PROJECT REPORT

on

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TOWNSHIP USING

FLAT SLAB SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By

PON.SASHREEK 1011010147
SACHIN KUMAR KUNTAL 1011010180
SALAI AKILA SUNDARAM 1011010182
SOURAB SAHA 1011010264

Under the guidance of

Mrs. GEETHA. B
Assistant Professor (O.G)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203

Kancheepuram District
APRIL 2014
 PROJECT REPORT
on

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TOWNSHIP USING

FLAT SLAB SYSTEM
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By

PON.SASHREEK 1011010147
SACHIN KUMAR KUNTAL 1011010180
SALAI AKILA SUNDARAM 1011010182
SOURAB SAHA 1011010264

Under the guidance of

Mrs. GEETHA. B
Assistant Professor (O.G)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur- 603203

Kancheepuram District
APRIL 2014

i
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

TOWNSHIP USING FLAT SLAB SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of
PON.SASHREEK (1011010147), SACHIN SKUMAR KUNTAL
(1011010180), SALAI AKILA SUNDARAM (101101082) and SOURAB
SAHA (1011010264) who carried out the research under my supervision.
Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does
not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a
degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion or any other candidate.

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD

Mrs. GEETHA. B Dr. R. ANNADURAI

Assistant Professor (O.G) Professor & Head

Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
SRM University SRM University
Kattankulathur- 603203 Kattankulathur- 603203

EXAMINER - I EXAMINER - II

DATE:

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to place on record, our grateful thanks to Dr.T.P.GANESAN, Pro Vice
Chancellor (P&D), for providing all facilities and help in carrying out this project. We thank Dr.
C. MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, Director (E&T) for the stimulus provided.
We are extremely grateful to Dr. R. ANNADURAI, Professor and Head, Department of
Civil Engineering for the encouragement and support provided during the project work. .
We express our sincere thanks to the coordinator Dr. K. GUNASEKARAN, Professor, for
his valuable suggestions for improvement during project reviews.
We hereby acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude the valuable guidance,
encouragement and suggestions given by our guide Mrs. GEETHA. B, Assistant Professor who
has been a constant source of inspiration throughout this project.
Also, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all the faculty members and non-
teaching staff members in the Department of Civil Engineering for their direct and indirect help
rendered during the course of the project work.
We also thank the staff of SRM DTP section for their efforts in composing the project
report. We record our sincere thanks to our parents for the support and motivation.
Last, but not the least, we thank all our friends, who freely helped us in many ways towards
the successful completion of this project work.

PON.SASHREEK
SACHIN KUMAR KUNTAL
SALAI AKILA SUNDARAM
SOURAB SAHA

iv
 ABSTRACT

Construction industry is very essential for infrastructure development

because it gives tremendous boost to country’s economy. The design of the
township rates significant environment and hygiene concerns.

The present project work attempts to design township at Chennai city. The
layout plan is prepared with necessary amenities to the residents.

The township is planned with 30 residential blocks, a clubhouse, a

school and a supermarket. The design of township is done in such a way to ensure
good ventilation and easy accessibilities to all amenities.

This work aims at township with necessary amenities. The township is

planned, analysed and designed to provide easy accessibility to the amenities
provided.

The township is located in seismic Zone 3 of Seismic map of India. This

constraint of the components which fall under seismic zone 3.

This constraint is taken care by considering the acceleration spectral

characteristics as per the provisions of the Indian Standard Code for Earthquake
resistant structures.

The analysis is done considering thr seismic forces along with the dead and
live load with appropriate load combinations. The design of the combinations are
carried out accordingly. The relevant Indian Standard Codes are adhered to the
work.

The entire township is about 46754 sqm with residential area occupying
33798 sqm, clubhouse occupying 619 sqm , school building occupying 6930 sqm
and the supermarket occupying 400 sqm. The safe bearing capacity of soil is
chosen to be 150 kN/m2. The project work attempts to design a township located

iv
at Chennai for its layout plan with necessary amenities to the residents and
structural design.

The structural drawings are prepared, and the buildings are modelled in
and analysed using standard analysing package. The design and detailing are done
as per relevant Indian standard and codal provisions.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
ABBREVATIONS AND SYMBOLS ix

1 OVERVIEW 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1
1.2 NECESSITY 1
1.3 SCOPE 1
1.4 METHODOLOGY 1
1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE 2
1.6 REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 2
1.7 REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARS 3
1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS 4
1.9 MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND TEAM WORK 5
1.10 SOFTWARES / EQUIPMENTS USED 5
1.11 FUTURE SCOPE 5

2 INTRODUCTION 6
2.1 GENERAL 6
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 7

3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE 8

3.1 OBJECTIVE 8
3.2 SCOPE 8
3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 8

v
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 10
4.1 PLANNING 10
4.2 ANALYSIS 11
4.2.1 Site details 11
4.2.2 Loads 11
4.2.2.1 Seismic Load calculation 11
4.2.3 General modelling of structural element 12
4.2.4 Analysis of individual components of Township 13
4.2.5 Post processing of results for design 13
4.2.6 Validation of the Analysis results 13
4.2.6.1 Results from Analysis of Residential building 13
4.2.6.2 Results from Analysis of School building 15
4.2.6.3 Results from Analysis of Club house 17
4.2.6.4 Results from Analysis of Supermarket 18
4.3 DESIGN 20
4.3.1 Typical design of School building 20
4.3.1.1 Design data 20
4.3.1.2 Design procedure for the structural elements 21
4.3.1.2.1 Design of interior panel of flat slab 21
4.3.1.2.2 Design of column 25
4.3.1.2.3 Design of Foundation 27
4.3.1.2.4 Design of Beam B1 33
4.3.1.2.5 Design of Singly reinforced beam B2 36
4.3.1.2.6 Design of Water tank 39

