Valve Closes, System Curve Shifts to Lift

28
Consequently, Operating Point (a) also Shifts to

the Left Along the Compressor Curve to the Point
of intersection (b) with the Modified System Curve,
where the Compressor Flow Equals
the Reduced Incoming Flow.
So, In this Type of Arrangement,

Compressor Capacity Control is achieved by
Shifting the System Curve along the Compressor Curve
Backward and Forward,
as shown by Arrows in Fig. 4a.
29
Scenario 1.2
Incoming Flow Drops Below Surge Control Point
.
As Incoming Flow Drops, Compressor Will Try to find

The Operating Point in way described in Scenario 1.1.
If, However, Flow Drops Below the Surge Control Point,
Compressor Surge Control System Signal to Recycle Valve
(Also called Anti-Surge Valve (ASV), Quick-Acting Control Valve)
to Open.
Part of Outlet Flow is Returned Back to Suction side
via the ASV.
Thus, Inlet Flow incoming Never Allowed to Fall Below
The Surge Control Point to Avoid Surge (Fig. 4b)
In this Case Both ASV and Pressure Control Valve
Mounted on Compressor Discharge Line Simultaneously,
i.e., The Former Opens and the Latter Closes
30
Fig. 4b Inlet Flow is Never Allowed to Fall Below

the Surge Control Point
31
Scenario 1.3
Gas Demand Decreases at Compressor End
In Most Cases, Online Valve at Compressor End is
Throttled, either Manually or through Process Control System,
To Achieve the Desired Flow Reduction
For Example,
In Case of Gas Supply to a Boiler Heater or Gas Turbine,
Valve at the Inlet of the Equipment is Throttled
Matching the Equipment Load
The Valve may Even Close if the Equipment Trips.
This Event in Effect Changes the System Curve,
Shifting the Operating Point to the Left
Until the Desired Lower Flow to Achieved
(Similar to Scenarios 1.1 and 1.2).
32
Fig. 4c Online Valve at the Consumer End is Throttled

to Achieve the Desired Flow Reduction.
33
The Control Valve on Compressor Outlet Line will, Open

instead of Closing, in Contrast with Scenarios 1.1 and 1.2.
Reverse Phenomenon Follows

When Gas Demand Increases.
The Same Control Sequence would also Follow When
Gas is delivered to Consumer at Constant Pressure.
In Summary
For All Single-Speed Compressor
Variation in Flow is achieved Only by
Varying System Curve Position Backward and Forward
Operating Point shifts along the Compressor Curve,
as shown in Figs. 4a to c.
34
2
Variable-Speed
Compressor
Drive
35
2. Variable-Speed Compressor Drive

with
Speed Controller
Fig. 5 shows a General Arrangement of a Compressor
Driven by a Gas Turbine Driver.
Compressor Control Module Varies Gas Turbine Speed

through
Speed Control Module, Matching Process Requirement
As Explained Earlier, System Curve is Independent of

the Compressor Curve and the Points at which
System Curve Cuts the set of Compressor Curves are
The Corresponding Operating Points at Different Speeds.
36
Speed is Changed by Variable-Speed Driver to achieve

Varying Flow-Pressure Requirements
The Driver is often a Gas or Steam Turbine,

Although Variable-Speed Electric Motors are also Used
in Certain Cases.
In this Type of Arrangement,

A Pressure Controller mounted on the Suction Line
Controls the Speed of the Variable-Speed Driver
In Some Installations, Pressure Controllers
mounted on Both Suction and Discharge Lines
Control the Driver Speed through a Signal Selector.
Microprocessor-Based Advanced Compressor Control
Systems are also Used instead of Simple PID Controller.
37
Fig. 5 Compressor Control Module Varies Gas Turbine Speed

