Earthing and Grounding PDF

EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR
HUMAN SAFETY
AND
GROUNDING OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR
EQUIPMENT SAFETY
1
EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR HUMAN SAFETY
Difference between Earthing and Grounding:
•Earthing of Electrical system means connection of non-

current carrying parts to ground, i.e. equipment grounding
Earthing is done for Human safety.
•Grounding of Electrical system means connection of

current carrying parts to ground, i.e. connection of power
system neutral to ground. Grounding is done for
equipment safety.
2
GROUNDING OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR EQUIPMENT
SAFETY
•Grounding of Electrical system means connection of

current carrying parts to ground, i.e. connection of
power system neutral to ground. Grounding is
done for equipment safety.
In ungrounded system there is an overvoltage

problem while in Grounded system there is an
overcurrent problem.
3
SAFETY
UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS:
In Ungrounded system, there is no intentional connection to

ground.
70% of faults are L-G faults.
No return path for earth fault.
Fault current is practically very low, theoretically zero.
4
SAFETY
ADVANTAGES OF UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS:
Advantage is that services are not interrupted. Fault location

and rectification is at a leisure.
Current at fault point is very low(<10A).
Core or iron damage is minimum.
Service continuity is possible even with (L-G) fault handing.
Zero sequence current circulation is very low
Interference with communication circuit is minimum.

5
SAFETY
UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS:
DISADVANTAGES OF UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS:
¾Multiple faults to ground resulting into tripping of feeders, i.e.

in case of R phase fault on feeder 1 & Y phase fault on feeder 2,
both feeders need to be tripped.
¾Overvoltage can occur on healthy phases(√3 Vph) during faults.
¾Fault detection is possible but fault location is difficult.
¾Arcing faults, restriking voltage resulting into insulation failure.
6
SAFETY
REASONS FOR GROUNDING:
1. To provide sufficient current when fault occurs, so that fault

detection is easier and faulted section gets isolated.
2. To limit over voltages appearing on the system during

abnormal conditions such as a fault.
3. To minimize the shift of neutral from ground potential during

abnormal conditions like fautl.
7
SAFETY
GROUNDED SYSTEMS:
DIFFERENT GROUNDING MEHTODS:

The classification is based on the nature of external circuit from
Neutral to Ground. The different grounding methods are:
1. SOLID GROUNDING: Grounded through solid conductor.

No resistance or reactance incorporated
2. RESISTANCE GROUNDING:
(a) Low Resistance Grounding
(b) High Resistance Grounding
(c’) Very High Resistance Grounding
3. REACTANCE GROUNDING: 8
SAFETY
GROUNDED SYSTEMS:
GROUNDING LOCATIONS:
Neutral of Star Connected Generator
Neutral of Star wound transformer.
For Bus fed from ungrounded source has a special arrangement of
ZIGZAG transformer for grounding.
Zigzag connection offers very high impedance to flow of positive

sequence current. Zero sequence currents are equal in phase &
magnitude in all the three phases thus, impedance offered is
conventional zero sequence leakage impedance. This facilitates
zero sequence current and provides grounding in ungrounded
systems.
9
SAFETY
MEASURE OF GROUNDING EFFECTIVENESS:
For an effectively grounded system, factor KF > 0.6
Where, KF = Ground fault current / 3Φ fault current
In effectively grounded system, transient over voltages are

minimum.
Effectively grounded system is not mandatory. Non effectively

grounded system is also acceptable if,
¾All system components are selected properly.
¾Insulation co-ordination is proper. 10

AND
SAFETY
Source neutral must be connected to two different earth pits.
Two distinct earthing electrodes must be provided for each neutral.
When multiple transformers exist then one electrode must be

independent and other can be shared.
11
SOIL RESISTIVITY:
RESISTIVITY (ρ) OF ELEMENT:
R= ρL/A → ρ = RA/L → Ω M² / M = Ω M
Soil resistivity is value of resistance in Ω of 1 M cube
Earth is not a good equipment grounding conductor.

