ir
A spectrum of the laser output, when driven by the 3 A electri- D. Giannone, I.Y. Khrushchev and 1. Bennion (Photonics Research
cal pulses. is shown in Fig. 1 by the dashed line. The narrow peak Gruup, Schoul of 6zgineerbfg oiid Applied PhyJics, ilston University,
Astun Triangle, Birniinghcini B4 7ET, United Kingdom)
on the long-wavelength side of the spectrum corresponds to the
pulse tail. The broader short-wavelength component carries the E-mail: I.Khruslicliev~~aston.ac.uk
main optical pulse. An unstrained FBG removes a narrow portion
in the middle. The solid line shows the output spectrum when the References
reflection wavelength and bandwidth of the grating are tuned to
minimise the tail componcnt in the output signal. 1 VASIL‘EV. P : ‘Ultrafast diode lascrs: fundamcntals and applications’
The corrcsponding oscilloscope traces of the unfiltered (dashed (Artech House, London, 1Y95), p. 271
line) and filtered (solid line) signal are shown in Fig. 2. A trace 2 CHISHOLW. K., I iu, Y . and BTNNION, i.: ‘Compact FBG grating
corresponding to the tail-free unfiltered operation at low current array structurc for high spatial rcsolution distributed strain
sensing’. Proc. Optical Fibre Sensing 2000, 2000, Paper P 3- I9
of 0.SA is shown by the dotted line. It can be seen from conipari- 3 NIFMI. T , ZIIANG. I , and I IJDVIGSF,N. H.: ‘Effect of optical filtering
son of the solid and the dotted lines, that the peak power of the on pulses generated with a gain-switched DFB lascr‘. Opt,
hil-free pulse is increased by a [actor of 5 as a result of the spec- Conrmun., 2001. 192, pp. 339-345
tral filtering. 4 KoMuKAi. T., M I Y A J I M ~Y.,
. and NRKAZAWA, M.: ‘An in-line optical
I yl.0
bandpass tiltet‘ with fiber gt‘ating and an optical circulator and its
application to pulse compression’, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1995, 34, pp.
L230-L232
.g .I \\
Sub-aperture algorithm for motion
compensation improvement in wide-beam
0.4
SAR data processing
0.2
A. Potsis, A. Reigber, J. Mittermayer, A. Moreira and
N. Uzunoglou
5
I The effects o f strong motion errors in wide-beam azimuth
I I I , o synthetic apcrture radar (SAR) proccssing are analysed and
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2
deflection LSz discussed, using simulated data, as wcll as data collected by the
airbome experimental SAR system of the Deutsches Zentrum fur
Fig 3 Pidsewidth and izorrncilised r-e/a.utrtion tuil w w g y E,,,iJErotoc Luft- und Raumt’ahrt e.V. (DLR) (E-SAR). A new sub-aperture
against grating strciin approach for residual motion eimi- compensation in wide-beam
Closed symbols correspond to unstrained FBG azimuth processing is proposed.
The relaxation oscillation suppression is further illustrated in Introduction: There is increasing interest in VHFiUHF synthetic
Fig. 3. Opcn triangles show the ‘normalised pedestal energy’, i.e. aperture radar (SAR) applications. These radars have proven to
the ratio or the energy conlaincd in thc pulse tail, to the total bc very powerful for underground and obscured object detection,
energy, as a functioii of the FBG bending. Greater bending corrc- as well as for parametcr retrieval purposes. For new upcoming
sponds to the greater strain and therefore to the longer reflection applications, Tor example in forestry, biomass monitoring or
wavelength. archaeological and geological exploration, high-resolution VHF/
The ‘pedestal energy’ parameter changes from 0.9, correspond- UHF SAR imaging is an important task, but cannot be achieved
ing Lo the unfiltered signal, to the value less than 0. I , when the fil- easily with conventional SAR processing techniques. Onc problem
ter is optimised, i.e. the undesired components are suppressed by in widc-beam azimuth processing is the degradation of the system
approximately an order of magnitude. spatial resolution and thc target misplacement owing to uncor-
As well as suppressing the tail, the filtering affects the duration rected motion errors. Usually. motion compensation is perlhrmcd
and chirp of the main optical pulse. It is well known that gain- only for a coinmon squint angle, while for wide-beam azimuth
switched laser diode pulses possess considerablc chirp. Under the focusing this approximation is insufficient.
