GEC 003 – Purposive Communication

Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IN GEC 003 – PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION- is a process by which information, meanings and feelings are shared by

persons through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages. The purpose of communication
understands of information.
- It is a transmission, interpretation and exchange of information.

 Communication as a process
Communication is a process. Process implies dynamics and change. It implies parts
interacting and influencing each other so as to function as a whole. When we accept the concept
of process, we view events and relationship as dynamic, systemic, transactional, adaptive and
continuous.

Dynamic- anything that is a process is dynamic rather than static. Static things are
fixed and unchanging but dynamic things are changing constantly. Communication
deals with change. If nothing changed, there would be no need for communication;
but our environment changes. Relationship changes as well as our attitudes, desires,
goals, understanding of others, and knowledge. We adjust to change through
communication.
Systemic- it means communication within a larger system. By system, we refer to
interrelated and interdependent elements working together to achieve a desired
outcome.
Transactional- the essence of the word transaction is relationship. Included in the
transaction is the fact that communication event is a unique combination of people,
messages, and situation.
Adaptive- any process exists to achieve some outcome. In order for the process to
be achieved, it must adapt to changes because effective communication is
characterized by an ability to adjust and to adapt to changing situations.
Continuous- communication has no beginning and no end. Communication is an
ongoing process. Our communication moves into our future to affect subsequent
communication.

 Components of Communication

1. Communicators- this refers to the sources and receivers of communication. Two processes
especially important in the transaction process are encoding and decoding. Encoding is the
process of selecting a code or language to express intentions, thoughts, and feelings to a
specific receiver. The code might be a sign language for deaf and oral English for English
speaking persons, Filipino for Filipino speakers etc. Decoding involves interpretation of the
message. Decoding means the code containing the message is identified and changed into its
appropriate meaning.

2. Message- refers to the idea, concept, emotion, desire or feeling that a person desires to share
with another human being. The purpose of a message is to evoke meaning in another person.
Not all messages are intentional. Unintentional messages are transmitted without source
consciously encoding them. Many nonverbal messages are unintentional messages.
GEC 003 – Purposive Communication
Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

3. Channel- is the means by which a message moves from one person to another. When we
communicate face to face, light waves and sound waves are the major channels.
4. Feedback- is the integral of the human communication process that allows the speaker to
monitor the process and to evaluate the success of an attempt to get the desired response from
the receiver. Feedback can be received from one’s own speech mechanism and from the outside
system of transmission.
5. Noise- refers to interferences in communication. It may occur anywhere along the
communication line. It may be physical, psychological, or psychosocial in nature.
Communication interferences may also include an unfavorable environment and
Extraneous distractions like background noises, coughing, people passing etc.

COMPONENTS OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION

1. Source / Communicator/Speaker
- Full knowledge of the subject matter you intend to talk about.
- Attention and interest of your listeners depend on your capacity to speak clearly.
- Know your purpose – entertain, inform, or seek a solution to a problem

Types of Speakers:

a. The Moving Target

- He moves from left to right, backward or forward while talking to “walk off”
his nervousness.
b. The Great Scientist
- One who uses “high sounding”, profound terms, or technical language that is
over and beyond the understanding of the audience.
c. The Comedian
- The type of speaker who fills his talk with jokes.
d. The Musician
- One who brings a lot of things with him to divert what he is talking about.
One who uses keys, coins, and other jingling things.
e. The Near-sighted Note Nibbler
- One who has an outline while talking. One whose eyes are stuck to his notes;
always focused on his notes.
f. The Preening Peacock
- One who fixes himself in front of his audience. One who has a lot of
mannerisms while talking.
g. The Fumbler
- One who keeps on spilling of his notes. One whose things keep on falling, or
always picking of his things/notes in front of his audience.
2. Message/Information
- Refers to the ideas, thoughts, or information that the speaker conveys his audience.
- It may be verbal or non-verbal.
GEC 003 – Purposive Communication
Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

3. Channel/Medium
- the manner through which the message is sent.
- It can be a person (voice), media or an electronic device.

4. Receiver/listener – a listener should have:

a. purpose of listening
b. knowledge and interest in the subject
c. certain levels of listening skills
d. Certain attitude towards self or the speaker.

Types of Listeners
a. The Nodding Neddie
- A type of listener who always nods as the speaker talks.
- A listener who pretends to listen through his body gestures particularly nodding
b. The Pre-occupied Peter
- A listener who is considered “physically present but mentally absent”
- A listener who looks/glances at the speaker steadily but actually not focused
on what the speaker is saying.
c. The Wandering Willie
- A listener whose eyes are busy looking everywhere. He looks at something
but does not look exactly at the speaker.
d. The Constant Challenger
- An inquisitive listener. He always asks questions not to be clarified but just to
gauge the speaker’s capabilities and mastery of the topic being discussed. He
is considered a teaser listener.
e. The Garrulous Gabber
- A listener who starts talking to his seatmate when the speaker starts to talk.
- A listener who is considered a “busy bee”
f. The Reticent Reactor
- He is considered as the “good listener”
- A focused, concentrated and reserved listener.
- He assesses first his questions if they are relevant to the topic, if not, he
disregards it.

5. Feedback
- a message sent by the listener to the speaker through verbal or non-verbal
6. Environment
- Communication takes place in a place. There are 2 factors that affect the environment
for an effective communication.
a. Physical Setting – room – size, sitting arrangement etc.
b. Occasion – formal or informal – programs, symposia, meetings
7. Noise
- anything that interferes with communication
a. physical noise – human voice, loud sounds
b. physiological noise – distraction from the body of the speaker – not feeling well,
has colds
GEC 003 – Purposive Communication
Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

c. psychological noise – emotional disturbances – thinking other things while

listening or speaking
d. semantic noise – the listener could not understand the language used, or words
e. factual noise – the listener argues with the speaker about the topic

FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal Communication – uses either the written or spoken language
2. Non-Verbal Communication – makes use of non-linguistic symbols such as sign
language, facial expressions, and body language.

Levels of Verbal Communication

1. Intrapersonal Communication – Conversing with yourself by thinking. It is a process
by which you convert raw data into information, organize information gathered,
evaluate results and reach a conclusion.

2. Interpersonal Communication – a communication between and among people.

a. Dyadic communication – it involves the sharing of ideas or information

between two persons who alternate as speaker and listener.
Ex: telephone conversation, introduction, chit-chat with a friend, an
interview between the applicant and the employer

b. Small Group Communication – is a collaborative and systematic sharing of

ideas and information among three to eight persons in order to reach a
consensus or a common solution to a problem, or to obtain facts.
Ex: committee meeting, board meeting, panel discussion, symposium

c. Large Group Communication/Public Communication – it is a speaker-

audience communication which is used when you wish to address an audience.
It requires a thorough preparation on the part of the speaker.
Ex: conferences, seminars, conventions

d. Mass Communication – This form of communication may be done through

either printed or oral medium. If it is oral, it utilizes airwaves – through radio
and television, the message reaches a very large audience nationwide.
Ex: SONA, broadcasting

Levels of Non-Verbal Communication

1. Kinesics – the study of body language or gestures, facial expressions, actions

a. Face – it is the organ of emotions. It is most important possessions because it
shows your identity.
b. Posture
2. Paralanguage – An inflection or emphasis applied vocally to a message. It uses voice
and articulation where the content of your message is contradicted by the attitude with
which you are communicating it.
GEC 003 – Purposive Communication
Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

3. Proxemics – the study of the use of space and distance

a. Public space – it is a space between the speaker and the audience at about 12 -
25 ft. away from each other.
b. Social space – space between business associates at about 4-10 ft. away.
c. Personal space – space of family members at about 2-4 ft. away
d. Intimate space – space for touching, whispering, embracing at 0-1 ft.

4. Chronemics – the study of time

 The way a person treats time reveals something about him.
- Consistently late – not well-organized
- Who is kept waiting – is not highly regarded
 It is connected with status because we control our time

5. Object Language – This refers to the use of objects, clothes or accessories to aid
communication
 clothing conveys at least 10 types:
a. Economic level
b. Economic background
c. Educational level
d. Social background
e. Trustworthiness
f. Educational background
g. Social position
h. Level of success
i. Level of sophistication
j. Moral characters
GEC 003 – Purposive Communication
Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

COMMUNICATION MODELS

1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL

2. SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL

3. OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL
GEC 003 – Purposive Communication
Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

4. WHITE’S STAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

GEC 003 – Purposive Communication
Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION ETHICS

The US National Communication Association (NCA, 1999) discusses their Credo for
Ethical Communication, stating that, Ethical Communication is fundamental to responsible
thinking, decision-making, and the development of relationships and communities within and
across contexts, cultures, channels, and media.

Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering

truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others. They
believe that unethical communication threatens the quality of all communication and consequently
the well-being of individuals and the society in which we live.

Four Ethical Principles of Communication (NCA, 1999):

1. It advocates truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of

communication.

2. It endorses freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to

achieve the informed and responsible decision-making fundamental to a civil society.

3. It condemns communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion,

intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and hatred.

4. Communicators should accept responsibility for the short- and long-term consequences of
our own communication and expect the same of others.

Questions:
1. Why is it important to be ethical in communicating today?
2. Is honesty still a virtue valued today? Why or why not?
3. When you think of the president today, would you say that he has been communicating in
an ethical manner? Expound.
4. Why do people communicate in an unethical manner?
5. What consequences can you think because of communicating in an unethical manner?
GEC 003 – Purposive Communication
Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

LESSON 3: COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION

 Globalization is the free movement of goods, services and people across the world in a
seamless and integrated manner. (managementstudyguide.com)
 The process of integration and interaction among governments of different nations
(through free trade agreements), companies and people. (globalnegotiator.com)

World Englishes
It is a term for emerging localized or indigenized varieties of English, especially varieties
that have developed in territories influenced by the United Kingdom or the United States.

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISHES
The spread of English around the world is often discussed in terms of three distinct groups of users,
where English is used respectively as:

1. a native language (ENL); the primary language of the majority population of a country, such as in
the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia.
2. a second language (ESL); an additional language for intranational as well as international
communication in communities that are multilingual, such as in India, Nigeria, and Singapore.
Most of these Englishes developed as a result of imperial expansion that brought the language to
various parts of the world.
3. a foreign language (EFL); used almost exclusively for international communication, such as in
Japan.

Kachru's Three Circles of English

 The Inner Circle refers to English as it originally took shape and was spread across the
world in the first diaspora.
 The Outer Circle of English was produced by the second diaspora of English, which
spread the language through imperial expansion by Great Britain in Asia and Africa.
 Finally, the Expanding Circle encompasses countries where English plays no historical or
governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as a medium of international
communication.
GEC 003 – Purposive Communication
Prepared by: Gilbert N. Bersola, LPT, MAEd

Aspect American English (US) British English (UK)

Date March 2, 2017 2 March 2017
Spelling center, color, organize, program centre, colour, organise,
programme
Words Elevator, pants, diaper Lift, trousers, nappy
Expression/Local Idiom Ruffled feathers Knickers with a twist
Grammar Do you have that book? Have you got that book?
Pronunciation Vase – sounds like VEYZ Vase – sounds like VAHZ

Note:
 “Filipino Accent Tutorial” by Mikey Bustos
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BBtS1ir4tA)
 Mikey Bustos Pinoy Lessons “Pinoy English”
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqIFT8zT8V8)

CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE

General Principles to Follow when Referring to Different Groups or Categories:

1. Race and Ethnicity

Racism is a form of discrimination against a person or persons of a different race.

2. Gender and Sexual Orientation

Sexism refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender.

3. Social Class
Class Discrimination or Classism is a form of prejudice against a person or people because
of their social class.

4. Age
Ageism is a form of discrimination against other people because of their age, or assuming
that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally able than the other
groups. The capabilities of the younger people should not also be underestimated.

5. Disabilities
Discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of understanding and awareness.