FACULTAD DE ENFERMERIA

4o SEMESTRE
FEBRERO- JULIO 2019

Manual Inglés B2-

NAME _______________________________________

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CONTENT

FIRST PARTIAL
Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

So + adjective + that

Gerund used as a subject

The Use of Gerunds after Prepositions

May, might, could for possibility

SECOND PARTIAL
THE PASSIVE VOICE ALL TENSES

The Past Perfect Simple

GERUNDS VS INFINITIVES

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Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous
Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still
going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is
often a difference in meaning:
We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed
or to emphasise the result. It expresses an action that is still going on

We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or

continuous course of an action.

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

Form of 'have' + been + verb + ing
Irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd
column of irregular verbs Example:
I / you / we / they have been speaking
Example: he / she / it has been speaking
I / you / we / they have spoken
he / she / it has spoken
Regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive
+ ed

Example:
I / you / we / they have worked
he / she / it has worked

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example
after a final e only add d love – loved
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel admit – admitted
or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled travel – travelled
final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried

Form of Present Perfect

Positive Negative Question
I / you / we / they I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?

he / she / it He has spoken. He has not spoken. Has he spoken?

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Exercises

Fill in the correct form (pronoun + verb).

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Progressive

I / speak ___________________________ ____________________________

he / write ___________________________ ____________________________

they / do ___________________________ ____________________________

you / swim ___________________________ ____________________________

she / live ___________________________ ____________________________

The present perfect is used to show that the action began in the past and
continues in the present.
He has smoked since he left school.(he still smokes).

He has been in prison for two years.(he is still in prison).

The present perfect with 'since', 'for', 'just', 'yet' and adverbs of frequency

- Since: is used as a point in time and means 'from that point to the time of speaking'.

Example: Since 1960, Since yesterday.

- For: is used with a duration.

Example: For six days, For a long time.

- Just: is used to express a recently completed action; Just must be placed between the
auxiliary and the main verb.

Example: I have just gone out.

- Yet: is used in a negative sentence to show that the action began in the past and
continues in the present.

Yet is placed at the end of the sentence.

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Example: I haven't finished yet.

- Already: is used in an affirmative sentence to show that the action began in the past and
finished at an indefinite time.

Example: I have already finished.

- Frequency adverbs, never, always.

He has never seen a snake.

I have always written with my right hand.

1. She _________________(to stop) smoking since the birth of her baby.

2. He _________________(to be) in the Navy for two years.

3. She _________________(to become) jealous since the birth of her brother.

4. They _________________(never / tell) the truth.

5. My teacher _________________(always / help) me to improve my level.

6. I _________________(just / receive) a new message.

7. He _________________(already / finish) reading the novel.

8. The plane _________________(not / land) yet.

9. She _________________(always / respect) his point of view.

10. He ________________ _________________(just / find) a title for his new book.

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So + adjective + that
Use

"So" can be combined with adjectives to show extremes. This form is often used in
exclamations.
Examples:
● The music is so loud! I wish they would turn it down.
● The meal was so good! It was worth the money.

Use with "that"

The above form can be combined with "that" to show extremes which lead to certain
results. The "that" is usually optional.
Examples:
● The music is so loud that I can't sleep.
● The music is so loud I can't sleep.
● The meal was so good that we decided to have dinner at the same restaurant again
tonight.
● The meal was so good we decided to have dinner at the same restaurant again
tonight.

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Join these pairs of sentences using ‘so…that’

1- He was lazy. He did nothing all day long.

2- The story was interesting. I’ll never forget it.

3- The light was bright. She had to cover her eyes

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4- I have very bad memory for faces. I might not know him again.

5- The guests were hungry. They could not wait for knives and forks.

6- They faced many difficulties. They managed to climb the mountain.

7- the problem was difficult. No one could solve it

8- Life is dear. We have to economize.

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Complete the following sentences using ‘so’ that
1-He was………….…kind that……..……………………
2- He ran………………...fast that………………………..
3- It was……………..…. dull party that………………
4- She was ………………..lazy that………………………
5- The story was……………………. good that…………………
6- We were………………….….hungry that…………………..

Gerund used as a subject

The subject of a sentence is usually a noun or a pronoun. But sometimes, to-infinitives
and –ing forms are also used as subjects.

● Swimming is a good exercise.

Here the –ing form ‘swimming’ acts as the subject of the verb ‘is’.

● Smoking is injurious to health.

● Singing gives me great pleasure.
● Telling lies can get you into deep trouble.
● Collecting stamps is his hobby.
● Driving very fast on a busy road may lead to an accident.

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Spelling

ADDING "ING" REMOVING FINAL "E" CONSONANT DOUBLING

For most words, a gerund is formed
by taking the base verb form and
adding ing.
For words ending in e, a gerund is
formed by taking the base verb
form, removing the final e, and
add ing.
For words ending with a
stressed [consonant +
short vowel + consonant]
pattern, double the final
consonant and add ing.

–ING [E] –ING CC –ING

wash — washing (one syllable) choose — choosing win — winning

dry — drying time — timing be-gín — beginning

trá-vel — traveling (travelling Eng-Br) love — loving per-mít — permitting

(stressed CVC pattern)

cán-cel — canceling (cancelling Eng- confuse — confusing oc-cúr — occurring

Br)

Consonant Doubling after Short Vowels

These words contain "short" vowel sounds. Double the final consonant before adding -ing

SHORT — A SHORT — E SHORT — I SHORT — O SHORT — U

nap /næp/ wed /wɛd/ swim /swɪm/ chop /tʃɒp/ run /rʌn/

nap – napping wed – wedding swim – swimming chop – chopping run – running

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 wrap – wrapping step – stepping hit – hitting jog – jogging sun – sunning

bag – bagging set – setting win – winning nod – nodding hug – hugging

bat – batting beg – begging kid (joke) – spot – spotting shut – shutting
kidding

Exceptions — lie / lying, tie / tying, die / dying

Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses.

1. (cook) _________________ is one of her hobbies.

2. (cycle) _________________ is fun.

3. (Get) _________________ a good job is not easy.

4. (Find) _________________ a parking space is quite difficult in this area.

5. (drive) _________________ becomes more and more expensive.

6. No (smoke) _________________ in this area.

7. (work) _________________ overtime is quite common in this company.

8. (eat) _________________ fruits and vegetables is good for your health.

9. (make) _________________ fun of other people is not nice.

10. (learn) _________________ about other cultures makes people more tolerant.

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The Use of Gerunds after Prepositions

Gerund or infinitive?

In English, if you are going to have a verb after a preposition, the rule is simple- it must
ALWAYS be in the gerund form. That is to say that it must always end in “-ing”.

Examples:

● They went straight to sleep after arriving.

● She is excited about seeing her new puppy for the first time
● Try to rest before travelling

What about infinitives?

Infinitives will NEVER be used after prepositions ONLY GERUNDS. Prepositions are
followed by a noun clause, therefore if you wish to use a verb after it, it must be the
gerund as this acts as noun.

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VERBS AND PREPOSITION

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May, might, could for possibility
We use could, may and might to express degrees of possibility. Many native speakers
disagree on which one expresses more or less certainty.

Compare

The restaurant may close. It is likely that the restaurant will close.

The restaurant could close. It is less likely that the restaurant will close.

The restaurant might close. There is only a possibility that the restaurant will
close but no one is very sure.

The speaker also shows degree of certainty or uncertainty through intonation and stress.
If the speaker stresses the modal verb, they are expressing more uncertainty than if they
stress the main verb.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMGxeChtYLc

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The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will and would.
The modals are used to show that we believe something is certain, probable or possible:

Possibility:
We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future,
but not certain:
● They might come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.)
● They may come by car. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.)
● If we don’t hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
We use could have, might have and may have to show that something was
possible now or at some time in the past:
● It’s ten o’clock. They might have arrived now.
● They could have arrived hours ago.
We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
● It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
● You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark)
We use the modal could as the past tense of can:
● It could be very cold in winter. (= Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
● You could lose your way in the dark. (= People often lost their way in the dark)

Impossibility:
We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is impossible:
● That can’t be true.
● You cannot be serious.
We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past:
● We knew it could not be true.
● He was obviously joking. He could not be serious.

Probability:
We use the modal must to show we are sure something to be true and we have reasons
for our belief:
● It’s getting dark. It must be quite late.
● You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.
We use must have for the past:
● They hadn’t eaten all day. They must have been hungry.
● You look happy. You must have heard the good news.
We use the modal should to suggest that something is true or will be true in the future,
and to show you have reasons for your suggestion:
● Ask Miranda. She should know.
● It's nearly six o'clock. They should arrive soon.
We use should have to talk about the past:
● It's nearly eleven o'clock. They should have arrived by now.

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Can
Can – for ability
I can dance Tango.
She can't sing.
Can you speak English?
Can – for permission
Can I sit here?
Can we leave now?
Can I play some music?
Can – for requests or suggestions
Can we have more coffee?
Can I have the bill?
You can go wherever you like.
Could
Could – past ability
I could run ten kilometres when I was
younger.
We could see the ocean from our hotel
room.
I could see that Danny was angry.
Could – for permission (polite)
Could I have another coffee?
You could sit here if you like.
Could you repeat that again?
Could - for possibility
This holiday could be really good.
You could go to the hairdresser tomorrow.
Could this really be true?
May
May – for formal permission.
May I come in?
May I make a suggestion?
May he ask a question?
May – to suggest a possibility
It may rain this evening.
They may be late.
He may agree with you.
Might
Might – for possibility
The electrician might be finished by
tomorrow.
It might be bad weather tomorrow.
Peter might come to the party.
Must
Must – to express a formal request or
necessity
I must finish the report today.
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Each individual must help to stop pollution of She must be very intelligent.
the environment.
There must be a lot of traffic. That's why
Every car must have seat belts. they're late.

He must give us a reply this morning. You must be tired after your journey.

