Tradition of Excellence

- INTRODUCTION -

Erlia Narulita, Ph.D

Overview
1. What is Biotechnology?
•Definitions of Biotechnology Tradition of Excellence
•Timeline of Biotechnology
•Techniques used in Biotechnology
•Who's Who in Biotechnology

2. How is Biotechnology being used?

•Applications of Biotechnology
•Medicines on the market today
•Agriculture - GM Foods and Animals
•DNA fingerprinting and forensic science
•Gene Therapy and Transgenic Animals
•Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Cloning

3. What are some of the societal issues Biotechnology

raises?
•Bioethics / "Genethics"
•Public attitudes to biotechnology - safety, awareness
•Therapeutic uses of human genes and tissues
 What is biotechnology?
• Biotechnology = Tradition of Excellence
bios (life) + logos (study of or essence)
– Literally ‘the study of tools from living things’

• CLASSIC: The word "biotechnology" was first used in

1917 to describe processes using living organisms to
make a product or run a process, such as
industrialfermentations (Robert Bud, The Uses of Life:
A History of Biotechnology)

• LAYMAN: Biotechnology began when humans began

to plant their own crops, domesticate animals, ferment
juice into wine, make cheese, and leaven bread
(AccesExcellence)
 What is biotechnology?
• GENENTECH: Biotechnology is the process ofof Excellence
Tradition
harnessing 'nature's own' biochemical tools to make
possible new products and processes and provide
solutions to society's ills (G. Kirk Raab, Former
President and CEO of Genentech)

• WEBSTER’S: The aspect of technology concerned

with the application of living organisms to meet the
needs and ends of man.

• WALL STREET: Biotechnology is the application of

genetic engineering and DNA technology to produce
therapeutic and medical diagnostic products and
processes. Biotech companies have one thing in
common - the use of genetic engineering and
manipulation of organisms at a molecular level.
 What is biotechnology?
Tradition of Excellence

• Using scientific methods with organisms to produce

new products or new forms of organisms

• Any technique that uses living organisms or

substances from those organisms or substances from
those organisms to make or modify a product, to
improve plants or animals, or to develop
microorganisms for specific uses
 What is biotechnology?
Tradition of Excellence

• Biotechnology is a multidisciplinarian in nature,

involving input from

• Engineering
• Computer Science
• Cell and Molecular Biology
• Microbiology
• Genetics
• Physiology
• Biochemistry
• Immunology
• Virology
 Transfer of new Anti-cancer drugs
Culture of plants
genes into animal from single cells Diagnostics
organisms

Tradition of Excellence
Cell Monoclonal
Culture Antibodies
Crime solving
Molecular
Biology

DNA Tracers
technology Genetic
Engineering
Synthesis of
Banks of Cloning specific DNA
DNA, RNA Synthesis
probes
and proteins of new Mass prodn. of
proteins human proteins
Complete Localisation of
New types of Resource bank
map of the genetic disorders
plants and for rare human
human
animals chemicals
genome
New
New types antibiotics
of food Gene therapy
What are the stages of biotechnology?
Tradition of Excellence

• Ancient Biotechnology
• early history as related to food and shelter,
including domestication

• Classical Biotechnology
• built on ancient biotechnology
• fermentation promoted food production
• medicine

• Modern Biotechnology
• manipulates genetic information in organism
• genetic engineering
Biotechnology Timeline Tradition of Excellence

8000-4000 B.C.E.

Humans domesticate crops

and livestock.

Potatoes first cultivated

for food.
 Tradition of Excellence

2000 B.C.E.

Biotechnology used to leaven bread

and ferment beer, using yeast (Egypt).

Production of cheese, fermentation

of wine begins (Sumeria, China,
Egypt).
 Tradition of Excellence

500 B.C.E.
First antibiotic: Moldy soybean curds
(tofu) used to treat boils (China).
 Tradition of Excellence

100 C.E.

First insecticide:
powdered
chrysanthemums
(China)
 Tradition of Excellence

1797
First vaccination

Edward Jenner takes pus

from a cowpox lesion,
inserts it
into an incision
on a boy's arm.
 Tradition of Excellence
1830-1833

1830 Proteins are discovered.

Model of a 5-peptide protein.