In fact it is one of the worst equipment grounding con-
ductors.
Ρ of earth is about 100ΩM while for GI it is 10-7 Ω M and
For copper it is 1.7 X 10-8 ΩM
12
EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON SOIL RESISTIVITY:

Soil resistivity ρ rapidly increases for moisture content less
Than 10% of soil weight. There is marginal decrease in soil
Resistivity for moisture content exceeding 25% of soil weight.
EFFECT OF SALT ON SOIL RESISTIVITY:

Small amount of salt causes sharp decrease in soil resistivity,
Provided there is moisture content of say 10%. Salt when
Added to dry soil gives hardly any improvement in resistivity
Value.
13
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOIL RESISTIVITY:
Soil resistivity decreases with increase in temperature. In

Summer ρ is less and in winter it is more.
It is preferable to place electrodes well below ground level.
Surface temperature may be freezing but below 1M, soil

Temperature will be higher.
14
Electric shock possible when human body bridges two objects of

Unequal potential.
Current kills and not the voltage. If current through human body
Exceeds 116mA for more than 1 sec, almost certain death.
Maximum tolerable current varies as per human body weight.
IB<=0.116/√Ts, for a body weight of 50Kg or more.
IB<=0.157/√Ts, for a body weight of 70Kg or more.
As per IS:IEEE:80,
Ts IB(50Kg) IB(70Kg)
0.2s 250mA 351mA
0.5s 164mA 222mA
1.0s 116mA 157mA
Average Human body resistance is 8000 to 9000Ω under dry
Conditons.
For standard purposes, Human body resistance is 1000Ω(IEEE-80).
15
EARTHING IN LV AND MV SYSTEMS:

SOURCE GROUNDED / EQUIPMENT UNGROUNDED
Under normal conditions insulation

resistance of equipment is very
high. Even if a person touches the
V
body, very little current flows thro’
him. Under condition of insulation
failure of equipment, insulation
resistance of equipment reduces
to zero. Current thro’ body is
IH = V / (RH + RE1) = 240 / (2000+1) = 120mA.
RH = resistance of person=2000Ω & RE1=earthing resi. of source.
This current is small and not sufficient to blow the fuse, but it
can be dangerous to a person(IEEE Std. – 116mA for 1sec) 16
EARTHING IN LV AND MV SYSTEMS:

SOURCE GROUNDED / EQUIPMENT GROUNDED – with Bonding
Bonding conductor, which is the

physical connection between the
equipment casing & source, is also
V
called “Earth continuity conductor”
Bonding conductor resistance is
very small. Assume = 0.01Ω.
Fault current,
IF=240/0.01=24kA.
Fault current high enough to cause instantaneous fuse blowing.
Thus Human safety is inherently achieved. Hence, it is not
reliable to depend solely on earth for return of fault current.
Physical bonding conductor is the most reliable conductor for
17
return of earth fault current.
11KV
415V
N E
PCC EARTH CONTINUITY
CONDUCTOR
(BONDING CONDUCTOR)
N E
MCC
M 18
CORRECT METHOD OF ELECTRONIC EARTHING
N N
G
G
19
¾For any system, except source, its no where that neutral and earth
conductor to be connected together.
¾Neutral is used to carry back the unbalance current.
¾Fault current is carried back through Earth continuity conductor.
¾Earth conductor must run all over the plant and must carry return
current back to NGR.
¾Even for ungrounded system, earth continuity conductor is recom-

mended to be provided.
20
AND
SAFETY
CFL lamps are widely used for energy saving purpose but they
generate third harmonics resulting into unbalance in voltage.
Third harmonics are also generated in Variable Speed Drives and

for that reason, transformer supplying to variable speed drives
has its neutral floating.
Frames of all electrical equipments must be earthed by two

Separate earth electrodes.
21
AND
SAFETY
Earth connections must be periodically and physically

checked for its healthiness annually.
Bonding conductor must be checked annually physically.
22
AND
SAFETY
The chasis of all instrument / device mounted in control

panels, instrument racks and control cabinets shall be
connected to the earth busbars provided in these panels.
The earth busbars shall in turn be connected to main earthing

grid by two independent earthing conductors.
All junction boxes, control valves etc. shall be connected to

main earthing grid by single earthing conductor.
23
AND
SAFETY
CURRENT VALUES THRO’ EFFECT
BODY TRUNK
<= 1 mA Causes no sensation
1-8 mA Sensation of shock,not painful
8-15 mA Painful shock
15-20 mA Muscular control lost
20-50 mA Severe muscular contraction,

breathing difficult
100-200 mA Ventricullar fibrilation resulting into

death
24
AND
SAFETY
ELCB:
Earth leakage currents are in milli amperes. Fuses for short circuit
And MCB are meant to protect the circuits from overloads and
Short circuits. They cannot detect earth leakage current and
Provide protection for earth leakage currents.
ELCB provides protection against earth leakage currents by

