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Application of Value Engineering approach for Improving the Quality and

Productivity of Ready-Mixed Concrete (Used in Construction and Hydraulic
Projects)

Thesis · September 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24733.41444

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 Application of Value Engineering approach for Improving the Quality
and Productivity of Ready-Mixed Concrete
(Used in Construction and Hydraulic Projects)

Adel Mohamed El-Baghdady 1, Dr. Walid Sayed Abdulgalil2, Prof Dr. Ahmad Asran3,
Prof Dr. Ibrahim Nosier4
1 Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University & Cairo-Egypt
2 Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University & Cairo-Egypt
3 Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University & Cairo-Egypt
4 Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University& Cairo-Egypt

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Abstract - This paper studies the effectiveness of applying
value engineering to actual concrete mixtures. The study
was conducted in the State of Qatar on a number of
strategic construction projects with international
engineering specifications for the 2022 World Cup projects.
The study examined the concrete mixtures of Doha Metro
project and the development of KAHRAMAA’s (Qatar
Electricity and Water Company) Abu Funtas Strategic
Desalination Plant, in order to generally improve the quality
and productivity of ready-mixed concrete used in
construction and hydraulic projects. The application of
value engineering to such concrete mixtures resulted in the
following:
 Improving the quality of concrete mixtures and increasing
the durability of buildings in which they are used;
 Reducing the waste of excess materials of concrete
mixture, optimizing the use of resources, and enhancing
sustainability;
 Reducing the use of cement, thus reducing CO2 emissions
which ensures the protection of environment and public
health;
 Reducing actual costs of concrete mixtures and, in turn,
reducing the costs of construction projects; and
 Increasing the market share and competitiveness of
concrete producers.
This research shows that applying the methodology of value
engineering to ready-mixed concrete is an effective way to
save around 5% of the total cost of concrete mixtures
supplied to construction and hydraulic projects, improve the
quality according to the technical requirements and as per
the standards and specifications for ready-mixed concrete,
improve the environmental impact, and promote
sustainability.
 Key Words:
 Value management.
 Quality improvement.
 Reducing cost of concrete mixtures.
 Reducing use of cement in concrete.
 Concrete performance
 Durability requirements.
 Optimizing the use of resources.
 Enhancing sustainability and environmental impact.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a key element in construction projects
around the world. It is one of the elements that account
for the highest cost in any construction project [1]. Due
to the lack of sources of raw materials used in this key
industry, the increase of ready-mixed concrete
demands, and the increase of competition in
manufacturing, certain competitive advantages had to
be provided in order to maintain the continuity of
ready-mixed concrete production plants and increase
its market share (quality and productivity), while
improving the environmental impact, maximizing the
effectiveness of resource use and promoting
sustainability.
Ready-mixed concrete production plants that take part
in providing supplies for engineering strategic projects
that follow international standards have been chosen
to be the subject of study and application of value
management methodology for improving quality and
increasing productivity.
Value engineering is an innovative method for
improving the costs of the project lifecycle, saving time,
and reducing construction project costs [2]. It is one of
the effective methods of increasing the profits of
companies and plants working in the field of
construction products manufacturing and expanding
their market shares, while taking into consideration
the use of resources more effectively [3].
Value engineering is a systematic and creative
approach that aims for balancing between cost and
performance, by searching for any unnecessary
expenses, in order to reach a decision that aims for
omitting such costs without affecting the main task,
hence the importance of value engineering as a link
between tasks, quality and cost [4].
The prices and components of ready-mixed concrete
produced by concrete plants differ according to the
properties required for the concrete mixture and the
desired performance, as per the project requirements
[5].Concrete mixtures are the core of the production
for which the plant was established to achieve certain
strategic and economic objectives [1]. Therefore, the
increase of productivity and the improvement of
quality, without the increase in cost, may, to a great
extent, affect the prices of such mixtures. Moreover,
saving the slightest amount used in one cubic meter of
the produced concrete can generally result in a great
saving in production [5], provided that such saving in
materials may not affect the required quality of the
final products and should comply with the standard
specifications for concrete.
Based on the above analysis of concrete mixtures, their
components and properties required for delivering the
desired performance, it was essential for researchers
to apply value engineering in order to find effective and
feasible solutions to reduce costs, maintain the quality
at least, find effective ways for avoiding the waste of
excess materials, in a manner that achieves
sustainability of resources and protection of
environment, as well achieve competitive advantages
for concrete producers.
1.1 Research Phenomenon
In order to avoid the failure of specimens that are put
to compressive strength tests, and to avoid the
inefficiency of the adopted quality plan, as well as to
fulfill the project consultant's requirements, many
concrete production plants, when developing concrete
mixtures, add quantities of unnecessary and excess
cement materials (over design) when producing one
cubic meter of concrete.
This results in the use of concrete types that are not
required, due to the excessive use of mixing
components, which gives extremely high results in
compressive strength tests and durability
requirements. The results exceed the specified quality
requirements when compared to the standard
specifications or special requirements of the project.
This occurs due to the inadequacy of the quality plan
and technical team at the plant, or the project
consultant's negligence in considering the geological
properties of the soil and project site.
This leads to an increase in production costs and
consumption of unnecessary materials, which in turn
leads to an increase in cost of construction projects and
a decrease in the market share of the concrete
production plant. This is detrimental to material
sustainability and the environment due to the
increased use of cement quantities required for
concrete production, which leads to an increase in CO2
emissions.
One of the most significant solutions was the reduction
of cement quantities or the addition of natural
pozzolanic materials in concrete mixtures, based on
research and studies by the American NRMCA and the
Canadian ECO-SMART. Cement plants around the
world account for 7% of CO2 emissions [6]. The
production of one ton of ordinary Portland cement
(OPC) or sulphate-resistant cement results in
approximately 1.0 ton to 2.0 ton of CO2 [7], which leads
to an increase in global warming, causes more damage
to the environment, heightens the risk of respiratory
diseases, such as asthma, lung cancer, kidney failure,
and other serious diseases. Moreover, the reduction of
CO2 improves the evaluation of the construction project
in Green Building Assessment Systems.
1.2 Objectives
This paper aims to verify whether or not the
application of value engineering to concrete mixtures
produced in ready-mixed concrete plants, in order to
improve the quality and productivity of ready-mixed
used in construction and hydraulic projects, achieves
the following:
 Improving the quality of concrete mixtures and
increasing the durability of buildings in which they
are used;
 Reducing the waste of excess materials of concrete
mixture, optimizing the use of resources, and
enhancing sustainability;
 Reducing the use of cement, thus reducing CO2
emissions which ensures the protection of
environment and public health;
 Reducing actual costs of concrete mixtures and, in
turn, reducing the costs of construction projects; and
 Increasing the market share and competitiveness of
concrete producers.
2. Hypotheses
The study of economic and financial aspects of the
production of concrete mixtures supplied to
construction projects is of equal importance as the
study of the technical and engineering aspects. Such
aspects are the main element through which the
producer can reach its strategic goals [8].
Value engineering is one of the supporting fields and
a major element that aims for adjusting the balance
between cost, performance, quality and productivity
in manufacturing construction products, such as
ready-mixed concrete [9].
The application of value engineering methodology is
of great importance to the owners of ready-mixed
concrete plants. This methodology can achieve an
actual reduction in cost of concrete mixtures, while
maintaining the quality at the least [10].
It is essential that the total cost (life cycle cost) of
materials used in ready-mixed concrete
manufacturing, with regard to transportation,
storage, operation and supply to the construction
site, be taken into consideration when calculating the
total cost, instead of depending on the initial cost [1].
This is effectively beneficial in the evaluation process
and for facilitating the comparison between the
different materials used in manufacturing concrete
mixtures.
The quality of materials used in concrete mixtures
does not depend solely on the choice of the source.
Rather, it is an integrated process[11] (quality plan)
that starts from developing a concrete mixture that
complies with the project requirements, then
choosing the sources of materials that possess the
physical and chemical properties needed for the
required performance, as per the project
requirements. The process goes further to the
management of such materials, and transporting
them from the source to the plant, in a manner that
does not affect their properties. The process also
includes the method of storing and testing such
materials, as part of the quality control and quality
insurance process, during and after production, until
the final delivery of the concrete mixture to the site
[12]. The increase of productivity together with the
quality, while reducing the cost, is the basic criterion
for success in accomplishing the objectives aspired
by the management of any establishment or
company[13]. Productivity in ready-mixed concrete,
for instance, is the relationship between the input
(raw material) of the production process, on the one
hand, and the output, on the other hand (concrete).
The higher the percentage of the concrete produced
from the resources to the user, the higher the
production efficiency of a plant [14].
When the productivity of ready-mixed concrete is
negatively affected, this, in turn, will lead to the
closing of the plant, as there will be no point if
productivity continues to decline and no profits are
earned. Therefore, the concerned management had
to always seek ways to develop productivity, explore
the factors necessary for increasing such
productivity, and investigate the causes and
remedies of the decline [13]. Thus, it is essential to
examine the factors that affect productivity. They are
as follows:
1- Top management of the ready-mixed concrete
plant – Such management is aware of the company's
objectives, works on achieving such objectives and
has a significant role in performing the following
[15]:
 Defining productivity rates and protecting and
preserving the company's resources
 Searching for alternative markets or new clients, and
studying the way of decreasing the costs for the
company.
 Identifying the objectives, achieving clarity at work,
choosing the most appropriate methods for
accomplishing such objectives, and utilizing the
available elements of production in the most efficient
way.
 Dealing with change, developing production
conditions and forecasting market fluctuation.
 Controlling the use of human and material resources
and providing the required interaction and
coordination.
 Promoting cooperation between workers.
2-Labor and employees at the company–It is
important to pay attention to the human element,
which is the main yardstick for any establishment to
succeed and achieve its goals, as well as use such
resources effectively. This can be accomplished by
appointing employees in their proper positions, and
treating them in a manner that gives them a sense of
importance at the workplace. The productivity
process involves multiple elements. However, what
actually controls such process is the individual
performance of an employee. Appointing an
unqualified employee to operate an expensive
machine may cause damage to the machine and
reduce its efficiency [14].
An overview of Abu Funtas Strategic A map showing some details of Doha
Desalination Plant, KAHRAMAA, Qatar Metro project - Qatar
 3- Equipment and tools used in the production
process – Factors that are involved in the selection of
production equipment and tools should be taken into
consideration. The method of estimating the
productivity of such equipment should be
determined by studying the life cycle cost of different
equipment [16], in order to allow for an easy
decision-making process through a scientifically
based comparison.
4- Raw materials – Selection of materials used in
concrete manufacturing is a core component for
concrete to meet the intended properties [17. If the
quality of materials is not verified, and their
properties are not identified, the company will not be
able to achieve its strategic goals. Therefore,
specialized and highly efficient individuals should be
responsible for carrying out such process, and they
spare no effort attempting to seek new sources at
reasonable prices and with suitable properties [18],
which will help meet the required performance of the
concrete mixture.
5- Processes, such as purchasing and handling,
transportation, operation, mixing, manufacturing and
production, quality control, testing, delivery and
feedback from client; the management and the
integration of all such processes facilitate
improvement, [13] which is significantly reflected on
the production process and its development.
6- Studying the risks – Identifying risks expected to
occur during the management and production of the
ready-mixed concrete, as well as developing effective
methods for avoiding the occurrence of such risks at
any production phase, is significantly important, so
that the whole production process would not be
affected due to the lack of study of such risks, [19]
which may have an impact on the company's
continuity in the market.
2.1 Methodology
The study examined some concrete mixtures supplied
to two construction projects:
The first concrete mixture is (C50-OPC), supplied to
Doha Metro project which extends to 241 km through
four main lines. It consists of 106 stations, and is
valued at USD 8.2 billion. Phase 1 started in 2013 and
ends in 2019. It is one of the strategic projects of 2022
World Cup in Qatar.
The study was based on the concrete mixtures (for
the red line) which extends to 42 km and consists of
18 stations, as shown on this link
https://www.qr.com.qa/English/Projects/Pages/Re
dLine.aspx.
The second mixture is (C35-OPC+40%GGBFS) supplied
to KAHRAMAA's Strategic Desalination Plant (Abu
Funtas)https://www.qewc.com/qewc/en/index.php/8
1-other/127-qatar-projectsmagazine. The plant is part
of Qatar Vision 2030, aiming to produce 36 million
gallons of water per day. The project costs USD 405
million.
Research in the practical part of the study tackled
some concrete mixtures produced by the plants that
take part in the abovementioned strategic projects.
One of ready-mixed concrete producers was chosen
for applying the value engineering study. Then,
certain mixtures, produced by the plant in question,
were selected in order to illustrate how value
engineering is applied.
Ready-mixed concrete supplied to construction,
hydraulic or other projects is typically divided into
two types:
1-Noramal Concrete Mixes
2-Durable Concrete Mixes
Concrete mixtures should perform the required
function in accordance with the project requirements,
and in line with the standards and project
specifications of ready-mixed concrete [20]. Such
requirements are classified into two categories, one or
both of which should be fulfilled according to the type
of the abovementioned concrete, so that the required
performance and purpose can be achieved. They are as
follows:
1- Concrete specimens must meet the target mean
strength when testing the compressive strength, after
28 days of casting and curing concrete cubes. This is
one of the conditions for achieving the required
performance [21] according to the project
requirements.
“Target Mean Strength” shall mean the specified
characteristic strength plus the margin [21].
“Margin” shall mean the difference between the
specified characteristic strength and the target mean
strength [21].
“Strength test or strength test result” the average of
two or more single-cylinder or cube strengths of
specimens made from the same concrete sample and
tested at the same age[22].
2- In some concrete mixtures, it may be required that
samples meet durability requirements, as per the
specified project specifications, after 28, 56 or 90 days
[21].
"The durability of concrete" may be defined as the
ability of concrete to resist weathering action, chemical
attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired
engineering properties [23].
Different concretes require different degrees of
durability depending on the exposure environment and
the properties desired [22].
Given the above, concrete specimens should meet one
or both of the above requirements according to the
mixture type and function, in order to achieve the
desired performance as per the project requirements
[20]. Therefore, materials that have the proper
characteristics should be selected for performing the
intended function, in conformity with the established
project specifications, and in a manner that maintains
the required quality at least without increasing
production costs. This analysis is a good starting point
for studying how value engineering can be applied to
concrete mixtures.
The plan for applying value engineering can be
outlined as follows [24]:
A. Information – collecting the facts.
B. Function analysis – evaluating the alternatives.
C. Idea generation – brainstorming alternatives.
D. Evaluation – selecting the best alternative.
E. Development – developing the alternative.
F. Presentation and recommendation – the final
report.
The above steps shall be applied to the selected
concrete mixtures in order to conduct the study as
follow:
A. Information – collecting the facts: This phase
entails the formation of an information base regarding
concrete mixtures, the subject of the study, its
components and the project to which such mixtures
will be supplied, and its specifications. This aims for
collecting as much as possible to allow the team of the
value engineering to have a broad perspective [25].
Details of the first concrete mixture, C50-OPC:
Fig -1: Details of OPC-C50 which is required for Doha
Metro project.
Testing the quality of the concrete mixture C50-
OPC: Tests were conducted on the C50-OPC mixture
illustrated in Figure (1), in order to confirm whether
they comply with the standards and specifications, and
how far they meet the project requirements, including
aggregate testing, as per QCS 2010 [21] and BSEN
12620[26] specifications, in addition to the testing of
fresh concrete properties, which all complied with the
specifications. Furthermore, the compressive strength
of concrete cubes made of C50-OPC was tested and
compared to the standard concrete specifications,
producing the results listed in Figures (2) and (3), in
order to compare the compressive strength test results
to the project requirements after a statistical analysis
(as per specification ACI 214-R-02) [27].
Analysis of the compressive strength test results of
the original mixture C50-OPC: Figures (2) and (3)
show that the compressive strength test conducted on
a sample of 30 cubes produced an average reading of
70.3 MPa. The highest reading of compressive strength
was 72.0 MPa. The standard deviation was 0.4 and the
coefficient of variation was 0.5. Such results were
adequate for the mixture to satisfy the project
specifications, i.e. the cement quantity was not less
than 370 kg/m3, in order to achieve the target mean
strength, which complies with the specifications.
• However, it was evident from the producer's design
of the concrete that it contained an amount of 410
kg/m3, as shown in Figure (1).
• The specifications of concrete set certain criteria and
calculations for evaluating the compressive strength
test results according to the Qatari specifications (QCS
2010) and (ACI 214-R-02), as detailed below:
If - f’cr > 35 MPa use f’cr =fc +1.34 Std
or f’cr =0.90fc +2.33 Std
* Use the large value computed from any equation [21]
, where f’cr: is the target mean strength, and Std: is
the standard deviation
This was used in calculating the target mean strength
as per the mixture specifications. The results were as
follows:
f’cr =fc +1.34 STD f’cr = 50+1.34 x 0.4 =50.5 MPa
f’cr =0.90fc +2.33 Std f’cr =0.90x50+2.33 x0
The project requires that the average of the
compressive strength test results, based on the above
equations, exceed 50.5 MPa at the minimum, according
to the specifications. However, Figures (2) and (3)
show that the average of the compressive strength test
results of cubes after 28 days was 70.3 MPa. This
means that the requirements and specifications of the
project are fulfilled, as illustrated by the graph below
(Figure 4).
Fig -2: Details of Compressive strength test results of OPC-
C 50 concrete cubes required for Doha Metro project with
a statistical analysis, as per (ACI 214-R-02).
Fig -3: Details of Compressive strength test results of OPC-
50 concrete cubes required for Doha Metro project with a
statistical analysis, as per (ACI 214-R-02) (Contd.).
Evaluation and conclusion of compressive strength
test results to mix C50-OPC in light of the value
engineering: Figure (4), which illustrates the
evaluation of the compressive strength of samples
taken from the C50-OPC concrete mixture, shows that
the results comply with the requirements specified
according to the standards and specifications, and
provided in the signed contract.
Fig -4: Details of Evaluation of compressive strength test
results of OPC-50 concrete cubes required for Doha Metro
project with a statistical analysis, as per (ACI 214-R-02).
The compressive strength test requires that results
exceed 50.5 MPa only as per the specifications.
However, the average result of the concrete supplied to
the project was 70.3 MPa. Compared to the above value
(50.5 MPa), there is a difference or variance, as shown
in Figure (4) by approximately 20 MPa, between the
specifications established in the project and the results
of the compressive strength test results. This is around
40% higher than the required value (50.5/20). It would
have been sufficient if the results exceeded 50.5 MPa
only as per the specifications.
Such increase in compressive strength test results of
concrete cubes by nearly 20 MPa against the target
mean strength reflects the company's use of excess
materials (over design) [20]. This is abundantly clear
when reviewing the project requirements, which state
that cement quantity in the mixture should not be less
than 370 kg/m3, and when comparing it to the cement
quantity of 410 kg/m3 provided in the design of the
concrete mixture supplied to the Doha Metro project
(Figure 1).
The Second Concrete Mixture (C35 - OPC + 40%
GGBFS):
Fig -5: Details of Second Concrete Mixture (C35 -OPC+
40% GGBFS) supplied to Ras abu Funtas Strategic
Desalination Plant.
Testing the quality of the concrete mixture (C35 -
OPC + 40% GGBFS):Tests were conducted on the
mixture in question, which is illustrated in Figure (5),
in order to confirm whether they complied with the
standard specifications. Aggregates were also tested
and compared to the specifications QCS 2010 and BSEN
12620, in addition to the testing of fresh concrete
properties, which all complied with the specifications.
Furthermore, the compressive strength of concrete
cubes made of the C35 - OPC + 40% GGBFS supplied
mixture was tested and compared to the standard
concrete specifications, producing the results listed in
Figures (6) after conducting a statistical analysis and
evaluating the results as per specification (ACI 214-R-
02).
Analysis of the compressive strength test results of
the original mixture (C35 - OPC + 40% GGBFS):
Figure (6) shows that the compressive strength test
conducted on a sample of 20 cubes produced an
average reading of 54 MPa. The highest reading of
compressive strength was 56 MPa. The standard
deviation was 0.4 and the coefficient of variation was
0.7. Such results were adequate for the mixture to meet
the required objective of the concrete mixture
compressive strength test, according to the project
standard specifications (ACI 214-R-02) and (QCS
2010), as follows:
If f’cr <= 35 MPa use f’cr =fc +1.34 Std
or f’cr =fc +2.33 Std-3.5
Use the large value computed from any equation [21]
by calculating the target mean strength according to
the standard specifications provided in the project
requirements of this concrete mixture, the results were
as follows:
f’cr =fc +1.34 Std f’cr = 35+1.34 x 0.4 x 1.08
= 35.60 MPa
f’cr = fc +2.33 Std -3.5 f’cr = 35+2.33 x0.4 x 1.08 - 3.5
= 32.5 MPa
The project requirements and specifications state that
the average readings of the compressive strength test
should not be less than 35.6 MPa. As illustrated in
Figure (6), the results of concrete cube compressive
strength test exceed the average provided in the
project requirements. The average was 54 MPa, which
is higher than the required average, i.e. 35.6 MPa only.
Evaluation and conclusion of compressive strength
test results in light of the value engineering applied
to (C35 - OPC + 40% GGBFS): Figure (7) shows that
the results comply with the requirements specified
according to the standard specifications. The average
was 54 MPa, i.e. more than the required 35.6MPa.
The results of concrete cube tests of durability
requirements also comply with the specifications, and
do not go below the project requirements as shown in
Table (1) in the final report.
As per the project requirements, the compressive
strength test requires that the results are not less than
35.6 MPa. However, the results of the compressive
strength conducted on samples taken from the
concrete supplied to the project were 54.0 MPa, i.e.
higher that the required value 35.6 MPa according to
the specifications. Also, the actual results were higher
by 20MPa than the required value, as illustrated in
Figure (7).
Such difference between the required value, as per the
specifications, and the results of actual compressive
strength by nearly 20 MPa reflects the company's use
of excess materials (over design) [20]. It would have
been sufficient if the results exceeded a maximum of
35.6 MPa only as per the specifications.
Use of unnecessary materials in producing one-cubic-
meter of ready-mixed concrete cost the company
amounts of excess materials that could have been used
in producing other concrete quantities or in reducing
the production costs of one-cubic-meter of ready-
mixed concrete.
Fig -6: Details of Compressive strength test results of C 35
–OPC+40% GGBS concrete cubes supplied to Abu Funtas
Strategic Desalination Plant using a statistical analysis, as
per (ACI 214-R-02).
Fig -7: Details of Evaluation of compressive strength test
results of C 35 –OPC+40% GGBS concrete cubes required for
required for Abu Funtas Strategic Desalination Plant using a
statistical analysis, as per (ACI 214-R-02).
B. Function analysis – evaluation of alternatives:
The various functions of mixtures, the subject of the
study, are defined, analyzed and divided into main and
secondary functions. Functions to be studied, and
which will have a positive impact on quality and
productivity at the lowest cost possible, are chosen [2].
Through the above review of the results of
compressive strength of the first and second concrete
mixtures, and by using data analysis methods to study
the reasons for the discrepancy in the compressive
strength test results of concrete cubes, which in turn
causes a significant difference or variance between the
required results as per the specifications and the actual
results of samples taken from concrete supplied to the
projects, the study shows that there are multiple
reasons behind such difference, the most significant of
which is the use of cement quantities that are more
than needed [25].
Reducing the quantity of unnecessary materials that
are used in concrete mixture production, especially the
most expensive and most environmentally damaging
cement [6], will lead to the reduction of concrete
mixture production costs and construction projects
respectively.
Such reduction in the unnecessary material shall not
be achieved unless the functions of the concrete
mixtures have been analyzed, in order to identify each
and every component used in producing such mixtures,
and which fulfills the required performance. This shall
be carried out by using the Function Analysis System
Technique (FAST), through which the main permanent
and secondary functions of the mixtures are defined, as
well as the functions of all elements involved, and the
optimal goal, the effective function and the study field
are identified [3]. The team of value engineering then
selects the functions to be studied, which have a
positive impact on the quality, improves productivity,
and involves cost reduction. The FAST method is
illustrated in Figure (8) below:
Fig -8: An outline of FAST for concrete mixtures (Source:
author).
C. Speculation phase- brainstorming of
alternatives: is to find new ideas and ways to realize
the secondary functions. The value engineering team
members uses brainstorming to put forward ideas
and proposals for each ingredient or material of the
mix in order to realize the secondary function
(performance) and then the goal of study (Improve
the quality and productivity) [4].
By using value engineering, several proposals are put
forward to achieve the secondary functions
(Performance) that realize the main objective of the
study (improving quality and productivity). All
proposals are evaluated and advantages and
disadvantages of each proposal compared to the other
proposals set forth in the study shall be determined.
The weighted evaluation matrix shown in Figure (9)
below, are used.
The preparation of standard evaluation matrix depends
on the experience of the team work and criteria chosen
to give preference to various proposals in order to
compare among the ingredients forming the concrete
mix and the importance of each ingredient in achieving
the performance required. The following criteria were
chosen to give preference among various proposals as
follows:
1-Consistency & Workability. 2- Heat Generation
and Temperature. 3- Ease of Modification.
4- Strength gain. 5- Cost.
Figure (9) illustrates the standard evaluation as sample
for a concrete mix under study (C50-OPC) to explain
the evaluation process among proposals as follows:
Fig -9: shows example the weighted Evaluation Matrix model
(Apply to the concrete mix C50 - OPC and its ingredients)
(Source: author)
D. Evaluation phase - choosing best proposal: This
step aims at studying and analyzing all ideas, which has
been mentioned in aforesaid stage. It is certain that
there are several inappropriate and unrealistic ideas,
which should be excluded [3], as they cannot be
applied practically. Based on Figure 9, it is clear that
the proposal for reducing the percentage of cement
materials in the mix is the highest value within the
value engineering proposals set forth in the above
figure. Accordingly, the value engineering team will
develop the concrete mixes under study using the
proposal to reduce the quantity of cement materials.
The team will then verify the concrete mix properties
as per the required specifications after applying the
value engineering proposal and whether this affects
positively or negatively on the concrete mix.
E. Development -- development of proposal: It is a
step to transfer ideas and proposals approved in the
previous step to a specific plan of work by the value
engineering team [4]. As such, the proposal to reduce
the amount of cement in concrete mixes study is
developed, after proving that the cement is the best
proposal and then the mixes will be evaluated before
and after the proposed amendment.
E-1- Development of the first cement mix C50-OPC
after the application of value engineering as
follows:
Fig -10: shows illustrates the details of concrete mix
C50 - OPC supplied to Doha Metro Project after Development.
Figure (10) illustrates the concrete mix C50-OPC
supplied to Doha Metro Project after development. As
many as 20 kg of cement per cubic meter was reduced
and the rest of quantities of other ingredients were
changed to equalize the cubic meter.
Quality Verification Process of the concrete mix
C50-OPC after applying the Value Engineering
Proposal: Verification tests have been carried out to
verify the properties of new concrete mix after
applying the value engineering proposal in order to
ensure that it conforms to the prescribed standards
and to ascertain that it fulfill the required performance
according to the requirements of the project. The
properties of new concrete have been checked and
results of aggregates have been compared according to
QCS 2014 & BSEN12620. The results have been
conformed to specifications. To make sure of the
compressive strength test results, figure (11)
illustrates the compressive strength test results of 15
no’s cubes taken from the concrete mix C50-OPC after
applying the value engineering proposal and reducing
the percentage of cement. In addition, the statistical
analysis was conducted and evaluated according to ACI
214- R-02.
MPa. According to Figure (11), the average
compressive strength test results of the cubes after 28
days and applying the proposed reduction of cement
are 66.3 MPa. This means that the new design fulfill the
requirements and specifications of the project,
And the application of value engineering on concrete
mix C50-OPC and the proposal to reduce cement in the
concrete mix under study does not negatively affect the
properties of the required mix. Figures (12 & 13)
illustrate the differences between quantities used in
the concrete mix before and after applying the value
engineering proposal. The prices were as follows:

Fig -12: illustrates the quantities of concrete mix C50- OPC

after and before the application of value engineering
proposals (Source: author).
Fig -11: illustrates the compressive strength test results of 15
cubes taken from the concrete mix C50-OPC after applying
the value engineering proposal and conducting the statistical
analysis according to ACI 214- R-02.
By analyzing results of the new concrete mix design
C50-OPC: The Figure (11) illustrates that the
compressive strength test results of concrete mix
samples after applying the proposal of value
engineering by reducing the amount of cement were
compatible with specifications. The average results of
15 cubes are 64.4 MPa and the highest result was 66.3
MPa, the standard deviation hit 0.6, and the difference
coefficient is 1.0.
These results are sufficient to realize the required
criteria of the mix in line with the calculations as per
the standard specifications as follows:
f’cr =fc +1.34 Std f’cr = 50+1.34 x 0.6 x 1.16 =
50.9 MPa and when f’cr =0.90fc +2.33 Std
f’cr =0.90x50+2.33 x 1.16 x 0.6=46.6 MPa
According to the requirements and specifications of the
project, the average results should not be less than 50.9

Fig -13: illustrates details of comparing prices, quantities of
concrete mix C50–OPC of supplied to Doha Metro Project
before and after development.
In view of the above, the new concrete mix design C50-
OPC after the application of value engineering and
reduction of cement proposals has not adversely
affected the properties of the mix required, but the
proposals have positive effects. Furthermore, the
required quality was fulfilled according to
specifications and the new mix managed to reduce a
quantity of 20 kg/m3 of the most harmful to the
environment and expensive cement. This quantity can
be used in the production of other quantities of
concrete mix produced,
The application of value engineering managed to
achieve saving in the price of mix nearly (15 QR = 4.0
USD) per cubic meter of the ready-mixed concrete as
shown in Figure (13 & 12). This enhances the
importance of the value engineering application to
improve the quality and productivity of ready-made
concrete in this type of concrete mix.
E-2- Develop the second concrete mix C35-
OPC+40%GGBFS after applying the value
engineering proposal:
Fig -14: illustrates the new concrete mix design details C35-
OPC+40%GGBFS required for Ras Abu Funtas desalination
plant.
Figure (14) illustrates the details of concrete mix C35 /
20 - OPC + 40% GGBFS after the application of value
engineering proposal and reduction of cement by 15
kg/m3, in addition to replacing 40% of the cement by
40% with environmentally friendly substance GGBFS.
Quality Control Verification Process of concrete
mix C50-OPC after applying the value engineering
proposal: This process is meant to ensure the new
concrete mix design after the application of the value
engineering proposal in order to ensure that it
conforms to the prescribed standards and to ascertain
that it fulfill the required performance according to the
requirements of the project. Tests were conducted to
make sure of the properties of the new concrete and
results of aggregates have been compared according to
QCS 2014 & BSEN12620; the results have been
conformed to specifications.
The results of concrete cubes tests to verify durability
were compatible with the specifications and will be set
forth in the final report (Table 1). To confirm the
compressive strength test results, Figure (15)
illustrates the results of 15 cubes for concrete mix C35-
OPC + 40% GGBFS under study. The results were
compared and evaluated after carrying out the
statistical analysis as per ACI 214-R-02.
 The application of value engineering to concrete mix
C35-OPC + 40% GGBS and the proposal for reducing
the amount of cement in the concrete mix under study
did not negatively affect the quality of the required mix,
but it has a positive impact on the mix.
In addition to reducing the amount of cement by 15
kg/m 3 of the concrete mix supplied to the project,
there is a saving in the price per cubic meter
(approximately 17.0 QAR = USD 5.0). The following
figure (17 & 16) shows the difference in prices and
quantities before and after the application of value
engineering to the previous mix as follows:

Fig -15: Illustrates the details of compressive strength test

results of concrete mix cubes C35-OPC+40% GGBFS after
applying the value engineering and carrying out the statistical
analysis as per ACI 214-R-02.
By analyzing results of the new concrete mix design
C35- OPC+40%GGBFS after applying the value
engineering proposal: The aforesaid figure (15) Fig -16: shows the difference in prices and quantities of
concrete mix C 35 –OPC+40% GGBS before and after the
illustrates that the compressive strength test results of application of value engineering (Source: author)
the new concrete mix design for 15 cubes are 49.2 MPa.
F- Presentation and recommendation phase -final
The highest fracture result was 51.1 MPa and the
report and recommendations: This stage culminates
standard deviation is 0.6, and the difference coefficient
the efforts of the team of value engineering team. In
is 1.2. These results are sufficient to realize the
this stage, all efforts in various stages of study have
required criteria of the mix according to the standard
been documented in an integrated and arranged
specifications set forth in the contract as follows:
manner in the form of a report, including solutions,
f’cr =fc +1.34 Std f’cr = 35+1.34 x 1.16 x 0.6
proposals, proposed changes, justifications and
= 35.94 MPa and when f’cr = fc +2.33 Std -3.5
usefulness [2]. This report is submitted to the decision
f’cr = 35+2.33 x0.6 x 1.16 - 3.5 = 33.2 MPa
making to take a decision, whether to accept, amend or
According to the requirements and specifications of the
refuse.
project, the average results of compressive strength
test should not be less than 35.9 Mpa as per the
calculations of the prescribed standards. Compared to
the actual results, which gives an average of 49.2 MPa;
this means that the concrete mix after the application
of the value engineering proposal has met the
requirements and specifications of the project.
 under study 2- Durable Concrete Mix C35/20 OPC+40%GGBFS
Total Quantity = 95000 m 3

Reducing the proportion of cementitious materials in

Idea concrete mixes
(Value Engineering
Proposal)

• Technical team of concrete plants

Execution • Quality engineers in the projects
• Consultants of projects
• State and its representative