APPENDIX 1 44
Design of swimming pool 44

5 CONCLUSION 47
5.1 CONCLUSION 47
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 48

vi
REFERENCES 49

--

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Rain fall data of study area --
2.3 ------------------------------------------------------- --

vi
 ABBREVIATIONS
DEM - Digital Elevation Model
FCC - False Colour Composite
IRS - Indian Remote Sensing Satellite

vi
vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Codes and standards 3

1.2 Subject title and subject codes 4

4.1 Support reaction from residential building model 14

4.2 Support reactions from school building model 15

4.3 Support reactions from club house model 17

4.4 Support reactions from supermarket model 18

4.5 Loads taken by different buildings 20

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.1 Model of residential building 14

4.2 Three dimensional model of residential building 15

4.3 Model of school building 16

4.4 Three dimensional model of school building 16

4.5 Model of club house 17

4.6 Three dimensional model of club house 18

4.7 Model of supermarket 19

4.8 Three dimensional model of supermarket 19

viii
viii
SYMBOLS ABBREVIATIONS

Ds Overall depth of slab Ds

DD Overall depth of drop

ds Effective depth of slab

dd Effective depth of drop

fck Characteristic compressive strength

fy Yield stress

kN kilo newton

Ln Effective length

Mo Bending moment

Mu Ultimate bending moment

Ast Area of steel required

Tv Punching shear

Wu Ultimate load

SBC Safe bearing capacity

T Time period

Z Zone factor

I Importance factor

R Response reduction factor

Sa
Average response acceleration co efficient
g

Vb Base shear

ix
ix
 CHAPTER -1

OVERVIEW

1.1 OBJECTIVE

 Planning of township with necessary amenities such as club house, supermarket,

school, swimming pool and garden.
 Analysis and design of township with the necessary amenities mentioned above.

1.2 NECESSITY

By the end of 2007 urbanization has taken a toll over Chennai and other
metropolitan cities in India.

The development of gated communities which offers convenience in the form of

safety, education, household, entertainment and hygiene in a single package has become
the preferred housing for people in city.

1.3 SCOPE

The project includes planning, analysis and design of residential complex with
amenities like shopping complex, club house, school, swimming pool and garden.

The detailed structural design of foundation, beam, columns, and flat slab
arrangement are carried out.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

Literature review has been done and the necessary analysis and design procedures
have been identified. The relevant Indian Standard Codes necessary to carry out the
design have been identified.

Residential block is planned taking into consideration the various conveniences

offered to the residents.

1
 Detailed layout plan incorporating the residential blocks (30 Nos.), club house,
and school and shopping complex has been prepared.

The design has been planned in stages. The loads are estimated taking imposed
loads as per IS: 875 (Part-3). A typical flat slab panel, column, foundation and beam
design has been done as per the provision of IS: 456: 2000.

1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE GAINED IN THE CURRENT WORK

 The project is a “STRUCTURAL PLANNING AND DESIGN PROJECT”,

which gives exposure to -
 Planning of structures according to the necessities of the residents
 Design of foundation as per the specification mentioned in the soil investigation
report
 Design of RCC columns
 Design of beams
 Design of flat slab system

1.6 REALISTIC ENGINEERING CONSTRAINTS

Environmental Constraint: Buildings shall be designed to resist earthquake in Chennai

area which fall under zone 3 of seismic map.

Safety constraints: Since the structures are used for residential purposes all the safety
factors is to be considered during the design of the structures to ensure a safe living
environment for the residents of the township.

Sustainability: The design of all structural elements shall be sustainable in regard with
durability.
To ensure the durability of the structures M25 grade of concrete is used compared
to other ordinary grades of concrete.

2
1.7 CODES AND STANDARDS

The various Indian standard codes which have been followed while designing
the structural members have been listed below.

Table 1.1 Codes and standards

IS 456 : 2000 Design of reinforced concrete structures

IS 875: 1987 PART 2 Design of imposed loads for

buildings and structures

IS 875: 1987 PART 3 Design of wind loads for buildings and

structures

IS 875: 1987 PART 1 Design of dead loads for buildings and

structures

IS 1893 : 2002 (part 1) Criteria for earthquake resistant

design of structures

IS 13370 : 1978 Design of liquid retaining structures

3
1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS

Table 1.2 Subject title and subject codes

Subject code Subject title

CE 0104 Computer aided building drawing

CE 0202 Strength of materials

CE 0204 Structural design I (steel structures)

CE 0301 Structural analysis I

CE 0302 Structural analysis II

CE 0303 Structural design II (RCC structures)

CE 0304 Structural design III (RCC structures)

CE 0306 Foundation engineering

CE 0311 Soil mechanics ( laboratory)

CE 0407 Earthquake resistant and special

structures

4
1.9 MULTI-DISCIPLINARY COMPONENT AND TEAMWORK

Design experience that has been gained during the course of the project are the
design of structures such as design of slab, design of beam, design of slab, column, footing
and the water tank.

This project involves interaction with various private and government agencies.
Also interaction with the builders and architects has become essential.

1.10 SOFTWARES USED

In this work, the software AutoCAD is used for the preparation of layout for the entire
project and for the preparation of structural drawings, the finite element analysis software
STAAD pro is used for analysis and Microsoft Excel for design has been used.

1.11 FUTURE SCOPE

The flat slab system has been a fast growing method and it is being adopted in
various type of building due to its advantage pleasing appearances. The present work can
be extended by providing a library for a school building. The space left for future
expansion can be availed for this purpose.

5
 CHAPTER– 2

INTRODUCTION

2.1 GENERAL

The present work aims at designing a township using a flat slab system. A flat
slab is a typical type of construction in which a reinforced concrete slab is built
monolithically with the supporting columns, without any provision of beams. The flat
slab transfers the load directly to the supporting columns suitably spaced below.

Because of exclusion of beam system in this type of construction a plain ceiling

is achieved, thus giving an attractive appearance from architectural point of view. The
plain ceiling diffuses the light better and is considered less vulnerable and requires
cheaper form work.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Dr. B. C. Punmia (Laxmi Publications) This book provides general concepts

and process for designing structural members like column, Beam, slab, staircase,
foundation etc. The proposed new method h provides a framework which would allow
designs to be economical and safe. This new philosophy of design was called the Limit
State Method (LSM) of design. It had been already adopted by many of the leading
countries of the world in their codes as the only acceptable method of design of reinforced
concrete structures.

James Deaton. B (2005) presented an alternative methods of reinforcement

design based on a predetermined field of bending moments Mx, My, and Mxy. The first
method was the Principle of Minimum Resistance, and ultimately yielded a formulation
identical to the Wood and Armor solution, although derived under different assumptions.
The second method applied was the Three Equivalent Moments Method, in which the

6
slab was reinforced according to computed equivalent normal moments in three unique
specified directions based on the bending moment field of the element. The second
method was shown to provide economy with respect to the total required design capacity,
but not with regard to the actual cost of construction. Thus, the general applicability of
the Wood and Armor formulation was confirmed.

2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

The amenities required for the township and also the important terminology
regarding the township is studied. All the relevant material required to meet the objective
of this project are studied from the literature.

7
 CHAPTER- 3

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

3.1 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the present work includes the planning, analyses and design of
a township with the necessary amenities. The amenities include the residential blocks, a
school, a club house and a super market

The project focuses on proper planning of the amenities so that they are easily
accessible to the inhabitants of the township. The analyses and the design of each structure
constituting the township is done using finite element analysis package.

The project also aims at providing a flat slab system for the entire strcture thereby
offering certain advantages such as cheap formwork, clear height, a good aesthetic
appearance and light refection.

Eventually the design of swimming pool is also carried out.

3.2 SCOPE

The project includes planning, analysis and design of residential complex with
amenities like shopping complex, club house, school, swimming pool and garden.

The detailed structural design of flat slab system, beam, columns, and foundation
arrangement are done.

3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Literature review has been done and the necessary analysis and design procedures
have been identified. The relevant Indian Standard Codes necessary to carry out the
design have been procured.

8
 Residential block is planned taking into consideration the various conveniences
offered to the residents.

Detailed layout plan incorporating the residential blocks (30 Nos.), club house,
and school and shopping complex has been prepared.

The design has been planned in stages. The loads are estimated taking imposed
loads as per IS: 875 (Part-1 and Part-2): 1987. A typical flat slab, column, foundation and
beam design has been done using MSC/XL and has been done as per the provisions IS:
456: 2000.+

9
 CHAPTER- 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 PLANNING

The proposed township taken up in this project consists of a residential building,

school building, club house and a super market covering an area of 12 acres. The layout
plan for the proposed project is shown in (Ref drawing 1)

The residential buildings are planned as G + 4. (Ground floor + 4). Parking facility
has been provided in the basement and the residential dwelling units are planned in the
floors above. Each floor consists of 2 flats offering a carpet area of 62.3 sqm. The
individual rooms viz, the living room, bed rooms, kitchen and bath are planned and
oriented to provide maximum ventilation and also in such a way to put the area into
effective use. (Ref drawing 2)

The water tank for each block is planned above the head room. The water tank
capacity is taken as 5m3 considering the per capita demand to be 130 liter per day.

A typical floor plan of the club house is attached (Ref drawing No 3).Club house
is provided with a ground floor and two floors above (G+2). Total area of club house is
619 sqm per floor. A typical plan of the school building is attached (Ref drawing No
4).School building is 6930 sqm in built-up area. Super market is 400 sqm in built-up area
(Ref drawing No 5).

The drawings depicting column positions and slab layout of each component have
been attached with the work report.

The drawings have been numbered accordingly and their references are given in
the above text.

10
4.2 ANALYSIS

The entire system is designed as flat slab with drop, column capitals are not
provided. The various aspects taken into consideration for the analysis are explained
below.

4.2.1 Site details

The soil property suggest that the foundation level could be taken at 1.5 m from
GL.

4.2.2 Loads

Loads on slab: the dead loads are calculated based on the slab and drop thickness.

Live loads are calculated as per IS 875: 1987 part 2

Live load on slab in residential building, school building, club house and super market is
3 kN/m2

The live load on gym floor is 4 kN/m2

4.2.2.1 Seismic load calculation

The seismic analysis is done for a residential building taking in consideration the
parameters specified in IS 1893: 2002.

For calculation of base shear the soil type is assumed to be a medium soil.

The structure falls under earthquake zone 3.