Automatic disconnection of supply and protect against electric
Shocks. ELCB interrupts the circuit within 40 msec.
ELCB also provides a high degree of protection against earth

Faults and all resulting after effects
25
AND
SAFETY
LIGHTNING PROTECTION SCHEME:
The lightning protection system is a system of conductors used to

protect a structure from the effects of lightning.
Structures with inherent explosives risks; for example explosive

factories, stores and dumps and fuel tanks usually need the
highest possible class of lightning protective system.
26
AND
SAFETY
ZONE OF PROTECTION:
Zone of protection is the volume within which a lightning conductor

gives the protection against a direct lightning stroke by directing
the stroke to itself. For a conductor rising from ground level
the zone has been defined as a cone with its apex at the tip of
conductor and its base on the ground.
For providing acceptable degree of protection the acceptable

protective angle of sigle conductor termination is 45º. For structures
requiring higher degree of protection the protective angle will be
reduced to 30º.
27
AND
SAFETY
ZONE OF PROTECTION:
45º 45º
28
THANK YOU
29

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EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR

 Difference between Earthing and Grounding:

•Earthing of Electrical system means connection of non-

•Grounding of Electrical system means connection of

•Grounding of Electrical system means connection of

In ungrounded system there is an overvoltage

In Ungrounded system, there is no intentional connection to

70% of faults are L-G faults.

No return path for earth fault.

Fault current is practically very low, theoretically zero.

ADVANTAGES OF UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS:

Advantage is that services are not interrupted. Fault location

Current at fault point is very low(<10A).

Core or iron damage is minimum.

Service continuity is possible even with (L-G) fault handing.

Zero sequence current circulation is very low

Interference with communication circuit is minimum.

DISADVANTAGES OF UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS:

¾Multiple faults to ground resulting into tripping of feeders, i.e.

¾Overvoltage can occur on healthy phases(√3 Vph) during faults.

¾Fault detection is possible but fault location is difficult.

¾Arcing faults, restriking voltage resulting into insulation failure.

REASONS FOR GROUNDING:

1. To provide sufficient current when fault occurs, so that fault

2. To limit over voltages appearing on the system during

3. To minimize the shift of neutral from ground potential during

DIFFERENT GROUNDING MEHTODS:

1. SOLID GROUNDING: Grounded through solid conductor.

Zigzag connection offers very high impedance to flow of positive

MEASURE OF GROUNDING EFFECTIVENESS:

For an effectively grounded system, factor KF > 0.6

Where, KF = Ground fault current / 3Φ fault current

In effectively grounded system, transient over voltages are

Effectively grounded system is not mandatory. Non effectively

¾All system components are selected properly.

¾Insulation co-ordination is proper. 10

Source neutral must be connected to two different earth pits.

Two distinct earthing electrodes must be provided for each neutral.

When multiple transformers exist then one electrode must be

RESISTIVITY (ρ) OF ELEMENT:

Earth is not a good equipment grounding conductor.

EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON SOIL RESISTIVITY:

EFFECT OF SALT ON SOIL RESISTIVITY:

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOIL RESISTIVITY:

Soil resistivity decreases with increase in temperature. In

It is preferable to place electrodes well below ground level.

Surface temperature may be freezing but below 1M, soil

Electric shock possible when human body bridges two objects of

EARTHING IN LV AND MV SYSTEMS:

Under normal conditions insulation

EARTHING IN LV AND MV SYSTEMS:

Bonding conductor, which is the

CORRECT METHOD OF ELECTRONIC EARTHING

¾Neutral is used to carry back the unbalance current.

¾Fault current is carried back through Earth continuity conductor.

¾Even for ungrounded system, earth continuity conductor is recom-

Third harmonics are also generated in Variable Speed Drives and

Frames of all electrical equipments must be earthed by two

Earth connections must be periodically and physically

Bonding conductor must be checked annually physically.

The chasis of all instrument / device mounted in control

The earth busbars shall in turn be connected to main earthing

Difference between Earthing and Grounding: