Highly integrated, most reliable PoE PD

solution with versatile programmability

LM5070 PoE PD interface and PWM controller serves isolated or non-isolated applications

LM5070 Power-over-Ethernet Powered Device System

RJ-45
connector VOUT

TX+ (1)
To PHY
LM5070
IEEE 802.3af interface
TX- (2)
Under-voltage lockout
RX+ (3) Signature detection
Classification
To PHY

RX- (6) DC-DC converter

Hot-plug controller
PWM controller
(4) In-rush and fault
(5) current limiting Current-mode Feedback

(7)
(8)

© National Semiconductor Corporation, 2004. National Semiconductor, , and LLP are registered trademarks of National Semiconductor Corporation. All rights reserved.

• Combines a fully compliant IEEE 802.3af PD interface with a high-performance current-mode controller
• Integrates all PD system management including power up/down sequencing and fault protection
• Provides user programmability of signature impedance, UVLO thresholds, in-rush current, classification
current, and DC-DC converter operating parameters
• Protection for in-rush/fault current limiting, cycle-by-cycle limiting with auto retry, and thermal shutdown
• Voltage reference and error amplifier for non-isolated applications
• Available in TSSOP-16 and tiny (5 mm x 5 mm), thermally enhanced LLP-16 packages

Critical PoE Application Features National Maxim TI LTC

Programmable UVLO and hysteresis � — — —
Current limiting + cycle-by-cycle + thermal protection � — — �
Single solution for isolated and non-isolated � — — �
Highly integrated single-chip solution � � — �
Programmable switching frequency � — � —

For FREE samples, evaluation boards, datasheets,

online design tools, and more, visit us today at
power.national.com
Or call: 1-800-272-9959
Smallest footprint, highest power density
1A buck regulators

Feature-rich LM2734/36 in SOT-23 package requires no compensation

Features
LM2734 Simple block diagram
• Complete, easy-to-use switcher solution has smallest
footprint and highest power density in the industry
D1
• State-of-the-art 13 ns minimum ON-time allows for 5V
V IN VIN BOOST
high conversion ratios without the need to reduce C2 L1
C1 10 µH
switching frequency or increase solution size 10 µF
SW
0.01 µF V OUT
3.3V/1A
• Choice of switching frequencies allows designers to ON LM2734Y D2 C3
10 µF
R1
trade off efficiency against solution size and EMI OFF
EN
31.6 kΩ

, and WEBENCH are registered trademarks of National Semiconductor Corporation. All rights reserved.
• Current mode control improves phase margin, line GND
FB
R2
regulation and rejection of transients 10 kΩ

• PWM provides a predictable, easily filtered switching

frequency for reduced output noise
• Internal softstart circuitry, cycle-by-cycle, thermal LM2734 Efficiency vs. load current
shutdown, and over-voltage protection 100
90
• Available in Thin SOT-23 packaging (1.0 mm height) 80
Efficiency (%)

70
60
50
40
30
Ideal for systems that need to convert 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 20
or 16V intermediate rails to 1.5V or less where solution 10
0
size is critical 10 100 1000

© National Semiconductor Corporation, 2004. National Semiconductor,

Load current (mA)

Feature LM2734 LM2736

For FREE samples, evaluation boards,
online design tools, datasheets, and more, Input range 3.0V to 20V 3.0V to 18V
visit us today at power.national.com Output load 1A 750 mA
Output range 0.8V to 18V 1.25V to 16V
Or call: 1-800-272-9959
Internal references 0.8V, 2% 1.25V, 2%
Operating frequency 550 kHz / 1.6 MHz / 3 MHz

552009-001
BASICS
C
of
of POWER OVER
ETHERNET
Don Tuite, Analog/Power Editor
Desig
Desi
esiggn
n
Designing IEEE 802.3af
Powered Devices
P
ower ever Ethernet (PoE), or
IEEE Standard 802.3af, defines a
method for powering Ethernet-
connected “powered devices”
(PDs) over the same cable that’s
used for data. The actual circuitry that takes
the power off the cable and delivers it to the
power converter for servicing the load is
called the power interface (PI). When the
standard was conceived in 1999, the most
common PD envisioned was an enterprise
telephone set based on Voice over Inter-
net Protocol (VoIP). Since then, and particularly after
the standard’s approval in June 2003, a host of novel PD
applications has been developed to take advantage of the
marriage between data and power.