Base shear calculation

H = 15m

T = 0.075 × H0.75 = 0.075 × (15)0.75 = 0.57 s

(IS 1893(Part 1):2002 Cl 7.6.1)

S𝑎 1.36
= T = 2.38 (medium soil)
𝑔

11
(IS 1893(Part 1):2002 Cl 6.4.5)

Z = 0.16 (zone 3)

(IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 Cl 6.4.2)

I = 1 (Residential building)

(IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 Cl 6.4.2)

R = 3 (Framed structure)

(IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 Cl 6.4.2)

Z × I × S𝑎
Ah = = 0.0634
2×R×g

(IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 Cl 7.5.3)

Vb = Ah × W = 798.84 kN

(IS 1893 (Part 1):2002 Cl 6.4.2)

Load combination 1 = 1.5 (D.L + L.L)

Load combination 2 = 1.2 (D.L + L.L + S.L)

These parameters are included in the analysis of the structural component. This is
done only for the residential building.

4.2.3 General modeling of structural element

The columns are modeled using 3D, beam elements are taken as fixed at 1.5m below GL

Plinth beam is provided connecting the columns.

The slabs are modeled using 4 node plate elements. The drops are modeled as separate
elements and the element thickness are taken approximately.

A detailed finite element model of the residential building, club house, school building
and super market are shown in Figures 4.1, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7 respectively.

12
4.2.4 Analysis of individual components of the township

The analysis of each structure which constitute the entire township such as the
residential building, the school building, the clubhouse and the super market is done using
the standard analysis software.

The computer analysis would give us a tabulation of loads and corresponding

moments of the structure after complete analysis and from the results a critical section is
chosen for further design calculations.

In our work the computer analysis has been successfully performed for each
structure of the township and corresponding moments have been obtained.

4.2.5 Post processing of results for design

The elements modeled are appropriately grouped to enable easy post processing of results.

The maximum moments obtained from each group of slab elements is taken for design.

A 3D model showing the models of slab with drop for the residential block is shown in
figure 4.2

The support reactions and moments are considered for the residential building, the school
building, the clubhouse and the super market are given in Tables 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
respectively.

4.2.6 Validation of the analysis results

The design of flat slab panel (exterior and interior) are carried out for a typical panel.

The slab moments compared with the manually calculated moments.

The column loads are also worked out for one typical column and is compared with the
analysis results.

The validation of the result is shown in Table 4.5.

4.2.6.1 Results from Analysis of Residential building

Results from analysis are given in the following Table 4.1.

13
 The model of Residential building is shown in Figure 4.1.

The three dimensional model of the structure is shown in Figure 4.2.

Table 4.1 Support reaction from Residential building model

NODE Fx(kN) Fy(kN) Fz(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Mz(kNm)

817 5.678 395.36 -81.204 -214.168 1.603 -11.001

818 9.442 207.07 -84.692 -214.894 1.696 -20.504
819 25.51 445.19 -50.393 -205.121 1.714 -58.085
820 -8.934 166.83 -55.515 -223.854 1.295 24.034
821 4.448 334.16 -91.505 -238.395 1.584 -9.709
822 6.508 466.12 -94.219 -239.003 0.32 -19.944
823 21.13 498.21 -59.729 -228.167 1.432 -55.616

Fig. 4.1 Model of Residential building

14
 Fig 4.2 Three Dimensional model of Residential building

4.2.6.2 Results from Analysis of School building

Results from analysis are given in Table 4.2.

Model of the school building is shown in Figure 4.3.

The three dimensional model of school building is shown in Figure 4.4

Table 4.2 Support reaction from school building model

NODE Fx(kN) Fy(kN) Fz(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Mz(kNm)

600 -7.327 60.79 -15.279 -44.417 -0.72 21.677

601 -8.475 100.96 -17.123 -48.881 -0.514 32.188
602 -11.173 102.029 -19.426 51.714 -0.156 39.05
603 -12.064 102.671 -19.592 --52.64 -0.068 41.428
604 -11.354 105.692 -18.511 -51.875 0.236 40.166
605 -8.798 130.292 -28.341 -54.511 -0.049 30.564
606 -12.185 110.853 -16.838 -55.576 0.069 26.675

15
607 -7.938 85.113 -19.749 -48.538 -0.165 32.603

Fig 4.3 Model of the school building.

Fig 4.4 Three dimensional model of school building

16
4.2.6.3 Results from Analysis of Club House

Results from analysis are given in Table 4.3.

Model of Club house is shown in Figure 4.5.

The three dimensional model of Club house is shown in Figure 4.6.

Table 4.3 Support reaction from Club House model

NODE Fx(kN) Fy(kN) Fz(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Mz(kNm)

739 -32.768 243.743 - 69.086 -164.203 -1.864 63.669

740 39.198 95.371 -51.881 -135.415 -2.206 -76.066

741 10.642 199.186 -78.033 -145.65 -2.418 -22.418
742 2.291 344.786 -63.599 -140.014 -2.305 0.483
743 -17.701 315.111 -70.124 -143.805 1.909 39.621
744 -33.455 227.505 -55.752 -139.169 -1.826 64.617
745 25.811 222.123 -86.62 -171.723 -2.096 -49.785
746 25.551 254.517 -71.001 -143.478 -2.333 -48.701
747 39.485 136.961 -44.076 -110.931 -2.744 -77.601

Fig 4.5 Model of Club house

17
 Fig 4.6 Three Dimensional model of Club house

4.2.6.4 Result from analysis of Supermarket

Results from analysis of the structure are given below in Table 4.4.

Model of Supermarket is shown in Figure 4.7.

The three dimensional model of Super market is shown in Figure 4.8.

Table 4.4 Support reaction from Super market model

NODE Fx (kN) Fy(kN) Fz(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Mz(kNm

20 -11.052 90.634 -21.223 -50.897 -0.06 21.735

21 -11.508 132.909 -21.837 -53.012 -0.053 22.693
22 -12.452 126.436 -24.888 -54.776 -0.03 24.015
23 -10.852 129.283 -27.166 -53.337 0.001 22.365
24 -12.654 90.548 -20.98 -50.154 -0.128 22.81

18
 Fig 4.7 model of Super market

Fig 4.8 Three Dimensional model of Super market

19
4.3 DESIGN

The standard design procedure based on limit state design is adopted for all
structural elements, except water retaining component design. The design procedure for
flat slab for exterior panel is programmed and validated. The same is used to get the
design details for all the component buildings.

However in each component the maximum loads and moments obtained from analysis is
considered and design is carried out for the same.

Similarly, a program is developed to design a reinforced column subjected to axial

loading and biaxial moment and for the design of foundation. The same is used to carry
out the design for the other component buildings.

The water tank is designed based on uncracked theory as per the provision of IS
3370:1978 the design details

4.3.1 Typical Design of school building

4.3.1.1 Design data

Table 4.5 Loads taken by different buildings`

Building Load from manual Load from Moments
design Analysis
kN kN kNm
Residential 460 498.21 - 498.21
building
School building 150 130.30 - 55.58
Club house 350 345 - 171.72
Super market 150 133 - 54.78

20
4.3.1.2 Design procedure for the structural elements of the school building

4.3.1.2.1 Design of interior panel of flat slab

Size of the typical panel considered = 6 × 4 m

Proportioning of slab

Size of column considered = 500 mm2

Thickness of slab from deflection criteria

ds = L/26 = 153.8 mm
(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 31.2.1)
Minimum thickness of slab = 125 mm
(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 31.2.1)
Assumed clear cover C = 20 mm
Diameter of bar considered = 12 mm
Ds = 179.8 mm
say Ds = 186 mm
ds = 160 mm

Thickness of drop
Thickness of drop is 1.25 times the overall depth

(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 31.2.1)

DD=1.25Ds = 232.5 mm
say DD = 240 mm
dD = 214 mm

Loading on the slab panel

Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Self-weight of slab

21
Considering drop and slab
(DD+DS)/2 = 213 mm
Self-weight = 5.325 kN/m2
Floor Finish = 1.2 kN/m2
Imposed load = 3 kN/m2
(As per IS : 875 (part 2) Table 1)
Total load on slab w = 9.5 kN/m2

Wu- 1.5XW = 15.00 kN/m2

Drop size

The length in each direction shall not be less than

1/3 of the panel length so minimum size of
drop is = 1 m
Size of drop = 1 × 1m
(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 31.2.2)

Design along long direction

Ln = 5.5 m
(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 31.4.2.2)
Wln
MO is ( )
8
Where W-Wu × l2 × ln = 330 kNm
Wln
MO is ( ) =
8 227 kNm

Division of bending moment positive and negative

moments.

22
Negative BM 0.65Mo = 147.55 kNm
Positive BM 0.35Mo = 79.45 kNm
(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 31.4.3.2)

Column Strip

Width of column strip in longer direction

Width of strip 0.5l2 = 2 m
(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 31.1.1)

Negative BM is 75% of design moment = 110.7 kNm

Negative BM/m = 55.33 kNm/m

positive BM is 65% of designed load = 47.67 kNm
positive BM / m width = 23.835 kNm/m

Middle strip moment

Width of middle strip is l2- column strip = 2 m

(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 31.5.5.4)

Negative BM is 25% of designed moment = 36.8875 kNm

Negative BM/ m = 18.44375 kNm/m
Positive BM is 40% of designed load = 31.78 kNm
Positive BM / m = 15.89 kNm/m

Design for Bending moment

Maximum BM Mu
Negative moment in column strip = 55.33125 kNm
Governing depth dD = 214 mm

23
(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 38.1)
Check for Mu,limit
B = 1000 mm
D = 186 mm
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Mulimit = 164.27 kNm
Mu<Mu limit = OK
R = 1.60
fy = 415 N/mm2
Ast = 918 mm2
Min Ast
0.12%bDD = 256.8 mm2
Using 12mm bar spacing
Area of 1 bar/ Ast X 1000 = 123.1378 mm
Say = 123 mm
Maximum spacing 3dD or 300
3dD = 558 mm
= 300 mm
Provided spacing = 200 mm

Check for shear

there are 2 critical sections
one at dD/2 from face of column
Another at ds/2 from column drop

Now dD/2 from column capital

Breath of critical section b = 714 mm

Punching shear Wu = 352.35N/mm

Perimeter of resistance bo = 2856 mm
Tv punching shear / stress = 0.25 N/mm2

24
 Permissible shear tc = 1.11

1.11>0.25 N/mm2
(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl.31.6.3)
Now the shear check at ds/2 from drop

Breadth of critical section B

Column drop + ds = 794 mm
Punching shear Wu(l1 X l2 -B2) = 350.5435
Perimeter of resistance bo = 3176 mm
Tv punching shear / bodD = 0.110373 mm2
Permissible shear tc = 1.118034 O.K
(As per IS 456 : 2000 Cl 31.6.3)

Reinforcement details

No of bars- Ast/ Area of one bar = 98

Bar size = 12 mm
Spacing = 200 mm

4.3.1.2.2 Design of Column

Data

B = 0.5 m
D = 0.5 m
fck = 20 N/mm2
fy = 415 N/mm2
Load P = 600 kN
d' = 0.5 m
Mux = 230 kN.m
Muy = 60 kN.m

