CDB 2052

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB I

JAN 2019

Experiment : 20 - Cross Flow Heat Exchanger

Group : B4

Group members :
Ong Wei Hang 24819
Hateem Bin Feroze 25178
Nur Fazreen Adlena Binti Rahman 25383
Muhammad Anwar Bin Haizal 25202
Hamsha Vathana Rajendran 17009523

Lab Instructor : Mrs. Lupete Bhullar

Date of Experiment : 26th February 2019

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 : Abstract (Summary & Objectives) 3

Chapter 2 : Methodology / Experimental Procedures 4-6
Chapter 3 : Results & Discussions 7-14
Chapter 4 : Conclusion 15
References 16
Appendix 17-25

2
Chapter 1: Abstract

Cross-flow heat exchanger is a heat exchanger where the fluids flow in perpendicular
direction to each other during the heat transfer process. A cross-flow heat exchanger is made
of thin metal panels, normally aluminium. The thermal energy is exchanged via the panels.
The heat transfer will follow the temperature gradient whereby heat flows from a higher
temperature fluid to the lower temperature fluid. Cross-flow heat exchanger is normally used
where hygienic standards require that both airstreams are kept separate from one another. A
cross-flow heat exchanger does not exchange humidity.
In this experiment, 3 different experiments were carried out to study the effects of air
velocity on the heat transfer in single tube, bundle and fin tube plate. This can be achieved by
observing the temperature gradient for single, bundle and finned tube plate to calculate the
heat transfer coefficient when the velocity of air is changed at different blower openings of
2,4 and 6 respectively.
In the first experiment, Experiment 20a, is the determination of heat transfer
temperature difference and surface heat transfer coefficient for a single tube in a transverse
air stream. The temperature gradients are recorded at different blower openings of 2,4 and 6.
In the next experiment, Experiment 20b, is the determination of the mean surface heat
transfer coefficient for tubes in the first row and last row using a tube bundle plate cross flow
heat exchanger. In the last experiment, Experiment 20c, is the determination of the mean
surface heat transfer coefficient for finned tubes in the first and last row of finned cross flow
heat exchanger. Both Experiment 20b and 20c are repeated at different blower openings of
2,4 and 6. All the experiments are repeated 3 times to get the mean data.
In the experiments carried out, the film temperature is calculated to obtain the fluid
properties. Next the velocity and kinematic velocity of air are used to calculate the Reynolds
(Re) number followed by the calculation of Nusselt (Nu) number and heat transfer coefficient
(h). From the calculated values, Re, Nu and h increases as the velocity of air increases. This
shows that as the air velocity increases, the heat transfer rate increases based on the equation
Q = h.A. ΔT. Next, the data calculated for Experiment 20b and Experiment 20c, shows that
the Re, Nu and h values at the first row is higher compared to the last row. This is caused by
the location of the first tube at a position nearest to the air inlet resulting in a more turbulent
air flow.

3
Chapter 2: Methodology
Experiment 20(a): Steady state determination of heat transfer

1. Single tube plate is installed into the vertical air

duct and tube heater is inserted into the slot. The
air blower and heater are switched on.

2. The iris control is switched to no 2 to set the

inlet air velocity.

3. The heater power is set to 5W and when it

reached steady state, V∞, Ts, and Tinlet are
recorded.

4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated by changing the iris

setting to 4 and 6 where V∞, Ts, and Tinlet are
recorded respectively.

5. The heater and fan are switched off.

4
Experiment 20(b): Determination of the mean surface heat transfer coefficient for tube bundle
in the first and last rows of a cross flow heat exchanger

1. The tube bundle plate is installed into the vertical air

duct and the tube heater is inserted into the slot in the
first row. The air blower and heater are switched on.

2. The iris control is switched to no 2 to set the inlet

air velocity.

3. The heater power is set to 5W and when it reached

steady state, V∞, Ts, and Tinlet are recorded.

4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated by changing the iris

setting to 4 and 6 where V∞, Ts, and Tinlet are
recorded respectively.

5. Steps 2 to 4 are repeated by inserting the tube

heater into the last row.

The heater and fan are switched off.

5
Experiment 20(c): Determination of the mean surface heat transfer coefficient for finned
tubes in the first and last rows of finned cross flow heat exchanger

1. The finned tube plate is installed into the vertical air

duct and the tube heater is inserted into the slot in the
first row. The air blower and heater are switched on.

2. The iris control is switched to no 2 to set the inlet

air velocity.

3. The heater power is set to 5W and when it reached

steady state, V∞, Ts, and Tinlet are recorded.

4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated by changing the iris

setting to 4 and 6 where V∞, Ts, and Tinlet are
recorded respectively.

5. Steps 2 to 4 are repeated by inserting the tube

heater into the last row.

The heater and fan are switched off.

