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Tutorial 3 (Basic):

Pre-tensioned Bolts

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Learning Objectives
• Define interactions through ‘General Contact’
• Create bolt loads
o Partition geometry
o Create datum axes
• View/Hide components on the fly in the pre-processor
• Further explore Abaqus viewer
o Section result plots

Learning Note: This is the final basic tutorial. The steps remain detailed
however beyond this you are assumed to have build up an appropriate amount
of knowledge of the model building process.

If any of the steps are unclear please refer to Tutorials 1 and 2.

To complete this tutorial you will need the accompanying CAD geometry
‘Tutorial 3.STEP’.

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Geometry Import
• Import the geometry by going to File > Import > Part and navigating to the
‘Tutorial 3.STEP’ file

• Set the Work Directory by going to File > Set Work Directory then
browsing to the folder containing the geometry

Once the Geometry is imported there should be 3 components, 2 blocks with a


hole through the centre and a bolt.

Materials and Section Properties


• Create a basic elastic material for the block using the ‘Create Material’ tool
and apply the following properties;
o Young’s Modulus – 70,000 MPa
o Poisson’s Ratio – 0.3

• Create a section using the ‘Create Section’ tool and apply the block
material to it

• Apply the section to each of the blocks using the ‘Assign Section’ tool

Remember to give the materials and sections a specific name to avoid confusion.

• Repeat the process to assign a material and section to the bolt using the
following properties;
o Young’s Modulus – 210,000 MPa
o Poisson’s Ratio – 0.3

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Create an Assembly

• Instance the parts into the assembly using the ‘Create Instance’ tool

Remember that clicking OK and apply instances the parts twice.

Once instanced the assembly should look like the image above.

Define the Analysis Step

• Create a static general step using the ‘Create Step’ tool

• Under the incrementation tab change the Initial incrementation to 0.1 and
the maximum to 1

The initial incrementation specifies how much of the step the solver should
attempt to complete initially. If the total time (under the basic tab) is set to 1 and
the initial increment is 0.1 then the solver will complete 10% on the step on the
first increment. If the initial increment size is too large the solver will automatically
reduce the increment size.

If the solver completes the incrementation with ease it will automatically increase
the step size until it reaches the maximum, or the solution is complete. More on
this in the ‘Steps, Loads and Boundary Conditions’ lecture.

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Interaction Definition
We need to define the interaction between the parts so they don’t pass through
each other. In the previous tutorial we used to ‘Find Contact Pairs’ tool to
individually define each contact pair. In this tutorial we will be using the ‘General
Contact’ definition. This has its advantages as it is much easier to set up however
it is much more computationally demanding as it calculates that any surface may
come into contact with any other surface. For more information on this see the
‘Contact’ Lecture.

• Go to the Interaction module and select the ‘Create Interaction Property’

tool

• Select ‘Contact’ as the type then click ‘Continue’

• In the ‘Edit Contact Property’ dialogue box go to ‘Mechanical > Tangential


Behaviour’

• Change the friction formulation to ‘Penalty’ and specify a value of 0.1

This specifies a friction coefficient of 0.1. As we have only defined tangential


behaviour and no normal behaviour the solver automatically defines a ‘Default
“Hard” Contact’ normal property as this is required to generate a solution.

• Create an interaction using the ‘Create Interaction’ tool

• Set the Step as ‘Initial’ and the type as ‘General Contact (Standard) then
click ‘Continue’

• In the ‘Edit Interaction’ dialogue box specify the Contact Domain as ‘All*
with self’

• In the ‘Attribute Assignments’ select the interaction properties ‘IntProp-1’


that we just created as the global property assignment and click ‘OK’

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Loads and Restraints
To apply a bolt pre-tension the geometry first needs to be partitioned. This can be
done using several methods with the partition tool. The datum plane method is
detailed below however you can experiment with other methods.

• Go to the part module

• Create a datum plane ‘midway between 2 points’ using the create datum

tool

The ‘midway between 2 points’ tool may be nested under the other ‘Create

Datum Plane’ tools

• Select two points equal distance from the centre of the bolt

• Create a partition by going to ‘Tools > Partition’

This will bring up the create partition window.

