Digital Systems I

EC 381

Fall 2017

Mohamed Elgalhud
Introduction
 Course Description
 This course will introduce the fundamentals of digital circuit
design. This includes Boolean algebra, simplification of
Boolean functions, combinatorial and sequential circuit design.

 Textbook: Digital Design by M.Moris Mano.

 Course Evaluation:
 3 % Attendance
 5 % Quiz
 6 % Homework and Assignments
 18% First Midterm Exam

 18% Second Midterm Exam

 50% Final Exam

2 Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog 9/25/2017

Course Outline
1. Number Systems and Codes
 Conversions between number systems.
 Binary arithmetic.
2. Boolean Algebra.
 Postulates of Boolean algebra.
 Properties and theorems of Boolean algebra.
3. Logic gates and Minimization
 Basic logic gates and their characteristics.
 Canonical SOP and POS forms.
 Using k-maps to obtain minimum SOP and POS
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expressions. 9/25/2017
Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog
Course Outline
4. Combinational logic Networks
 Half Adder and Full Adder.
 Realization of ripple carry n-bit adders.
 Encoders and decoders.
 Multiplexers and demultiplexers.
 Realizing switching functions using multiplexers, decoders, and
encoders.
 Tri-state buffers and their applications.

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Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog
Course Outline
5. Latches and Flip Flops
 SR Latche
 D flip flop
 JK flip flop
 T flip flop
 General purpose registers
 Ripple counters and synchronous counters
6. Analysis and design of small sequential logic systems
 Finite State Machines (FSM)
 Analysis of FSM
 Synthesis of FSMs using different types of flip flops.
7. Introduction to PLDS, PLAs, FGA, ROM, and RAM.
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Course Website
 This term we will be using Piazza for class discussion.
The system is highly catered to getting you help fast and
efficiently from classmates, and myself. Rather than
emailing questions to the teaching staff, I encourage you
to post your questions on Piazza.

 Find our class page
at: http://piazza.com/uot.edu.ly/spring2017/ec381/home

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 You can download course notes from Resouces

7 9/25/2017
Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog
Digital Systems
 Digital systems has a such a prominent role in
everyday life

 They are used in communication, business

transactions, traffic control, weather monitoring,
medical treatment and so on.

8 9/25/2017
Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog
Digital Systems
 Takes a set of discrete information (inputs) and discrete internal
information (system state) and generates a set of discrete
information outputs.

Discrete Discrete
Inputs Information
Processing Discrete
System Outputs

System State

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Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog
Analog versus Digital
 Analog means continuous
 Analog parameters have continuous range of values
 Example: temperature is an analog parameter
 Temperature increases/decreases continuously
 Like a continuous mathematical function, No discontinuity
points
 Other examples?
 Digital means using numerical digits
 Digital parameters have fixed set of discrete values
 Example: month number  {1, 2, 3, …, 12}
 Thus, the month number is a digital parameter (cannot be 1.5!)
 Other examples?

Reference: Lecture Notes of Dr Samir Elbuni

Analog versus Digital System
 Are computers analog or digital systems?
Computer are digital systems
 Which is easier to design an analog or a digital system?
Digital systems are easier to design, because they deal with
a limited set of values rather than an infinitely large range of
continuous values
 The world around us is analog
 It is common to convert analog parameters into digital form
 This process is called digitization

Reference: Lecture Notes of Dr. Samir Elbuni

Digitization of Analog Signals
 Digitization is converting an analog signal into digital form
 Example: consider digitizing an analog voltage signal
 Digitized output is limited to four values =
{V1,V2,V3,V4}
Voltage

Time

Reference: Lecture Notes of Dr. Samir Elbuni

Digitization of Analog Signals – cont’d
Voltage

Time
Voltage

Time

 Some loss of accuracy, why?

 How to improve accuracy? Add more voltage values

Reference: Lecture Notes of Dr. Samir Elbuni

ADC and DAC Converters
input analog
 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) signals

Analog-to-Digital
 Produces digitized version of analog signals
Converter (ADC)
 Analog input => Digital output input digital
signals

 Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) Digital System

 Regenerate analog signal from digital form output digital

signals

 Digital input => Analog output Digital-to-Analog

Converter (DAC)
 Our focus is on digital systems only output analog
signals

 Both input and output to a digital system are digital signals

Reference: Lecture Notes of Dr. Samir Elbuni

How do Computers Represent Digits?
 Binary digits (0 and 1) are used instead of decimal digits
 Using electric voltage High = 1

Voltage Level
 Used in processors and digital circuits
Unused
 High voltage = 1, Low voltage = 0
 Using electric charge Low = 0

 Used in memory cells

 Charged memory cell = 1, discharged memory cell = 0
 Using magnetic field
 Used in magnetic disks, magnetic polarity indicates 1 or 0
 Using light
 Used in optical disks, surface pit indicates 1 or 0

Reference: Lecture Notes of Dr. Samir Elbuni

Number Systems
 Representations of a number in a different
radix (base) [r]
1. Decimal (r=10) Digits € {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
2. Binary (r=2) Digits € {0,1}
3. Octal (r=23=8) Digits € {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
4. Hexadecimal (r= 24=16)
Digits € {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F}

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Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog
Binary Numbers
 Each binary digit (called a bit) is either 1 or 0

 Bits have no inherent meaning, they can represent …

 Unsigned and signed integers

 Fractions Most Least

Significant Bit Significant Bit
 Characters
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 Images, sound, etc. 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
 Bit Numbering
 Least significant bit (LSB) is rightmost (bit 0)

 Most significant bit (MSB) is leftmost (bit 7 in an 8-bit number)

Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog

Decimal Value of Binary Numbers
 Each bit represents a power of 2
 Every binary number is a sum of powers of 2
 Decimal Value = (dn-1  2n-1) + ... + (d1  21) + (d0  20)
27 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 1 = 157
 Binary (10011101)2 =
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Some common
powers of 2

Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog

Special Powers of 2
 23 = 8 bits => Byte

 24 =16 bits or 2 bytes => word

 210 (1024) is Kilobyte, denoted "KB”

 220 (1,048,576) is Megabyte, denoted "MB”

 230 (1,073, 741,824) is Gigabyte, denoted "GB”

 240 (1,073, 741,824) is Terabyte, denoted “TB”

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Reference: Lecture Notes of Eng.Yusra Maatog