38
Scenario 2.1
Incoming Flow to Compressor Decreases
As in the Case of a Single-Speed Compressor, Here also
Compressor Suction and Discharge Controllers are Used
through Low-Signal Selector or Compressor Control Module
To Modulate the Driver Speed
As the Incoming Flow to the Suction Drum Decreases,
Compressor Suction Pressure Decreases.
Pressure Controller on suction side Detects Pressure Drop
and Sends a Signal to the Driver (Turbine) to Slow Down
Until new Operating Point is Reached where Discharge Flow
Equals the Reduced Incoming Flow (Point a to b in Fig. 6a).
In this Case the System Curve Remains Unchanged.
Only Operating Point Shifts Down Along System Curve,
Unlike in Similar Scenario Using Single-Speed Drive (1.1)
where Operating Point moves along Compressor Curve
39
Fig. 6a Pressure Controller Sends a Signal to the Driver

to Slow Down.
40
Scenario 2.2 Incoming Flow

Drops Below Surge Control Point
In Case of a Variable Speed Compressor,
If Incoming Flow Decreases Below Surge Control Point,
Compressor First Slows Down Similarly to Scenario 2.1.
Operating Point starts to Shift Down along the System Curve
Until The Minimum Sustainable Speed is Reached (Fig. 6b).
If the Corresponding Flowrate is still Not Reached,
The Surge Control Valve begins to Open
Along the Minimum Speed Curve
Surge Control Valve continues to Open
until Sum of Forward and Recycle Flow is Equal to Flow
Corresponding to Intersection Point of System and
Compressor Curves (at Minimum Operating Speed).
41
Fig. 6b Operating Point Starts to Shift Down

Along the System Curve
42
It should be noted that under certain circumstances like this,

ASV might Open even when the Discharge Flow is Higher
than the Surge Flow at the Minimum Speed.
However, this Sequence of Control takes place Only If

the Speed Controller and the Driver are Fast enough
to Respond and Rectify the Changing Condition.
If the Flow Change is very Rapid,

The Fast-Acting Anti-Surge Control System
Acts through the ASV ahead of the speed controller
to Save the Compressor from Surging.
43
Scenario 2.3
Gas Demand Decreases
at Consumer End
As in the Case of a Single-Speed Compressor,
The System Curve also Moves to the Left, due to Throttling
of the Consumer Valve(s) to achieve Flow Reduction.
Suction Pressure Controller now starts Sending Signal
for the Driver to Slow Down.
The Operating Point Moves Horizontally from Point a to b
Along Fixed-Pressure Line until it meets Compressor Curve
at Speed that corresponds to the Reduced Flowrate, (Fig. 6c).
If the Flow Increases the Reverse Phenomenon takes place.

44
Fig. 6c Operating Point Moves Horizontally From Point to Point.

45
Scenario 2.4
Compressor Delivers
at a Fixed Pressure to Consumer;
Set Pressure Changed
When the Compressor is connected to a Piping System
to Deliver Gas at Constant Pressure to a Consumer,
Static Pressure Difference (P2-P3) in Figs. 1, 2a and 2c
Remains Constant.
In All the Scenarios Described,
This Difference is assumed to be Constant.
Now, if Pressure Setting at Consumer end is Lowered,
Static Pressure Curve in Fig. 2a Moves Down (Fig. 6d).
Correspondingly, System Curve Shifts Down to Right,
Although its Slope Remains Unchanged.
46
Fig. 6d If the Compressor Setting at the Consumer End

is Lowered The Static Pressure Curve Moves Down.
47
Shifting System Curve now Meets the Compressor Curve
at New Location on Right-Hand Side of the Original Point.
This Means Flow Increases

as Discharge Pressure Decreases.
However, if Flow Coming to Compressor Suction Drum
is not increased at Same Rate (due to Nonavailability
of Excess Gas), Suction Pressure would Drop.
Lower Suction Pressure Triggers Pressure Controller
to take Effect through the Compressor Control System
to Slow Down the Compressor.
Thus, Operating Point shifts along New System Curve
to Meet the New Speed Curve at a Point where,
The Flow Equals the Incoming Flow.
The Reverse Happens when the Pressure is Increased.
48
In Summary
When, a Compressor is Driven by a Variable-Speed Drive
(Gas Turbine, Steam Turbine, etc.),
The Operating Point may shift either along:
The Compressor Curve,
The System Curve,
The Fixed Pressure Line,
or A Combination of them
Depending on the Nature of Change as discussed.
This is Quite Different from a Compressor driven by

A Single-Speed Drive (Electric Motor) described earlier.
49
3
Gas
Molecular Weight
Changes
50
3. Gas Molecular Weight Changes

Scenario 3.1
MW Decreases
Change in Hydrocarbon Gas Composition,
Hence in Molecular Weight (MW), is Quite Common.
Lower MW leads to a Lower Discharge Pressure

from the Same Compressor at the Same Speed.
The Compressor Curve Shifts Down as shown in Fig. 7.
Compressor in This Case will Speed Up Automatically,

Through the Suction/Discharge Pressure Controller,
To Develop the Same Pressure (point b back to a).
51
Fig. 7 Lower MW Leads to a Lower Discharge Pressure

52
If Compressor is at its Maximum Sustainable Speed

(say, at 105% of rated speed, API),
Compressor Flow drops to a value corresponding to
intersection Point of the System
and the New Compressor Curves (point b).
This Flow Reduction may eventually increases
the Suction Pressure, as the Compressor cannot
cope with All the Incoming Gas.
Excess Gas may start to escape to the Vent or Flare,
even though All Operating Conditions appear Unchanged.
This Phenomenon of Gas Escaping to Flare is often
experienced in Process Plants.
If Gas from Suction Drum is suddenly found going to Flare
when Compressor is running Normally at its Full Speed,
MW reduction is often the First Suspect.
53
This Problem is also faced when a compressor rated

to handle heavy saturated gas is operated
in Recycle Mode for long period through After-Cooler
Gas continues to become Leaner due to
Cyclic Compression and Cooling,
resulting in Lower Discharge Pressure.
At this point, if the compressor has to feed forward,
it fails to develop the Required discharge pressure
the recycle valve still remains Partly Open,
Returning Some Gas to Suction Side.
Incoming gas starts to escape to flare from suction drum,
unless the Cycle is interrupted Manually.
Sometimes while Compressor running in Recycle Mode,
Light Seal gas leaks through Worn Out Seals into
Compressor Casing, which may result in Similar Problem.
54
Scenario 3.2
MW Increases
Conversely, an increase in MW results in
A Higher Discharge Pressure
The Compressor Curve Shifts Up for the Same Speed.
The Net Result is an Increase in Compressor Flow,
If Additional Gas is Available.
If not, the Compressor is Slowed Down by
The Suction/Discharge Pressure Controller
In Case of a Single-Speed Compressor,
Flow is Directly Reduced by
Throttling the Control Valve on the Discharge
(or Suction) Line.
55
Impact of MW Variation
on Compressor Stability
Unlike effects of Suction Pressure
and Temperature variations, MW Change Greater Effect
on Performance and, hence, Compressor Stability.
This Effect is More Visible on Multistage Compressors.
When MW increases, the Initial Stage(s) may be

Operating at the Rated (or Increased) Flow,
But Subsequent Stages may be Operating at lower Flow
Due to Higher Pressure from the Preceding Stage
Flow in some Stages may Drop Below the Surge Point
Even When the Inlet Flow to the Compressor is
Much Higher than the Surge Point.
56
Incidentally, Reducing MW does Not have Reverse Effect

i.e., it does Not Enhance Compressor Stability.
Going to Extremes,
Change in MW may Decrease Compressor Stability
To such an extent that When Some Stages are at Surge,
Others in the Same Compressor may be at Stonewall.
Conventional Compressor Control and

Surge Protection Systems Fail to Detect such Instability.
Compressor Map Provided in Control System No Longer

Holds Good as the Flow-Pressure-Speed Relationship
is Altered by the Change in MW.
This, However, should Not give an impression that

Compressors can Operate Only at a Fixed (Rated) MW.
57
Compressor Design Allows Operation over a MW Range
without Running into Surge in Any Stage
(Usually, there is Enough Distance between the Surge
and Normal Operating Points)
In Case of a Substantial Change in MW,

Compressor Performance and Stability
should be Reassessed Preferably with
the Assistance of the Compressor Vendor
58
4
Compressor
Flow Increases
Beyond Rating
59
4. Compressor Flow
Increases Beyond Rating
If Driver (Motor, Steam or Gas Turbine) is Sufficiently Large
and Sufficient Inlet Gas is Available, it may be Possible to
Derive somewhat Higher Throughput from a Compressor
without being Unduly Overloaded.
Throughput is Increased Automatically by Control System

for Reasons described Earlier.
MW Change is One Main Reason; The Other being

Actual System Pressure Drop Lower than Estimates in Design
Lower Destination Pressure or Higher Suction Pressure

May also Cause Flow Increase, often to the Operators' Benefit
60
In All these Cases, the System Curve Shifts to the Right
to Meet the Compressor Curve at a Higher Flowrate.
If All Other Compressor and Driver Operating Parameters

are within Acceptable Limits (Below Alarm and Trip Points)
and MW Variation is within the Specified Design Range,
Operation at Increased Flowrate is Not Expected to Cause
Any Instability or Mechanical Problem in the Compressor
The Operating Point in this case is well within

The Compressor Design Operating Regime
Centrifugal Compressor Operated Anywhere on its Curve

Between Surge Point (or Surge Control Line, SCL)
and Stonewall by Shifting the System Curve,
provided the Driver is Adequately Sized.
However, if the increase is due to a change in MW

61
where The Compressor Curve itself Shifts;
This should be Limited to the Specified MW Variation Range.
During Factory Acceptance Test (FAT), Compressors are

Operated at Varying Flowrates within Compressor Map Range
to Verify the Developed Pressure and Other Parameters.
62

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Centrifugal Compressor System Curve

Understand Centrifugal Compressor

For the Benefit of Operators,

Fig. 1 Typical Process Compressor Arrangement

System Curve, Fig. 2a

Fig. 2a Total Pressure Drop has 2 Components.

Plot of Pressure Drop versus Flow gives System Curve.

The Total Pressure Drop has 2 Components,

Curve Remains Unchanged Unless Any Component

Compressor Curve Basics

Fig. 2b Compressor Operating Limits

For a Compressor Operating at a Constant Speed,

If Reduction in Flow Continues,

This Leads to Very Rapid Pulsating Flow

This Phenomenon is known as Surge and flow at which

The Surge Point Shifts to the Right

Line joining Surge Points of curves at Different Speeds

To Avoid Surge, Compressors are always operated at

As Flow Increases, Point reached at Right-Hand Extreme

This Point is known as Stonewall for the Compressor

Like the Surge Point, the Stonewall Point

However, Unlike Surge, No Adverse Effect Occurs

The Operating Regime of a Compressor is confined

The Set of Curves including the Limit Lines is also

Relationship Between Compressor

Only When Change is made in Connected System

Fig. 2c Operating Point is Obtained by Superimposing

System Curve Compressor Curve

They are Neither Complete in All Details,

Variations and Different Control System Arrangements

1. Single-Speed Compressor Drive

In this configuration, A Compressor Operates Similarly to

Fig. 3 In This Configuration, A Compressor Operates

In Case of Low Pressure Gas,

Outgoing Flow being Higher than Incoming Flow,

The Pressure Instrument Mounted on Suction Drum

The Pressure Controller takes Action by Control Valve

As the Control Valve Closes,

Fig. 4a As Control Valve Closes, System Curve Shifts to Lift

Consequently, Operating Point (a) also Shifts to

So, In this Type of Arrangement,

As Incoming Flow Drops, Compressor Will Try to find

Fig. 4b Inlet Flow is Never Allowed to Fall Below

Fig. 4c Online Valve at the Consumer End is Throttled

The Control Valve on Compressor Outlet Line will, Open

Reverse Phenomenon Follows

2. Variable-Speed Compressor Drive

Compressor Control Module Varies Gas Turbine Speed

As Explained Earlier, System Curve is Independent of

Speed is Changed by Variable-Speed Driver to achieve

The Driver is often a Gas or Steam Turbine,

In this Type of Arrangement,

Fig. 5 Compressor Control Module Varies Gas Turbine Speed

Fig. 6a Pressure Controller Sends a Signal to the Driver

Scenario 2.2 Incoming Flow

Fig. 6b Operating Point Starts to Shift Down

It should be noted that under certain circumstances like this,

However, this Sequence of Control takes place Only If

If the Flow Change is very Rapid,

If the Flow Increases the Reverse Phenomenon takes place.

Fig. 6c Operating Point Moves Horizontally From Point to Point.

Fig. 6d If the Compressor Setting at the Consumer End

This Means Flow Increases

This is Quite Different from a Compressor driven by

3. Gas Molecular Weight Changes

Lower MW leads to a Lower Discharge Pressure

The Compressor Curve Shifts Down as shown in Fig. 7.