ED Online 9126
A Supplement to Electronic Design/November
Desig 29, 2004 Sponsored by National Semiconductor
 Picking off the Power

T
he RJ-45 connector is the business end of an Eth-
ernet cable in the photo on the right. PoE uses the
data pairs or the spare pairs in the cable to carry
–48 V dc from an endpoint switch or midspan hub
to the PD. On the data pairs, pins 3 and 6 supply one side of the dc,
and pins 1 and 2 supply the other. On the spare pairs, pins 4 and 5
are paralleled for one side of the dc supply, and pins 7 and 8 are
paralleled for the other side.

Spare Pairs and Data Pairs

T
he figure to the right shows
the normal (top) and crossover
(bottom) wire-color codes in
an Ethernet cable. Note that a
crossover does not affect which pins in the RJ-
45 connector are active, but it flips the sense
of the dc voltage. The PoE standard specifies
a diode bridge in the PD to normalize either
cable configuration. The photo of the connector
above shows the end of a crossover cable that
has the bottom configuration. (Tracer colors
on the white wires in each pair in the photo are
less conspicuously barber-poled than they are
in the drawing.)
Highest efficiency, 600 mA synchronous
buck regulators

Tiny SOT-23 LM3670/71 with lowest Iq

uses 2.2 µH inductor LM3671 Simple block diagram

VIN L1
2.8V to 5.5V 2.2 µH VOUT
• High switching frequency, ceramic capacitors, VIN SW
and SOT23-5 package enables an extremely small CIN
10 µF
solution with industry standard components GND
• Internal compensation minimizes external COUT
10 F
components and simplifies design EN FB
• Automatic PFM-PWM mode switching provides
high efficiency at light loads
• Features high output-voltage accuracy, low LM3671 Efficiency vs. load current
output-voltage ripple in PFM mode, and fast 100
VIN = 3.0V
transient response 90 VIN = 3.6V
VIN = 4.5V
• 2 MHz, 600 mA output current (LM3671) or 80
Efficiency (%)

70
1 MHz, 300 mA output current (LM3670) 60

• Available in SOT23-5 packaging 50

40
VOUT = 1.8V
30

20
0.01 0.10 1 10 100 1000

Output current (mA)

Ideal for powering digital processors in systems
where size and efficiency are at a premium
LM3671 PWM waveform and output voltage ripple

VSW
For FREE samples, evaluation boards, (2V/DIV)

online design tools, datasheets, and more,

visit us today at power.national.com
Or call: 1-800-272-9959 IL
(200 mA/DIV)

Low VOUT ripple VIN = 3.6V IOUT = 400 mA

(20 mV/DIV) VOUT = 1.5V

Time (200 ns/DIV)

© National Semiconductor Corporation, 2004. National Semiconductor, , and WEBENCH are registered trademarks of
National Semiconductor Corporation. All rights reserved.
 Power and Voltage

A
PoE-enabled Ethernet switch or hub (designated
Power Source Equipment, or PSE in the standard)
injects 56.5 V dc at 350 mA (max) onto the cable.
That’s 15.4 W, but a PD designer can only count on
something between 37 and 57 V and a maximum power (averaged
over 1 second) of 12.95 W at the downstream end of the cable.
That’s the power limit for now, though proposals for increas-
ing current or paralleling data and
spare pairs (presently a no-no)
are being placed before the
802.3 committee this month.
Even if one proposal or the other is
accepted, equipment designers should
account for two things. First, those
proposals will take some time to
work their way through the system.
Second, a considerable amount
of 12.95-W PSE equipment will
have been deployed by that
time, so it’s wise to not rely on
higher currents in all systems.

Sponsored by National Semiconductor

 Detection and Classification

P
SEs must not apply power to the Ethernet cable unless
there is a PoE-enabled PD on the other end. To be
powered-up by the PSE, a PD must have a 25-kΩ
resistor across the input of the PI. The specs for the
resistance are 23.5 to 26.25 kΩ with less than 0.1 µF in parallel.
During the “discovery” phase of power-up, the PSE applies a small,
current-limited voltage to the cable. Because of the voltage drops on the
diode bridge, the PSE must measure current at two voltages (separated by
1 V and a 20-ms interval) and use the resulting delta-V/delta-I slope to
verify the resistor.
Even if one detects the resistor, some smart PSEs may PSE applies –2.8 to –10 V dc
to the Ethernet cable Reset
opt against applying power to the PD that, if in combina-
Yes
tion with other PDs already connected to the PSE, will draw 25-kΩ
more total current than the PSE can supply. To determine resistor
detected? No
Do not apply full power