Must – to show that something is very Now select the right word for the following:
possible

1 They (can/might) be away for the weekend but I'm not sure.

2 You (may/might) leave now if you wish.

3 (Could/May) you open the window a bit, please?

4 He (can/could) be French, judging by his accent.

5 (May/Can) you play the piano?

6 Listen, please. You (may not/might not) speak during this exam.

7 They (can't/may not) still be out!

8 You (couldn't/might not) smoke on the bus.

9 With luck, tomorrow (can/could) be a sunny day.

10 You (can/might) be right but I'm going back to check anyway.

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SECOND PARTIAL

THE PASSIVE VOICE ALL TENSES

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The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as
the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active
verb becomes the ‘agent’ of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned.
When it is mentioned it is preceded by by and placed at the end of the clause.

Active: My grandfather planted this tree.

Passive: This tree was planted by my grandfather.

USE
The Passive is used:
1. when the agent (=the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or
obvious from the context.
Jane was shot. (We don’t know who shot her.)
This church was built in 1815. (Unimportant agent)
He has been arrested. (Obviously by the police)
2. to make more polite or formal statements.
The car hasn’t been cleaned. (more polite) (You haven’t cleaned the car. – less polite)
3. when the action is more important than the agent, as in processes, instructions,
events, reports, headlines, new items, and advertisements.

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 30 people were killed in the earthquake.
4. to put emphasis on the agent.
The new library will be opened by the Queen.

AGENT

To say who did the action that we are talking about, ie. to refer to the agent, we
use the preposition by
and the name (by Peter) , noun (by the teacher) or pronoun (by him) at the end of the
sentence.
We usually only refer to the agent when it gives us some important information
which otherwise would be missing from the sentence.

Our house was designed by a famous architect.

ACTIVE TO PASSIVE

To change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice:

·
The object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice
sentence.

Agatha Christie wrote this book.

This book was written by Agatha Christie.
·
We change the main verb of the active voice sentence into the passive voice. The tense
remains unchanged.

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 The subject of the active voice sentence becomes the agent of the passive sentence. It
is placed after the past participle and it is preceded by the preposition by.

Agatha Christie wrote this book.

This book was written by Agatha Christie.

DOUBLE OBJECT VERBS

I was given this book by Rick.

This book was given to me by Rick.

Some of the verbs that take two objects are: give, tell, send, show, bring, write, offer,
pay, etc.

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When the indirect object is alone after the verb in the passive voice sentence, it needs the
preposition to. If the indirect object of the active voice sentence is a personal pronoun it
has to be changed into a subject pronoun to be the subject of the passive voice sentence

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The Past Perfect Simple
[had + past participle]
Examples:
● You had studied English before you moved to New York.
● Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
● You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

Use 1 Completed Action Before Something In The Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the
past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples:
● I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
● I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
● Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
● Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
● She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
● Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.

Use 2 Duration Before Something In The Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the
Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another
action in the past.

Examples:
● We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
● By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
● They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than
forty years.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

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 Example:
● She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in
with them in 1996.

Exercises

1.- Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple).

1. The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build)___________________.

2. He (not / be) ____________________ to Cape Town before 1997.
3. When she went out to play, she (do / already) _______________________ her
homework.
4. My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make) _________________________.
5. The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) ______________________ six weeks
before.
6. The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order) ________________________.
7. I could not remember the poem we (learn) ______________________ the week
before.
8. The children collected the chestnuts that (fall) _____________________ from the
tree.
9. (he / phone) ______________________ Angie before he went to see her in London?
10. She (not / ride) _____________________ a horse before that day.

2.- Complete the sentences with the past perfect of the verb in brackets. Use
contractions where possible.

1. Kevin _________________ (go) home by the time I arrived.

2. Ethan suddenly realised that he ________________ (leave) his laptop on the train.

3. Mum was annoyed because I ___________________ (not clean) my room.

4. _____________________ (they / study) English before they went to the USA?
5. We were hungry because ______________________ (not eat).
6. My phone didn't work because I ____________________ (charge) it.
7. Why didn't you want to watch the film? ____________________ (you / see) it
before?
8. Sally was embarrassed because she ____________________ (forget) her dad's
birthday.

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3.- Completa las frases con la forma correcta del verbo que se encuentra entre
paréntesis.
Sample
Alex ____ (not/travel) alone before his trip to London.
or

1 I _____________________ (be) at home all day. I had to get out and go for a walk.

2 She _____________________ (teach) Shakespeare before.

3 ________________ you ______________ (eat) breakfast when you left the house?

4 We _____________________ (not/finish) the document when the computer crashed.

5 We _____________ never ______________ (see) a whale before our trip.

6 She _____________________ (prepare) dinner before leaving for work that day.

7 I _____________________ (not/do) all my homework when I went to class.

8 ____________ you ________________ (meet) her before?

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GERUNDS VS INFINITIVES

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You can find more information on:

https://www.curso-ingles.com/aprender/cursos/nivel-intermedio/the-gerund-and-infinitive/the-
gerund-and-infinitive

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