MORE FUTURE TENSES: FUTURE PERFECT

USE:
To talk about actions or events which will be completed before a certain time in
the future.

FORM:

AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE

[SUBJECT + WILL (+ NOT) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]

Notice that WILL NOT is often abbreviated to WON'T.

I/You/We will (not) have gone...

He/She/It won't have gone...

The verb is normally followed by a time adverbial which begins with WHEN,
BEFORE, or BY.

BY means NOT LATER THAN... and is followed by a time expression such as TEN
O'CLOCK, NEXT MONDAY, THE END OF THE YEAR, etc.

BEFORE can be followed by a time expression or by a clause (subject + verb)

such as WE ARRIVE, THE JOB IS FINISHED, etc. Notice that the verb in these
clauses is normally in the present form, never in the future form.

WHEN is followed by a clause, in the same way as BEFORE.

The verb can also be followed by the expression BY THE TIME which is followed
by a clause (subject+verb) in which the verb is in the Present Simple.

EXAMPLES:
"Have you finished typing that letter yet?
"Don't worry, I'm typing it now; I'll have finished it by 3 o'clock."

"I'll have corrected all the homework by tomorrow morning."

"They won't have built the new road before next summer."

"She'll have made dinner before we arrive."

"The film will have started when we get to the theater."

"I will have finished cleaning my room by the time you return."
QUESTIONS

[(Wh-Word) + WILL + SUBJECT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]

(What) will he/you/we have done...
(Where) will he/she/it have gone...
(When) will they have been...

ANSWERS TO YES/NO QUESTIONS

[YES, + SUBJECT-PRONOUN + WILL.]
[NO, + SUBJECT-PRONOUN + WON'T.]

EXAMPLES:
"How many letters will you have written by this evening?"

"Will the rain have stopped before we get to the beach? What do you think?"
"Yes, I think it will."

"Will Dad have repaired my bike by tomorrow?"

"Yes, I'm sure he will."

"Will Paul and Mary have finished their exams before the summer?"
"No, they won't."

"When will you have finished the work?"

"By two o'clock."

"How many students will they have tested before lunch?"

"About five."

MORE FUTURE TENSES: FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

USE:
To talk about continuous actions or states which occur at a specific time in the
future or during a specific period in the future.

We do not normally use the FUTURE PROGRESSIVE to talk about personal

characteristics (TO HAVE RED HAIR, etc.) or temporary physical or mental
states (TO BE HAPPY/ILL/TIRED, TO HAVE A HEADACHE, etc.).

FORM:

AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE

[SUBJECT + WILL ( + NOT) + BE + VERB + ing...]

Notice that WILL NOT is often abbreviated to WON'T I/You/We will (not) be
doing... He/She/It will (not) be going...

EXAMPLES:
"She'll be lying in the sun this time next week!"
"I'll be working in London all next month."
"We'll be staying at the Star Hotel from May 1st to May 10th."
"Patrick won't be watching television this evening; he'll be doing his
homework."
QUESTIONS and ANSWERS

[(Wh-Word) + WILL + SUBJECT + BE + VERB + ing...]

(What) will I/you/we be doing...

(Where) will he/she/it be going...
(When) will they be eating...

ANSWERS TO YES/NO QUESTIONS

[YES, + SUBJECT-PRONOUN + WILL.]

[NO, + SUBJECT-PRONOUN + WON'T.]

Wh-Questions can be answered with a complete sentence using the FUTURE

PROGRESSIVE tense, but a short expression corresponding to the Wh-word is
often sufficient.

EXAMPLES:
"What will you be doing tomorrow afternoon?"
"I'll be driving to Boston."

"Where will you be studying next semester?"

"In New York."

"Will you be living with us next year?"

"No, I won't."
"Where will you be living then?"
"I'll be staying with my family in Bogota."

MORE FUTURE TENSES

USE:
These tenses are used to talk about actions which will take place at or during a
particular time period in the future (FUTURE PROGRESSIVE) and about actions
and events which will be completed by a certain time in the future (FUTURE
PERFECT).

EXAMPLES:
"Could I borrow the car tomorrow, Dad?"
"Well, I'll be using it all day tomorrow;when do you want to borrow it?"
"In the evening, after dinner."
"That's okay; I'll have finished with it by then."
 MORE INFINITIVES: PERFECT INFINITIVE

USE:
To talk about a past action or state. The PERFECT INFINITIVE is sometimes
used after the passive form of verbs such as KNOW, THINK, SAY, REPORT, and
BELIEVE.

FORM:
[SUBJECT + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]

or in the passive form:

[SUBJECT + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE + TO HAVE BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE]

EXAMPLES:
"Nobody knows for sure where the escaped criminal
is now, but he is thought to have left the San Francisco area."

"Leonardo da Vinci is thought to have painted this picture."

"The plane is reported to have crashed somewhere in the rainforest."

"The poem is believed to have been written in about 1650."

"Modern Rock and Roll is said to have been based on the Blues music of the
American South."
AFTER SEEM and APPEAR

USE:
The Perfect Infinitive is often used to speculate about actions and states in the
past, with the verbs SEEM and APPEAR. These verbs have very similar
meanings, but SEEM is more common in informal speech.

