Exercise 8.

2
The gas turbine drives an air compressor and an electric generator. The compressed air flows
to combustion chamber. Exhaust gases at temperature 900 °C flows to turbine, where they are
expanded to ambient pressure. For the calculation purpose, assume that:

pot=1 bar
tot=15 °C
pcombustion_chamber=8 bar
Wo=40 MJ/kg
ηis=0,83
ηms =0,91
ηit =0,88
ηmt=0,95
ηks =0,95
ηG =0,98
R= 287 J/kgK (for air)
k p = 1,4 – adiabatic exponent for air
cpp=1,0045 kJ/kg – specific heat for air at constant temperature
ks = 1,38 – adiabatic exponent for flue gases
cps=1,08 kJ/kg – specific heat at constant pressure for exhaust gases

Calculate:

1. Electric power of generator, while Vair/measured at ambient conditions = 27000 m3/h

2. Flow rate of air at normal conditions, while electric power is equal to PG= 100 MW

Paliwo
Fuel

3 Pe
2

1 4
Powietrze
Air
Solution
Due to the fact, the combustion occurs at pressure pcc=8 bar, it can be assumed that
combustion is isobaric.
pcc=p2=p3
It is known that pot=1 bar. Thus, due to lack of other information, it is assumed:
pot=p1=p4=1 bar
and: t1=tot.

Calculation of temperature after the compressor

To determine temperature after the compressor, the relation for adiabatic efficiency of rotary
compressor is applied:
T −T
ηis = 2T 1
T2 R − T1
where T2 R denotes real temperature after the compressor, and T2T denotes theoretical
temperature after the compressor. Thus:
T −T
T2 R = T1 + 2T 1
ηis
On the basis of:
p1v1 p = p2 v2 p 
k k

= R, 2 2 = R 
p1v1 pv the relations for T2T can be determined:
T1 T2 
k p −1 1, 4 −1
p  kp
 8  1, 4
T2T = T1  2  = 288 ⋅   = 521,7 K
 p2  1
521,7 − 288
T2 R = 288 + = 569,7 K
0,83

If we know temperature after combustion chamber, we can determine temperature after the
gas turbine by means of equation for internal efficiency of expansion:

T3 − T4 R
ηit = ⇒ T4 R = T3 − (T3 − T4T )ηit
T3 − T4T

Where: T4 R denotes real temperature after turbine, T4T denotes theoretical temperature after
turbine. Analogically as for the compressor, on the basis of adiabatic equation and ideal state
gas equation the following relation is valid:
k s −1 k s −1 1, 38 −1
T4T  p4  ks p  ks
1 1, 38
=  ⇒ T4T = T3  4  = 1173 ⋅   = 661,6 K
T3  p3   p3  8

T4 R = 1173 − (1173 − 661,6) ⋅ 0,88 = 723,0 K

Solution, point 1

m3 27000 m3
Compressor sucks air at flow rate V1 = 27000 , where V1 = = 7,5
h 3600 s
Equation of ideal state equation is as follows:
p V 10 5 ⋅ 7,5 kg
p1V1 = m 1 RT1 ⇒ m 1 = 1 1 = = 9,07
RT1 287 ⋅ 288 s

In addition, it is known that, że m powietrza = m 1 = m 2

The next step is formulating a mass balance and energy balance for combustion chamber:

m 2 + m fuel = m 3 
 thus, we get:
m 2 c ppT2 + Wo m fuelηcc = m 3c psT3 

m 2 c ppT2 + Wo m fuellηcc = (m 2 + m fuel )c psT3 thus, we are able to find out mass flow rate:
c T − c ppT2 1,08 ⋅ 1173 − 1,0045 ⋅ 569,6 kg
m fuel = m 2 ps 3 = 9,07 = 0,172 (*)
ηksWo − c psT3 0,95 ⋅ 40000 − 1,08 ⋅ 1173 s
Thus, the mass flow rat eis equal to:
kg
m ex . gas = m 3 = m 4 = m 2 + m fuel = 9,07 + 0,172 = 9,245
s
We have all required „pressures” and “temperatures” and we are able to define power of each
device.
PiS = m 1c pp (T2 − T1 ) = 9,07 ⋅1,0045 ⋅ (569,6 − 288) = 2566,3kW – internal efficiency of a
compressor
PiS 2566,3
PmS = = = 2820,1kW – mechanical power of a compressor
η mS 0,91
PiT = m 3 c ps (T3 − T2 ) = 9,245 ⋅1,08 ⋅ (1173 − 723,0) = 4493,2kW – internal power of a turbine
PmT = PiTη mT = 4493,2 ⋅ 0,95 = 4268,6kW
Mechanical power of turbogenerator
Pm = PmT − PmS = 4268,6 − 2820,1 = 1448,5kW

Electrical power
Pe = PmηG = 1419,5kW

Overall electrical efficiency:

Pe 1419,5
η= = = 20,7%
m fuellWo 0,172 ⋅ 40000
Solution, point 2

In this case, we start our consideration from power balance on the shaft:
P
Pm = e
ηG
Pe
= Pmt − Pms (**)
ηG
Mechanical power of a turbine:
Pmt = Pitηmt = m 3c ps (T3 − T4 R )ηmt

Mechanical power of a compressor:

Pis m 1c pp (T2 R − T1 )
Pms = =
ηms ηms

After putting powers to (**), we get:

Pe m 1c pp (T2 − T1 )
= m 3 c ps (T3 − T4 )η mT −
ηG η mS

In the above relations, we have to variables: m3 – mass flow rate of flue gases and m1 – mass
flow rate of air. Thus, 1 equation and 2 unknowns. So, we have to apply energy balance for
combustion chamber. In the solution for the point 1, the equation (*) was derived, which has a
form:
c T − c ppT2
m fuel = m 2 ps 3
ηccWo − c psT3
When we put all variables:
1,08 ⋅ 1173 − 1,0045 ⋅ 569,6 kg
m fuel = m 2 ⋅ = m 2 ⋅ 0,0189
0,95 ⋅ 40000 − 1,08 ⋅ 1173 s
Keeping in mind m1=m2 we get m fuel = m 1 ⋅ 0,0189 (***), and then:
m 3 = m 1 + m fuel = m 1 + m 1 ⋅ 0,0189 = m 1 ⋅ 1,0189

Finally, we get the set of equation:

Pe m 1c pp (T2 − T1 ) 
= m 3 c ps (T3 − T4 )η mT − 
ηG η mS 
m 3 = m 1 ⋅1,0189 

Pe m 1c pp (T2 − T1 )
= 1,0189 ⋅ m 1c ps (T3 − T4 )η mT −
ηG η mS
Pe 100000
ηG 0,98 kg
m 1 = = = 639,2
c pp (T2 − T1 ) 1,0045 ⋅ (569,6 − 288)
1,0189 ⋅ c ps (T3 − T4 )η mT − 1,0189 ⋅ 1,08 ⋅ (1173 − 723,0) ⋅ 0,95 − s
η mS 0,91
kg
Applying (***) we get: m fuel = m 1 ⋅ 0,0189 = 639,2 ⋅ 0,0189 = 12,1 ; and
s
kg
m ex . gas = m 3 = m 1 + m fuel = 651,3
s
Mass flow rate m 1 should be transformed into volumetric flow rate at normal conditions.