large-signal modulation the linewidth enhancement factor changes
during thc pulse, and the chirp is not linear. As a result, it is pos- Algorithm description; During this motion-compensation (MoCo)
sible to obtain shorter pulses from the gain-switched laser output procedure, the data must be corrected by a phase term propor-
by selecting only the linearly chirped components [3, 41. In our tional to the deviations Ar between the actual trajectory and a
case, the same result is achieved by removing the long-wavelength nominal reference track [l]. SAR systems, operating at higher fre-
components. Open circles in Fig. 3 show the output pulsewidth as quencies (more than 1 GHz centre frequency), normally need only
a function of strain. As the nonlinearly chirped components are a short synthetic aperture to achieve high resolution in azimuth,
removed, the pulse experiences significant narrowing. In the point and it is sufficient to correct only the motion error perpendicular
of optimum, the output pulse is shortencd to a duration of 8 ps to the nominal flight direction [2]. For SAR systems operating at
froin the initial 25 ps. The optiinuni point for the pulsc shortcning lower frequencies, the wider angular antenna characteristic makes
does not coincide with the best tail suppression, although the lat- it indispensable to correct also for the changes of Ar over the aper-
ter corresponds to the short pulsewidth of lops. At the same time. ture. If this kind of data is processed with ‘conventional’ motion
the main pulse experiences a very low power loss of 10 to 20% in conipensation, a phase variation is introduced, limiting the achiev-
the filter. able azimuth resolution. In addition, targets appear misplaced in
We have demonstrated the relaxation oscillation suppression in the final processed scene. To correct for these effects, an addi-
an overdriven DFB laser by spectral filtering, resulting in thc peak tional sub-aperture residual motion compensation step has to be
power improvement by a factor of 5 for the tail-free operation. At introduced into the SAR processing chain. In the following we
the same time, thc spectral filtering removes the nonlinearly refer to the extended chirp scaling (ECS) processing technique [l],
chirped components resulting in the pulse shortening by a Factor although the described algorithm can be applicd in a similar way
of 3. to several other SAR processing techniques.
After the first-order MoCo has been applicd to the raw data,
0 IEE 2001 18 June 2001 and before the range compression is performed, the raw data is
Electronics Letters O n h r . No: 20010950 transformed to the azimuth frequency domain using a series of
D 01: lO.lO49/~~1:2OOlO9SO short Past Fourier transform (FFTs) with a length of 64 samples.
M.V. Dubov (Institute of Physics of Natioiiul Academy of Sciences of Owing to the use of short FFTs, the algorithm is adaptive to 64
Ukrche. 46, Prospect Nnulcy, 03650, M S P Kiev-39, tikraine) different azimuth frequencies, as well as to the azimuth position of
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 8th November 2001 Vol. 37 No. 23 1405
Downloaded from http://paperhub.ir
the sensor. The latter is important because of the variation of the peak-sidelobe-ratio (PSLR) and appears now at the correct azi-
MoCo parameters over azimuth. Every azimuth frequency is muth position.
related to a certain squint angle pi [2]. With the knowledge of each
pi, the residual motion error d(pJ can be expressed as
"9
0.8
_ _ - _ conventional MoCo
block of SAR data and h, the wavelcngth corresponding to radar
carrier frequency. Finally, the corrected raw data is transfomied
back to time domain by applying inverse FFTs. In the current E-SAR P-hand dutu results: P-band S A R data acquired by the E-
foiin, the proposed algorithm cannot compensate for the slight SAR system at the test site of Ailing, Germany, have been proc-
range dependency of the motion error, as before range compres- essed using the modified ECS processor. The amplitude response
sion no range dependent phase corrections can be applied. A solu- of a 1.5m trihedral corner reflector, processed with and without
tion would be a second-order compensation of the residual motion the proposed sub-aperture motion compensation, is shown in
error after range compression. However, experimental results Fig. 2. During data acquisition, the maximum offset AY between
show that for common sensor configurations this is not necessary. the nominal and the actual track was about 3m. Using eqn. 1,
and for processed squint angle p = W, the maximum residual
motion error to be compensated is about 30". The ground range
distance of the analysed coiner reflector from the reference middle
range bin (for which the sub-aperture MoCo correction is per-
fomied) is 250m. Compared to the image obtained with conven-
tional motion compensation, the azimuth position of the impulse
response changes by about 0.4m when using the proposed algo-
rithm. The new position corresponds almost perfcctly to the true
position of the corner reflector, which is known from precise GPS
ground measurements. In addition, the PSLR of the impulse
response improves clearly.