25
Factored load = 900 kN
Equivalent moment
The reinforcement in section is designed for the axial compressive load Pu and
the equivalent moment given by the relation

Mu = 274 kN.m

Non-dimensional parameter

900
Pu/fck b D =( ) = 0.18
20×500×500

274
Mu/fck b D2 =( ) = 1× 10-6
20×500×500×500

Reinforcement

Refer chart 44 of SP-16( fy=415 N/mm2 and (d'/D)=0.1) Equal reinforcement on all
faces

P
( ) = 0.06
fck

P = (20×0.06) = 1.2
PbD 1.2×500×500
Asc required =( 100 ) = ( 100
) = 3000 mm2

Diameter of bar = 0.2 m

Area of bar = 314 mm2
Number of bars = 12
Asc provided = 3768 mm2
Provide 20 mm diameter bars of 12 numbers

Refer chart 44 of SP-16 and check Mu/fck b D2 corresponding to the value to the value of
Pu P
(f b D) and (f )
ck ck

P = 100×Asc/ bD = 1.5072
26
 P
( ) = 0.08
fck

Mux1
( ) = 0.15
fck bD2

Mux1 = 375 kN.m

Puz = 2250 kN

PU
( ) = 0.4
Puz

Pu
The coefficient corresponding to the ratio of
Puz

αn = 1.5

Check for safety under biaxial loading

Mux
( )αn = 0.48
Mux1

Mux
( )αn = 0.48
Mux1

Mux Mux
( )αn + ( )αn = 0.97 < 1
Mux1 Mux1

Hence the structure is safe under biaxial bending

4.3.1.2.3 Design of Foundation

The foundation is defined as a part of sub-structure which remains in the contact

with soil or rock. The footing or foundation transmits safely the load (the dead load of
superstructure, live load etc.) to the soil stratum.

There are many ways and means to transmit these forces into the soil. This
depends primarily on the magnitude of load, stiffness and the structural behavior of super-
structure.

27
Data

Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil = 185 kN/m2

Unit Weight of Dry Soil = 18.0 kN/m3

Unit Weight of Concrete = 25.0 kN/m3

Grade of Concrete = M 25

Grade of Reinforcing Steel = Fe 415

Depth of Foundation below GL (Df) = 1.5 m

Foundation forces

Compression (C) = 650 kN

Net SBC = 185 kN/m2

For the Foundation Depth of = 1.5 m

Gross safe bearing capacity

Net SBC + depth of foundation (Df × gs) = 212 kN/m2

Factor of safety = 1.50

Size of footing =1.87×1.87 m

28
Check for bearing pressure

Length of the footing. Lf = 2.0 m

Breadth of footing, Bf = 2.0 m

Thickness of footing, tf = 0.5 m

Depth of foundation, Df = 1.5 m

Thickness of Soil, ts = Df - tf = 1.0 m

Length of the column, Lc = 0.5 m

Breadth of column, Bc = 0.50 m

Height of column, tc = 1.0 m

Vertical loads

Weight of footing = 50.0 kN

Weight of Soil = 67.50 kN

Weight of column Wc = 6.25 kN

29
Vertical Load = 650 kN

Total vertical load, P = 773 kN

Area of the footing, Ar = 4.0 m2

(Lf x Bf)

P
Maximum pressure = = 193.4 kN/m2
A

Maximum pressure of 193.44 is < 212 kN/m2 OK

Structural Design of the Base Slab:

Cantilever Projection Cpx, beyond the face of the column

(Lf − Bc)
In the X direction ( ) = 0.750 m
2

Assuming the Max. Pressure to be uniform

Design Pressure pd, = 162.93 kN/m2

Max BM, Mx in the X direction, = 45.83 kN/m

Check for depth

Mu×1000
d2 =
0.138×fck×b

Effective depth of beam (d) = 442.11 mm

30
Depth is ok

Mux = Mx ×1.5 × 9.80 = 68.73 kNm/m

Provide overall depth of = 500 mm

Effective depth, deff = 450 mm

Mux
= 0.33 N/mm2
bd2

From SP 16, percentage of Steel required = 0.096 %

Area of Steel calculated = 430 mm2/face

Minimum area of steel = 0.12 % bd = 540 mm2/face

Ast = 565mm2/face

Provide 12mm bar at 200 mm c/c both ways at bottom

Check for Shear

Shear S, at a distance of d from the face of the

Column = = 48.8 kN/m

Su = Shear Force × FOS = 73.3 kN /m

31
 Su (b x d)
Nominal shear stress, tv = ( ) = 0.16 N/mm2
bd2

Percentage of reinforcement provided in the slab = 0.126 %

Safe in shear

Design shear strength, tc = = 0.27 N/mm2

Check for punching shear

Perimeter of punching area, P = 2 (l+b) = 8000 mm

Punching area, Pa = P×deff = 3600000 mm2

Allowable ultimate punching = 0.8 N/mm2 shear stress

Allowable ultimate punching force

= All. Ultimate punching stress × punching Area = 2880 kN

Calculation of the total punching force

Vertical loads = 650 kN

Weight of column, Wp = 6.25 kN

32
Total punching force = = 656.25 kN

It is noted that the allowable punching force > Actual punching force O.K

4.3.1.2.4 Design of beam

The beam is defined as a horizontal structural member which is designed to take

up the tensile and compressive forces and the corresponding moments from the slab and
column.

In this work beams are provided at lintel level and plinth beams level only.