FORM:
[SUBJECT + SEEM/APPEAR + INFINITIVE...]

EXAMPLES:
"Michael appears to have lost his memory."
"Isabel's car seems to have been damaged in the accident."

MORE INFINITIVES

USE:
INFINITIVES take various forms which are related to tense and voice, including
Perfect and Passive. The Perfect Infinitive is used to talk about a past action or
state. It is often used after the passive form of verbs such as KNOW, THINK,
SAY, REPORT, and BELIEVE. It is also used after the verbs SEEM and APPEAR to
speculate about actions and states in the past. Passive Infinitives are often
used after adjectives and verbs in the same way as Active Infinitives to refer to
an action when the object (or receiver) of the action is more important than the
subject (or doer).

EXAMPLES:
"Nobody knows for sure where the escaped criminal is now, but he is thought to
have left the San Francisco area."

"May I ask you a few questions?"

"Sure! I'd be happy to be interviewed... and I'd love to be photographed, too."

"Mary seems to be angry, but I don't know why."

MORE INFINITIVES: OTHER USES

The various forms of the Passive Infinitive are used to emphasize the receiver
of the action.

AFTER ADJECTIVES

The adjective generally describes the subject's attitude towards or feelings

about the action. The following adjectives are often used in this way: HAPPY,
DELIGHTED, WILLING, PREPARED, SURPRISED, SHOCKED, ANGRY.

FORM:
[... ADJECTIVE + TO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]

EXAMPLES:
"I am always happy to be invited to parties."
"Jo was very surprised to be offered the job."

AFTER VERBS

The verb generally describes the subject's attitude towards or feelings about
the action. The following verbs are often used in this way: LOVE, LIKE, WANT,
EXPECT, AGREE, REFUSE, HATE.

FORM:
[SUBJECT + VERB + TO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]

EXAMPLES:
"Frank hates to be criticized."
"We would like to be told the reason for the delay."

Notice that in the above examples the subject of the first verb is the same
person as the receiver of the action of the Passive Infinitive. We can use a
similar construction with two different subjects, as follows:
[SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + TO + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE...]

EXAMPLES:
"We expect Jones to be elected President next year."
"I don't want my parents to be worried."
If we want to mention the person who performs the action, we use the
preposition BY after the verb as we do in other passive forms.

EXAMPLES:
"She was surprised to be criticized by her husband."
"I hope to be invited by the Princess."
"He wanted the portrait to be painted by Piero."

CLAUSES OF RESULT

USE:
To talk about the reasons for or the results of an action or event.

FORM:
We use SO and SUCH in the main clause to explain a result in the subordinate
clause beginning with THAT. We use SINCE, AS LONG AS, and NOW THAT to
introduce a subordinate clause which explains the verb in the main clause.

EXAMPLES:
"Mike is so clever that he always gets good grades ."
"Dora is such a good teacher that everybody admires her."
"We decided to stop, since it was dark and we didn't know the road very well."
"As long as Fred agrees to help me, I'll help him."
"I think I'll go home, now that the party is over."
SUCH... THAT and SO... THAT

USE:
These are used in the main clause to explain the reason for an action or event.
We use SO... THAT with adjectives or adverbs and SUCH... THAT with
adjectives and nouns.

FORM:
WITH ADJECTIVES

[SUBJECT + BE + SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE]

EXAMPLES:
"Mike is so clever that he always gets good grades."
"I am so tired that I can't stay awake."
WITH ADVERBS

[SUBJECT + VERB (+ OBJECT) + SO + ADVERB + THAT + SUBORDINATE

CLAUSE]

EXAMPLES:
"He walked so slowly that he missed the bus."
"John tells jokes so well that everybody likes him."
WITH ADJECTIVE + NOUN

[SUBJECT + BE + SUCH (+ A) + ADJECTIVE + NOUN + THAT + SUBORDINATE

CLAUSE]
Notice that we use the indefinite article A(N) before the adjective with singular
countable nouns.

EXAMPLES:
"Dora is such a good teacher that everybody admires her."
"This is such good wine that I'm going to buy ten cases."
"Pat and Jo are such good friends that they do everything together."
SINCE/NOW THAT/AS LONG AS

All of these expressions are used as conjunctions at the beginning of

subordinate clauses. The two clauses are normally separated by a comma (,).

[CONJUNCTION + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE, + MAIN CLAUSE]

or
[MAIN CLAUSE, + CONJUNCTION + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE]

SINCE introduces a reason for the action, state, or event described in the main
clause.

EXAMPLES:
"Since you speak perfect English, I want you to translate for me."
"We decided to stop, since it was dark and we didn't know the road very well."

NOW THAT introduces a new or recent condition which explains the action,
state, or event described in the main clause.

EXAMPLES:
"Now that she is sixty years old, she may decide to stop working."
"I think I'll go home, now that the party is over."

AS LONG AS introduces a necessary condition for the action, state, or event

described in the main clause.

EXAMPLES:
"As long as Fred agrees to help me, I'll help him."
"You can drink the water, as long as you boil it first."

PHRASAL VERBS

Many English verbs, like TAKE or GET, can have a large number of different
meanings. Some of them can be followed by a short word (a preposition like TO
or FOR or an adverb like AWAY or OUT) which gives the verb a relatively
precise meaning. The combination of VERB + PREPOSITION/ADVERB is called a
PHRASAL VERB.

EXAMPLE:
"I'm always putting clothes on and taking them off again."

Some PHRASAL VERBS have no common non-phrasal equivalent:

PUT ON or TAKE OFF clothes
LOOK UP words in a dictionary

Others are used in informal spoken English instead of longer, more formal
expressions:

GO ON continue
CALL OFF cancel
BLOW UP destroy with explosive
TAKE IN deceive

FORM:
Most phrasal verbs are transitive; in other words they normally take a direct
object. In many cases, the object comes between the verb and the preposition
or adverb. Such verbs are called SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS. Notice the
following two possible constructions:
[SUBJECT + PREP/ADVERB + OBJECT...]

"The soldiers blew up the bridge yesterday."

[SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + PREP/ADVERB...]

"The soldiers blew the bridge up yesterday."

Notice that if the object is a noun, it can come either before or after the
preposition/adverb. But if the object is a pronoun, it must come before the
preposition/adverb:

"The soldiers blew it up yesterday."

The following list includes common separable phrasal verbs which follow this
rule followed by examples of them in use.

BACK UP (give support to)

"He always backs up his employees. (...backs them up)."

BLOW OUT (extinguish)

"The wind blew out the candle (...blew it out)."

BLOW UP (destroy with explosives)

"The soldiers blew up the bridge (...blew it up)."

BREAK UP (dismantle, destroy)

"They're going to break up the company structure (...break it up)."

BREAK OFF (snap or interrupt)

"They decided to break off the negotiations (...break them off)."

BRING UP (look after and educate children)

"They brought up the boy (...brought him up) very strictly."

CALL IN (ask/tell somebody to visit)

"We called in an engineer (...called him in) as soon as we discovered the fault."
CARRY OUT (perform)
"I carried out his instructions (...carried them out) immediately."

CLEAR UP (remove disorder, make tidy)

"We cleared up the office (...cleared it up) after the Christmas party."

CUT OFF (remove part of something)

"He cut off the corner of the book (...cut it off)."

FILL OUT (complete a printed form)

"Please fill out this form (...fill it out) in ink."

FILL UP (make full)

"She filled up my cup (...filled it up) with coffee."

FIND OUT (discover)

"He found out the cause of the fault (...found it out) by examining the wiring."

FIX UP (organize, arrange, repair)

They fixed up a venue (...fixed it up) in time for the conference."

GET BACK (obtain in return)

"Mr. Holden never got back the stolen disks (...got them back)."

GIVE BACK (return)

"When are you going to give back the pen I lent you (...give it back)?"

GIVE UP (stop, abandon)

"I gave up smoking (...gave it up) five years ago."

HAND IN (give)
"They handed in their questionnaires (...handed them in) at the end of the
session."

HOLD UP (delay)
"The strike held up the project (...held it up) for six months."

KEEP UP (continue, maintain)

"The audience kept up their applause (...kept it up) for ten minutes."

KNOCK OUT (make unconscious)

"The machinery knocked out the operator (...knocked him out) when it
malfunctioned."

LET DOWN (disappoint)

"She forgot about the appointment and let down the client (...let him down)."

LET OUT (allow to go out)

"Don't forget to let out the cat (...let it out) after dinner."

LOOK UP (find in a dictionary, phone directory, etc.)

"You must look up those words (...look them up) in the dictionary."
PAY BACK (repay a debt)
"They promised to pay back the money (...pay it back) within three months."

PICK UP (lift)
"I saw you pick up your glasses (...pick them up) in the canteen."

PUT DOWN (replace on a surface)

"Put down the computer (...put it down) here."

PUT OFF (postpone)

"We'll have to put off the meeting (...put it off) until next week."

PUT ON (start to wear)

"I pu on my coveralls (...put them on) this morning."

SET UP (start, establish)

"They set up the company (...set it up) in 1978."

SWITCH ON/OFF (start/stop an appliance)

"Please switch off the radio (...switch it off); it's distracting me."
TAKE OFF (remove clothes, etc.)
"He took off his shoes (...took them off) before going into the Japanese
restaurant."

TAKE OVER (take control of)

"The bank took over my farm (...took it over) in 1980."

TALK OVER (discuss)

"I want to talk over your proposal (...talk it over) with my manager before we
decide."

THINK OVER (consider carefully)

"I thought over the plan (...thought it over) for several hours."

TRY OUT (test)

"We're going to try out the product (...try it out) before we market it."

TURN ON/OFF (open/close a supply of water, gas, etc.)

"I forgot to turn off the machine (...turn it off); the supervisor will be furious!"

WIPE OUT (destroy, annihilate)

"This disastrous project has wiped out our profits for this quarter (...has wiped
them out)."