1833 First enzyme is discovered

and isolated.
 Tradition of Excellence

1857
Louis Pasteur proposes
that microbes cause
fermentation. He later
conducts experiments
that support
the germ theory of disease.
 Tradition of Excellence

1859

Charles Darwin publishes

the theory of evolution
by natural selection.
 Tradition of Excellence

1865
Gregor Mendel discovers
the laws of inheritance by
studying flowers in his garden.
The science of genetics
begins.
 Tradition of Excellence

1915

Phages — viruses
that only infect bacteria — are
discovered.
 Tradition of Excellence

1927

Herman Muller discovers

that radiation causes
defects in chromosomes.
 Tradition of Excellence
1928
Sir Alexander Fleming discovers
the antibiotic penicillin by chance
when he realizes that
Penicillium
mold kills
bacteria.

He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Ernst Boris Chain
and Sir Howard Walter Florey.
 Tradition of Excellence

1944

DNA is proven to carry genetic

information
by Oswald Avery,
Colin MacLeod and Maclyn
McCarty.

DNA model made out of LEGOs.

 Tradition of Excellence

1953
James Watson
and Francis Crick describe
the double helical
structure of DNA. They shared
the 1962 Nobel Prize in
Medicine or Physiology with
Maurice Wilkins.
 Tradition of Excellence

1955
The amino acid sequence
of insulin is discovered by
Frederick Sanger.
3D model of insulin

1982 Human insulin

produced in genetically modified
bacteria is the first biotech drug
approved by the FDA.
 Tradition of Excellence

1958
● DNA is made in a test tube for the first time.

● Sickle cell disease is

shown to occur due to a
change in one amino acid.
 Tradition of Excellence
1966
The genetic code for DNA is cracked.
Three scientists shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
for the discovery.

Marshall Nirenberg Robert Holley Har Gobind Khorana

 Tradition of Excellence

1971
● The first complete synthesis of a gene occurs.
● Discovery of restriction enzymes that cut and splice
genetic material very specifically occurs. This opens
the way for gene cloning.
 Tradition of Excellence

1973
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfect genetic
engineering techniques to cut and paste DNA using
restriction enzymes.
(1977 sees the first expression of a human gene in bacteria.)

Stanley Cohen Herbert Boyer and a recombinant bacterium

Cohen won a Nobel Prize in 1986 for an unrelated discovery!

 Tradition of Excellence

1975
Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein
develop the technology to produce
monoclonal antibodies — highly specific,
purified antibodies derived from only
one clone of cells that recognize
only one antigen. They shared the
1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine with Neils Jerne.
 Tradition of Excellence

1981
The first transgenic animals are
produced by transferring genes from
other animals into mice.

The first patent for a

genetically modified organism
is granted — for bacteria that can
break down crude oil.
 Tradition of Excellence
1983
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, which
makes unlimited copies of genes and gene
fragments, is conceived.

Kary Mullis, who was born in Lenoir, N.C.,

wins the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
for the discovery. He became interested
in science as a child when he received
a chemistry set for Christmas.
 Tradition of Excellence

1986
First recombinant vaccine is approved
for human use: hepatitis B.

First anti-cancer drug is produced

through biotech: interferon.
 Tradition of Excellence

1987
First approval for field tests of a
genetically modified food plant:
virus- resistant tomatoes.

1994 Genetically modified

tomatoes are sold in the U.S.
for the first time.
 Tradition of Excellence

1990
The Human Genome Project — an international effort
to maps all of the genes in the human genome — is
launched.
2002 The draft version of the human genome is
published.

Francis Collins, M.D., Ph.D.

Director, Human Genome Project
 Tradition of Excellence

1997
Scientists report the birth of Dolly, the first animal
cloned from an adult cell.

Dolly (1996-2003) as an adult Dolly and her surrogate mother

 Tradition of Excellence
1998
Human embryonic stem cell lines are established.

They offer hope to many

because they may be
able to replace diseased
or dysfunctional cells.
 2003 Tradition of Excellence
The SARS (severe acute respiratory
syndrome) virus is sequenced
three weeks after its discovery.

SARS, which began in China,

spreads quickly — and spreads
fear throughout the Far East and
the world. The last reported
cases occurred in 2004 and
resulted from laboratory-
acquired infections.
 2004 Tradition of Excellence

The first cloned pet

— a kitten — is delivered to its
owner.

She is called CopyCat (or Cc for short).

 Tradition of Excellence

2006

A recombinant vaccine
against human papillomavirus
(HPV) receives FDA approval.

The virus causes genital warts

and can cause cervical cancer.
 Tradition of Excellence

• 2007 -2019