Span of beam (L) =3m

Size of beam (B) = 300 mm

D Depth = 300 mm

d effective depth = 265 mm

Slab thickness (T) = 150 mm

fy = 415N/mm2

Height of wall =1m

fck = 25 N/mm2

Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3

Unit weight of brick = 19 kN/m3

Slab load calculation

Other area if the beam is intermediate beam

Slab area (L) = 4.50 m

33
B = 3.65 m

Slab load =3.75 kN/m2

Flooring load = 0.07 kN/m2

Live load = 0.3 kN/m2

Wall load = 1 kN/m2

Total load on slab = 5.2 kN/m2

Longer span = 7.41 kN/m

Load on beam due to slab = 8.19 kN/m

Self-weight of beam = 2.25 kN/m

Self-weight of wall = 4.37 kN/m

Wall thickness = 230 mm

Total = 14.81 kN/m

Say = 14.9 kN/m

Moment

34
Wl2
= 16.76 kN-m
8

Shear

V = 22.35 kN

Check for depth:

Effective depth of beam (d) = 155.86 mm

Depth is ok

Design of beam

Moment

Mu
( ) = 0.796 N/mm2
bd2

Pt = = 0.223

Ptmin = 0.2

Ast = 182.3 mm2

Ast min = 159 mm2

Provide 2 nos. of 16 mm bars at bottom

Provide 3 nos. of 10 mm bars at top

35
Shear

V = 22.35 kN

Tv = 0.282 N/mm2

pt = 0.51

Tc = 0.85×√ (0.8×25) × (√1+5β)-1)/ (6β)

β = (0.8×25) / (6.89×0.50) = 5.739

Tc = 0.49 N/mm2

Spacing

Sv = 150.43 mm

Sv not less than 0.75 d = 225 mm

(As per IS 456-2000), from SP16: the stirrups to be provided is

Provide 8 mm bar 2 legged stirrups @ 225c/c.

4.3.2.2.5 Design procedure for singly reinforced beam

Concrete beams in which the reinforcing steel bars are placed near the bottom of
the beam where they are most effective in resisting tensile stresses. In such a way the
concrete on top would be able to resist the compression force, however being weak in
36
tension it would be compensated by steel bars resisting it.

Data

Clear span =4m

Width of the support = 300 mm

Working live load = 5 kN/m

fck = 25 N/mm2

fy = 415 N/mm2

Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3

Cover = 20 mm

Diameter of bar = 12 mm

Cross sectional dimension

Effective span d = 200 mm

Provide d = 200 mm

D = 230 mm

b = 200 mm

37
Effective span = 4 + (200/1000) = 4.2 m

C/C of support = 4+(230/1000) = 4.23 m

L effective length = 4.2 m

Loads

Self-weight w = 200×2302×5/106 = 1.15 kN/m

Live loads = 5 kN/m

Total loads w = 5+1.15 = 6.15 kN

Design ultimate load Wu = 1.5×6.15 = 9.22 kN

Ultimate moments and shear forces

Mu =0.125×9.225×4.2×4.2= 20.34 kNm

Vu = 0.5×9.225×4.2 = 19.37 kN

Tension reinforcement

Mulim = 0.138×20×200×200 = 22×106 kN-m

Mu < Mulim
The beam is singly reinforced

From SP 16, percentage of Steel required = 0.108 %

Area of Steel calculated = 249.5 mm2/face

38
Minimum area of steel = 0.12 % bd = 276 mm2

Ast = 340 mm2

Provide 12 tor bar at 75 mm spacing at bottom.

.

Check for shear stress

tv = Vu/bd = 19.37×1000/(200×200) = 0.48

Pt = 100Ast/bd = 0.14

From table 16 of IS 456-2000 check the value for design shear strength of concrete.

4.3.1.2.6 Design of water tank

Generally in the construction of residential unit the source for water supply to
the residents is provided at 2 different places. One is above the head room or the stair
case room which is the water tank and the other unit under the ground level which is
known as the sump.

In our work the design procedure for a water tank is given below. The water tank
is designed taking the requirement of water into account and the specifications as per IS
3370.

Requirement

1 block = 8 flats

Consider 5 persons in each flat, so design for 40 persons

Per capita demand = 130 lpd

Rectangular water tank dimensions = 2.3 × 2 m

Fe415

39
A =2m

L = 2.3 m

B =2m

Volume = 9.2 m3

Capacity = 9200 litres

Long wall

L/A = 1.15

(approx 1.25) at y = 0, x/a = 1

Mx =-0.047 kNm
(IS 3370 part- 4 table 3)

At y = b/2, x/a = 1/2

My = -0.037 kNm

Ƴ = 10 kN/m3

Maximum vertical moment = Mx.Ƴ.a

Ƴ = - 3.76 kNm

Maximum horizontal moment = My.Ƴ.a3 = -2.96 kNm

Tlong = Ƴ.a.b/2 = 20 kN

Short wall
𝐵
=1 at y= 0 , x/a = 1
𝐴

40
Mx = -0.035 kNm

Max. Vertical moment = -2.8 kNm

At y = b/2, x/a = 1/2

Moment

My = -0.029 kNm

Maximum horizontal moment = -2.32 kNm

Tshort = 23 kN

Design constants
σcbc = Permissible stress in concrete due to bending
σcbc = 8.5 kN
(IS 3370 part 2 table 2)
σst = 150 N/mm2

Es
M = = 25.5
Ec
k = 0.383
j = 1- k/3
j = 0.87
Q = 0.5× σcbc × j× k = 1.42

For vertical moment the max. Bending moment from long and short wall

Mmax = 3.76 kN-m

M = 3760000 Nmm

41
Qb = 1421.72

M
( ) = 2644.68
Qb

d = 51.42 mm

Assuming effective cover = 30 mm

The thickness of wall is (t) = 81.42 mm

Approximate = 100 mm

d provided = 70 mm

σst× j× d = 9157.54

Ast = 410.59 mm2

Spacing of 12 mm diameter bar

d = 12 mm

ast =113.04 mm2

Spacing = ast× 1000/Ast

Spacing = 275.31mmm

3d = 210 m

So spacing 210 mm c/c

Provide spacing 12 @ 200 mm c/c

42
Distribution steel

Minimum area of steel in 0.24% of concrete area.