Simulution results: The performance and the correction accuracy 0 TEE 2001 10 September 2001
of the proposed sub-aperture algorithm has been verified with sev- Electr.onics Letters Online No; 20010933
eral simulated data sets, as well as with real E-SAR P-band data. DOI: 10.1049/d:20010933
Fig. 1 illustrates the nonnalised amplitude responses of a Simu-
lated point target, using conventional motion error correction, as A. Potsis and N. Uzunoglou (Nnfional Technical University of Athens,
well as the proposed sub-aperture correction. Motion errors of up Depurtment o j Electrical and Computer Enginewing, Y. Iroon
Pol.ytexniou Str. GR- 1.5780, Zografos, Athens, Greece)
to Ar = 9 m are simulated in this example, the processed aperture
angle was p = f8", Corresponding to 1.21n azimuth resolution. E-mail: apotsis@esd.ece.nlua.gr
From Fig. 1 it becomes evident that the conventional motion A. Rcigber (UniversitP dc~ Rennes 1, Lahoratoire Antenmy Rudar
compensation algorithm fails to reconstruct the correct phase his- Telicom, 263 Avenue GPn&rul Lrclerc. But I 1 C, CS-74205, 35042
tory of the simulated point target, resulting in increased sidelobes Rennes Cedex. Frunce)
as well as a misplaced impulse response. In contrast, the proposed J. Mitterinayer and A. Moreira (Gerniun Acr.ospucc Ccnfcr ( D L R ) ,
sub-aperture algorithm manages to compensate most of the resid- hvtitute .for Radio FrQyUenCy and Radar Technology, 0-82230
ual motion errors. The point target response shows an improved Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany)
k=l r=l
Numerical results: We considered a ten-user asynchronous DS-
where r(t) E CLx1is the received signal vector after down-convert- CDMA system. Each user was assigned a Gold sequence with a
ing. Rk denotes the path number of the kth user. or,Okr and pk,.(f) length of N = 31. A unifomi linear antenna array, the elements of
are the propagation path delay, the DOA and the fast fading which were omnidirectioiialwith 0.5 wavelength spacing, was used
amplitude of the kth user's rth ray, respectively. sk(t) is the base- in the receiving cnd. The envelope of fast fading amplitude pkr(4)
band signal of the kth user containing spread sequence with the followed Rayleigh distribution. The estimation error e(q) was
length of N . a(@,,) describes the a m y steering vector,correspond- modelled as additive Gaussian noise with qe(q)] = 0 and
ing to the signal DOA of Okr. n(t) E C'"I is the additive noise. ae(p)e*(q)]= 6,,,,.a2,1,where S,,q denotes the Kronecker delta. The
The down-convertedcontinuous signal vector r(t) is then discre- average powers of different paths were assumed to bc equal and
tised by sampling the outputs of intcgrators with one chip interval. the signal-to-noiseratio was set to 15 dB. In the first example, we
The snapshot vector can be expressed as compared the resolvability of our joint spatiotemporal MUSIC
r(q) = H ( ~ , @ , q ) Z ( q ) + n ( q ) q = 1 , 2 , ... (2) cstimator with the conventional MUSIC estimator [3] which
employs the covariance matrix of the received signal. The antenna
where r(q) = [rl(g),... rr,(!)]7;n(q) = [~21(4)... n,(q)]? Z(q) contains array contained two elements. We simulated three paths between
the transmitted infomation sequences that contribute to r(q). T = user 1 and the base station receiver. With the application of the
[zll ... zKRK],0 = [e,, .._e,,]. H(T, 0, y) denotes the impulse space-time array manifold model, the three peaks are clearly
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 8th November 2001 Vol. 37 No.23 1407