1
Daily Electricity Demand vs. Supply
Electric Power (mW)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time of Day
2
Addressing Electric Supply Problems
• Rolling blackouts
3
4
Addressing Electric Supply Problems
• Rolling blackouts
• Cash incentives
• Higher energy costs
– Demand charges Tariff-Based
– Energy charges or
– Connection charges Market-Based
5
Southern California Edison, Schedule TOU-8-RTP
General Service-Large, Real Time Pricing
Hourly $0.038 $3.80
Energy
Rate
$4.00
$3.00
$2.00
$1.00
Extremely
Hot
$0.00 Very Hot
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11
12 13
Moderately
14 15
16 17
18 19
Hot
20 21
22 23 Mild Summer Day
24
Time of Day
6
Buy Low-Sell High Discharge Strategy
16 160
12 120
10 100
8 80
6 60
4 40
2 20
0 0
July 01 July 02 July 03 July 04 July 05
7
Addressing Electric Supply Problems
• Rolling blackouts
• Cash incentives
• Higher energy costs
– Demand charges
– Energy charges
– Connection charges
• Industry mandates or regulations
8
6C - Symposium:
Thermal Energy Storage, Operational
9 Experience & Economic Value
6C - Symposium:
Thermal Energy Storage, Operational
10 Experience & Economic Value
6C - Symposium:
Thermal Energy Storage, Operational
11 Experience & Economic Value
3 Key Decision Drivers
• Chiller selection
• Size
• Chilled water temperatures
12
Chiller Selection Considerations
Chilled Water Storage Ice Storage
• Water as heat transfer • Glycol as heat transfer
fluid fluid
13
Stratified Chilled Water Storage
Charging
Discharge
Cycle
Cooling
Loads
15
Chiller Selection Considerations
Chilled Water Storage Ice Storage
• Water as heat transfer • Glycol as heat transfer
fluid fluid
• Lift capability • Lift capability
• Higher production
efficiency
• Ease of retrofit
• Can locate TES tank at
remote loop location
16
Size Matters
Chilled Water Storage
is 6 to 8 times larger than
Ice Storage
17
Entergy Solutions – Houston, Texas, USA
88,000 Ton-Hours (310 mW-Hours)
2008: 3rd International District Cooling Conference & Trade Show – Dubai
Los Angeles, California, USA Sacramento, California, USA
20
Advantages of Colder Chilled Water
Supply Temperature
• Reduced CHW loop flow
– Reduced pumping energy
– Maximize distribution piping asset value
• More economical building isolation (indirect
interface) with smaller heat exchangers
21
Ice Storage System Types
Ice-on-Coil
Internal Melt or External Melt
22
Chilled Water Supply Temperatures
6
Chilled Water Supply Temp. (°C)
38
3
36
2
External Melt Without HX
1 34
0 32
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Discharged
23
3 Key Decision Drivers
• Chiller selection
• Size
• Chilled water temperatures
24
Questions?
Steve Benz
Director of Global Thermal Storage
and District Energy
25