Ast = 240 mm2

Spacing of 8 mm bars
d = 8 mm

ast = 50.24 mm2

Spacing = 209.34 mm
C/C

Provide 8 mm diameter at 200 mm center to center

43
 APPENDIX 1

Design of swimming pool

The swimming pool is a leisure unit which is provided at the ground floor inside
the clubhouse. In this work the design procedure for a typical township has been taken
given below taking parameters such dead load, live load and sloshing effect of static
water in the swimming pool.

Sloshing effect: Sloshing effect is parameter of fluid mechanics where it is defined as

the periodic motion of the free surface of a liquid in a partial filled take or a container
which influenced by a several other factors.

Design

Capacity of pool = 170 m3

With1.6 m as the water depth

Area required = 106.25 m2

Use L= 15.5m and B=7 m, so that L/H > 2

Slab cover can be designed as on way continuous slab.

Self-weight considering 100 mm thick slab,

Dead load = 240 N/mm2

Live load = 1500 N/mm2

Sloshing effect (10% of live load) = 150 N/mm2

Total Load = 4050 N/mm2

4050(3.20)2
Maximum negative BM = = 4148 Nm
10

44
For 100 mm thick slab, d = 100-(20+5) = 75 mm

0.138fckbd2
Mulimit = = 15525 Nm
1000

Hence section is under reinforced

Mu
j = 0.50 + (0.25 - )0.5 = 0.914
.87bd2 fck

1.5×4050×1000
Ast = = 310.30 mm2
.87×415×.914×75

Use 8 mm ϕ @ 150 mm c/c

Min. Ast = (0.0012) × (100) × (1000) = 120 mm2

Use 8 mm ϕ 150 mm c/c as secondary reinforcement.

Side walls both L/H > 2 and B/H > 2

10000(3.5)3
Maximum positive BM = wH3/33.5 = = 12799 Nm
33.5

wH3 10000(3.5)3
Maximum negative BM = = = - 28583 Nm
15 15

√28583.3×6
On no crack basis t= = 317.60 mm
1.7

With reinforcement t = 300 mm

With σcbc = 7 N/mm2 σst = 150 N/mm2

And m = 13, k = 0.378 and Q = 1.156

28583×1000
Ast =( ) = 825.86 mm2
150×0.874×(300−30−6)

0.08×200
Minimum Ast = 0.24 - = 0.194 %
350

45
 0.20×300×1000
Minimum Ast = = 600 mm2
100

Use 12 mm ϕ @ 130 mm c/c on the inside face near the bottom

Ast = 0.279 %

Check from table 3 from IS 3370 part 4 for no crack bars with

Ast = 0.28% and Asc = 0. t required with d = 0.88 D is

28583.33×1000
Given as =√ = 304.80 mm
0.181×1.70×1000

Hence use D = 305 mm with 0.28% reinforcement.

The effect of direct compression in the vertical direction has not considered in the
design.

46
 CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

In this work the concept of flat slab system is studied in the construction of
residential and commercial buildings of an integrated township. This work involves the
planning, analysis and design of structures such as residential blocks, school, clubhouse,
and supermarket which constitutes the entire township. The planning of the township was
followed by the analysis of the structural elements of each component such as the slab,
column, beam and footing has been done using the standard software and verified with
typical manual calculations. The design of the structural elements are carried out.

Planning, analysis and design of the components has been done following the
relevant specified Indian Standards and using Limit state approach. Water tank and
swimming pool have also been designed following respective Indian standards for the
design of uncracked section based on working stress approach.

The structural drawings depicting the column positions, slab layout and footing
foundation layout have been prepared for each structural component of the township.

Finally it is concluded the work presented suggests an alternative method of

construction of a structure, thereby full filing the requirements of an ideal township with
all the necessary amenities. It has also helped in understanding the basic concept of RCC
construction by involving the analysis and design of various basic structural elements.
This work had paved way for interaction between various government and private
construction agencies which has helped in better understanding of the current
construction scenario.

47
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The flat slab system has been a fast growing method and it is being adopted in
various type of building due to its advantage pleasing appearances. The present work can
be extended by providing a library for a school building. The space left for future
expansion can be availed for this purpose.

48
 REFERENCES

Reference to books

[1]. A.K.Goel and I.C Syal . Reinforced concrete structure. 2012. S. Chand &
Company Ltd.

[2]. Dr.B.C Punmia , Ashok kumar Jain, Arun kumar Jain . R.C.C designs
Reinforced concrete structures .2002. Laxmi Publication.

[3]. Joseph E. Bowles. Foundation Analysis and Design.2001.

IS codes used

IS 875:1987 Part 1 for design of dead load for buildings and structures
IS 875:1987 Part 2 for design of imposed load for buildings and structures.
IS 875:1987 Part 3 for design of wind load for buildings and structures
IS 456:2000 for design of concrete structures.
IS 3370 for design of water tank
IS 1393-2002 for earthquake resistant and special structures.

49