1- Normal Concrete Mix

C50- OPC # 100% OPC (Code - HHMD03R0)
Secondary functions to Required function as per standards and project specs,
be realized for each
mix under study to • Target Mean Strength
achieve the objective • Cement Quantity > 370 kg/m3
of the study
• Fresh Concrete Properties.
(Improving quality
and productivity) 2-Durable Concrete MixC35 -OPC+40%GGBFS(Code-
SGDP12R0).
Required function as per standards and project specs,
• Durability Requiremnts
• Target Mean Strength
• Fresh Concrete Properties

Summary of findings before and after applying value engineering proposal

After Value Before Value

Engineering Engineering

1-Normal Concrete Mix C50-OPC (Code - HHMD03R0)

Total Quantity required for the project: 130,000.0 m3

Fig -17: shows the difference in prices and quantities of

Required = 50.9 MPa Required = 50.5 MPa
concrete mix C 35 –OPC+40% GGBS before and after the
application of value engineering (Source: author) Average = 64.4 MPa Average = 70.3 MPa
Results Of Strength
3. CONCLUSIONS Tests Max = 66.3 MPa Max = 72.0 MPa
Min = 62.5 MPa Min = 69.3 MPa

The final report concluded the results of the study. The Cement Quantity
Minimum required = 370 Kg/m3
first mix C50-OPC has saved about 5.0% of the total
cost of the concrete mix. Furthermore, the second 390.0 kg/m3 410.0 kg/m3

mixture C35-OPC+40% GGBFS has saved about 5.4% of 285.00 Qatar Riyals 300.00 Qatar Riyals
the total cost of the second concrete mix. The final Total Cost Price for = 79.20 USD = 83.35 USD
(1.0 m3)
report could be concluded as follows: Saving Ratio = 5.0 %

Total Cost for All 37,050,000.0 Qatar 39,000,000.0 Qatar Riyals

Table -1: illustrates the final report of study and comparison production Riyals
= 10,684,931.51 USD
between the results before and after applying the value = 10,150,684.93 USD
engineering on the concrete mixes in order to imporve
quality and productivity (Source: Researcher) 1,950,000.0 Qatar Riyals
Cost Saving For the = 534,246.5753 USD
Final report of study and comparison between the results before and after total production
Saving Ratio = 5.0 % of total price.
applying the value engineering
Definition of the Development Of Concrete Mix Design To Enhance The Saving Quantity of 20 kg/m3 x 130,000 m3 =2,600,000 kg. Of cement saving
project Quality And Productivity by using the value engineering cement from total from total production of mix C50-OPC.
approach. production
Company, subject of Hamad Bin Khalid Ready Mix Co.(HBK-REMIX)-
study Doha-Qatar
Projects to which the 1-The First Mix - Doha Metro Project - Qatar Rail ways After Value Before Value
mixes, subject of study, Doha Metro -1 (DTRSD) Depot. Engineering Engineering
are supplied
2-The second mix - the logistics area project – 2-Durable Concrete Mix C35- OPC+40%GGBFS (Code.SGDP12R0)
Ras Abufntas-QEWC Project. - Al Wakra Road. Total Quantity required for the project: 95000.0 m3
-GTC-606/2013-Transmission pipe line (desalination
plant) - Ras Abu Funtas
Minimum Required:
1-Normal Concrete Mix C50/20 OPC 100%(Code -
HHMD03R0) - RCP < 4000 -WP < 25 -WA < 2.5
Concrete mixes under
study 2- Durable Concrete MixC35/20 - OPC+40%GGBFS (Code- Durability
SGDP12R0) Requirement Results RCP = 1160 Col RCP = 1645 Col
WP = 6.0 mm WP = 7.50 mm
Estimated quantities of 1- Normal Concrete Mix C50/20 OPC WA = 1.50 % WA = 1.80 %
each concrete mix, Total Quantity =130000 m 3
Result of Compressive Required = 35.90 MPa Required = 35.60 MPa
Department of Industrial Engineering, Hashemite
Strength tests University, Zarqa, Jordan-2012.
Average = 49.20 MPa Average = 53.90 MPa [6] Mohammed Alhaj Hussein, Corrosion Behavior and
Max = 51.10 MPa Max = 55.90 MPa Durability of Various Cements and Pozzolans - Lap
Min = 46.60 MPa Min = 52.70 MPa
Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG, 2010.
[7] Yun-Wu Wu ,Applying Value Engineering to Evaluate the
298.00 Qatar Riyals 315.00 Qatar Riyals Use of Concrete in an Underground Railway Construction
Total Cost Price for = 82.80 USD = 87.50 USD Project. China Univ. Of Technology Taipei City, Taiwan
(1.0 m3) Department of Architecture-2011.
Saving Ratio = 5.40 %
[8] Alphonse J. Dell'Isola ,Value engineering in the
Total Cost for All 28,310,000.0 Qatar 29,925,000.0 Qatar Riyals construction industry by (1987).
Production. Riyals.
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