• Select ‘Cell’ as the type and ‘Use datum plane’ as the method

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• In the viewport select the recently created datum plane then click ‘Create
Partition’ in the prompt area

You should now be able to see the partition on the geometry. This has created a
face internally within the bolt shank. We can now use this face to apply the bolt
load but first we need to create an axis.

• Create a datum axis following the axis of the bolt using the ‘axis of

cylinder’ tool

The ‘axis of cylinder’ tool may be nested under the other ‘Create Datum Axis’

tools

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Now we have created the necessary requirements for applying the bolt load we
can define the actual load. This is done in Load module.

• Create a Load using the ‘Create Load’ tool

• In the ‘Create Load’ window select ‘Bolt Load’ and click ‘Continue’

We are now prompted to select the interior surface of the bolt. If you cannot view
the bolt shank without the obstruction of the blocks we will need to hide the
blocks. There are several methods by which we can do this but the easiest in this

case is to use the ‘Remove Selected’ tool from the display group toolbar. In
the prompt area change the entities to remove to ‘Cells’ then select the two
blocks to remove. For more information on display groups refer to the
‘Assemblies in Abaqus’ lecture.

• Select the interior face created by the partition and click ‘Done’ in the
prompt area

• Choose either ‘Brown’ or ‘Purple’ for the side – our model is symmetrical
therefore selecting a side is trivial

• Select the datum axis, as prompted

The ‘Edit Load’ dialogue box will appear where we can specify an amplitude
curve, the magnitude of the load and re-select the bolt internal face or axis. We
can also specify the method, which allows us to fix a bolt length – this is
sometimes useful for stability in subsequent steps.

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• Define a magnitude of 5,000N and click ‘OK’

The model still needs to be grounded for stability. To do this we need to apply an
encastre restraint somewhere on the model. Although this may not be
representative, for simplicity we will fix the back face of the bolt.

• Create a encastre restraint by selecting the ‘Create Boundary Condition’


tool , selecting ‘Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre’ as the type and
clicking ‘Continue’

• Select the back face of the bolt, as shown below, and click ‘Done’

• In the ‘Edit Boundary Condition’ dialogue box select ‘ENCASTRE’ and


click ‘OK’

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Meshing
For the purposes of the tutorial the element type for the mesh is arbitrary. By
default the blocks will mesh with a hexahedral mesh and the bolt will require a
tetrahedral mesh. It may be possible to apply a hexahedral mesh to the bolt by
partitioning the geometry into separate cells. This will be demonstrated in
subsequent tutorials.

• For the blocks mesh the geometry using the default meshing technique
and default global size by clicking the ‘Mesh Part’ tool

Remember to view the object definition as ‘Part’ rather than ‘Assembly’ if the
assembly has been instanced as dependant.

We need to specify a tetrahedral mesh for the bolt so it can be meshed.

• Click the ‘Assign Mesh Control’ tool , select both cells of the bolt in the
viewport, select a ‘Tet’ mesh and accept all the other defaults

• Specify a mesh size of 2mm by clicking the ‘Seed Part’ tool and
entering ‘2’ as the ‘Approximate global size’ and clicking ‘OK’

• Mesh the pin using the new mesh size by clicking the ‘Mesh Part’ tool

Check that all 3 parts have been meshed before proceeding.

Submitting the Job


Submitting the job follows the same process as before. We should now be aware
that the job requires a specific name rather than the default ‘Job-1’.

• Select the ‘Create Job’ tool , name the job and select the model you
just created, then Click ‘Continue’

• Run the job by right clicking it in the feature tree and selecting ‘Submit’

Monitor the job’s progress in the ‘Job Monitor’ window. The analysis will complete
when the total time reaches the total time specified when we created our step, i.e.
a time of 1.

• Right click the job and select ‘Monitor’

If the job aborts or fails to converge go back over the previous steps to check if
everything is correct.

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Viewing the Results
We can view the results as soon as a single increment has been completed.
Once the first readout has been printed in the job monitor create a section plot of
the stress contours.
• Right click the job name in the feature tree and select ‘Results’

• Apply a contour plot by selecting the ‘Plot Contours’ tool

• Section the view using the ‘Activate/Deactivate View Cut’ tool

You can use the step tools or Frame Selector to step/scroll


through the solution.

Experiment with the ‘Common Options’ tool to change the deformation


factors or view the results with and without the mesh by changing the ‘Visible
Edges’ tool.

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