whether that’s the case, the PSE may implement a “classifi- Yes
cation” phase of power-up by asserting a higher voltage on PSE
classification
the cable. If the PD does nothing at this point, the PSE may enabled? No

decide that the PD can draw any amount of current up to Yes

the 350-mA limit, and the PSE can assign the PD to class 0. PSE applies –15.5 to –20 V dc
to the Ethernet cable
A PD can be configured to communicate to the PSE that it
will never need more than a certain power level by assert- PD places load
on the line?
ing a signature current draw, which the PSE then uses to No

Yes
classify the PD. The flowchart on the right shows the cri-
Classify PD load:
teria for classifications. Current readings that fall into the Class 0 = 0 to 5 mA Classify PD load:
Class 1 = 8 to 13 mA Class 0 = 0.44 to 12.95 W
gaps between the listed currents may be treated as either Class 2 = 16 to 21 mA
Class 3 = 25 to 31 mA
the higher or lower class. Class 4 = 35 to 45 mA (treat as 0)

The power range for each class is: Apply full power to PD

Class 0 = 0.44 to 12.95 W

Class 1 = 0.44 to 3.84 W
Class 2 = 3.84 to 6.49 W
Class 3 = 6.49 to 12.95 W
(“Class 4” is reserved but not yet defined.)

If the PD declares itself to be class 1 or 2, it must limit the peak current it draws to 120 mA for class 1 or 210
mA for class 2. The limit for classes 0 and 3 is 400 mA. Discovery and classification must take no more than one
second, with 500 ms (max) for detection, 10 to 75 ms for classification, and 400 ms for power turn-on.
 Further Issues

Inrush-Current Limiting designs. From most vendors, customers have a choice

Powering up a PD is frequently a “hot-plug” event.
The standard requires the PSE to limit input inrush
current at startup, but only if CPort, the capacitance
looking into the PI from the Ethernet cable, is less
than 180 µF. (The minimum allowable capacitance for
CPort is 5 µF.) If CPort is equal to or greater than 180
µF, the PD must limit input inrush current to 400 mA.
UVLO RJ-45
connector
Although not part of the standard, Tx+ (1)
of separate ICs for PI and power-converter functions,
as well as chips that combine the two. Beyond that,
there are differences in UVLO implementation, power
conversion, and basic specifications.
Isolation
If the PD has no external wiring, as would be the case
for a wireless access point or an RFID tag reader, no
V dc

PoE’s sequence of detection, Tx+ (2)

To PHY IEEE 802.3af interface
UVLO/OVLO
Signature detection
classification, and full-power Rx+ (3) Classification
To PHY
voltages argues for an undervolt- Rx- (6) Hot-plug controller DC-DC
converter
(4) Inrush and fault
age-lockout (UVLO) function in (5) current limiting
controller

the PD. This prevents the power (7)

(8)
converter that follows the PI from
operating during detection and RJ-45
connector V dc
classification. It may be desirable Tx+ (1)
IEEE 802.3af interface
for this function to provide 5 V or Tx+ (2)
To PHY
UVLO/OVLO
Signature detection
so of hysteresis. Rx+ (3) Classification
To PHY Optoisolator
driver
Soft-Start Rx- (6)
(4)
Hot-plug controller
Inrush and fault
DC-DC
converter
controller
current limiting
Because the standard also doesn’t (5)

address what happens at the (7)

(8)
PWM input
load when power is applied, it’s
obviously a good idea to provide a soft-start
capability in the power converter. This slows the volt- isolation between
age ramp-up to the load and prevents overshoot. the Ethernet cable and the
load is required (see the figure, above). In
Restart ED\co1129BasicsPoE.txt\NOVEMBER 29, 2004\FIGURE 5
most cases, however, there are external connections.
A power converter also must be able to deal with pos-
And, the standard says the PD must provide electrical
sible faults and repairs to the circuitry making up the
isolation between all external conductors, including
load by responding to short and open conditions and
frame ground (if any) and all power interface leads.
implementing a “hiccough” restart-attempt scheme.
It then invokes subclause 6.2 of IEC 60950-1:2001,
Integrated Solutions which specifies hi-pot testing, either 1500 V rms for
Several chipmakers provide custom chips for PD 60 seconds, or a repetitive 1500-V impulse test.