6
 Chapter 3: Results and Discussion
Experiment 20a: Steady state determination of heat transfer

Table 1a: The calculated and properties data for single tube heat transfer
Film Kinematic Thermal Prandtl Reynold ln Re Nusselt In Heat transfer
temperature, 𝑇𝑓 Viscosity, 𝑣𝑓 Conductivity, Number Number number,Nu Nu Coefficient,
𝑊
(𝑚2 /𝑠) k (W/m.K) (𝑚2 .𝐾)
31.54 0.000016225 0.02599 0.7278 2040.06 7.621 20.31 3.011 52.787
31.09 0.000016182 0.02596 0.7279 2045.48 7.623 20.34 3.012 52.795
30.81 0.000016156 0.02594 0.728 2048.77 7.625 20.35 3.013 52.797

For this experiment, we will determine the heat transfer /temperature difference and surface
heat transfer coefficient for a single tube in transverse air stream. From data, a graph of ln Nu
vs ln Re is plotted.

Graph ln Re. vs ln Nu.

3.014
y = 0.4976x - 0.781
3.013

3.013
ln Re

3.012

3.012

3.011
7.621 7.621 7.622 7.622 7.623 7.623 7.624 7.624 7.625 7.625 7.626
ln Nu.

Figure 1a: Graph of In Re vs In Nu for single tube heat transfer

Reynold number is dimensionless ratio of inertia force to viscous force. Nusselt number is
defined as ratio of convection heat transfer to fluid conduction heat transfer under same
condition. Based on graph 3.1, it is observed when ln Re increases, ln Nu also increase. This
portray when air velocity increases, the heat transfer coefficient. So, the air velocity is
directly proportional to the heat transfer coefficient. As we can see, Nusselt number formula
is given by:
−
hD
Nu = = C Prf1 / 2 ReDf
n

kf

7
Then, we add natural log for both sides, the equation given by

𝐼𝑛 𝑁𝑢 = 𝑛𝐼𝑛𝑅𝐸 + 𝐼𝑛 𝐶

The theorical n value is 0.466 and C value -0.541. The slope which is n value obtained is
0.497 close to 0.466 same to the y-intercept value is -0.781 diverge from the -0.541. With the
increase iris opening from 2 to 6, the hot air flowing quicker than cold air flowrate. This
enable more heat transfer through convection to the cold air. The value of slope and y
intercept might diverge because of ambient temperature and ability of sensor to obtained
steady reading. For improvement, reading might be taken for 5 times.

8
 Experiment 20b: Determination of the mean surface heat transfer coefficient for tubes in 1st
row of a cross flow heat exchanger.
Table 1b: Table of calculated properties for bundle tube heat transfer (1st row)

Film Aver Vmax Kinematic Thermal Prandtl Prandtl Reynolds ln Re Nussel ln Nu Heat
age t
Tempe (m/s) Viscosity Conductiv Number Number Number, Transfer
rature, Velo ity, , numbe
𝑣𝑓 (m²/s) of Re Coefficient,
city r
Tf / ℃ k Pr surface,
(W/m².K)
(m/s) Prs , Nu
(W/m.K)

24.23 3.11 4.665 1.55 E -5 0.02545 0.7298 0.7292 3009.68 8.01 43.15 3.76 109.32

23.59 3.30 4.950 1.55 E -5 0.02541 0.7300 0.7295 3193.55 8.07 44.54 3.80 113.72

23.38 3.40 5.100 1.55 E -5 0.02539 0.7300 0.7297 3290.32 8.10 45.40 3.82 116.01

Graph of ln Nu vs ln Re
3.83
3.82 y = 0.6667x - 1.58

3.81
3.8
ln Nu

3.79
3.78
3.77
3.76
3.75
8 8.02 8.04 8.06 8.08 8.1 8.12
ln Re

Figure 1b: Graph of ln Nu vs ln Re for bundle tube heat transfer (1st tube)

9
The Nusselt number is used to describe the ratio between the thermal energy convected to the
thermal energy conducted within the fluid. Nusselt number is a dimensionless number that is
equal to the dimensionless temperature gradient at the surface, and it provides a measure of
the convection heat transfer occurring at the surface. Meanwhile, Reynolds number is the
ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces, a convenient parameter used for predicting if a flow
condition will be laminar or turbulent and is a dimensionless number as well. Heat transfer
coefficient is to calculate the heat transfer typically occurring by convection.
According to graph 20b.1, as ln Re values increase, the ln Nu values increase as well. The
line formed is approximately straight with gradient 0.6667 and intercept of -1.58. This shows
that as air velocity increases, the heat transfer coefficient increases due to high mass flow rate
of air with the opening of a wider iris. This provides a way for the heated air and cooled to
flow in and out quickly making it more available for better heat transfer due to large
temperature gradient in the heat exchanger.

10
 Experiment 20b: Determination of the mean surface heat transfer coefficient for tubes in 6th
row of a cross flow heat exchanger.
Table 2b: Table of calculated properties for bundle tube heat transfer (6th row)

Heat
Film Average Kinematic Thermal Re Nu
Vmax ln ln Transfer
T, Velocity Viscosity Conductivity, Number, Number,
(m/s) Re Nu Coefficient,
Tf / ℃ (m/s) 𝑣𝑓 (m²/s) k (W/m.K) Re Nu
(W/m².K)
24.21 3.06 4.59 1.55 E -5 0.02545 2592.34 7.99 42.68 3.75 108.62
25.72 3.31 4.97 1.56 E -5 0.02552 3181.82 8.07 44.54 3.80 113.67
25.45 3.47 5.21 1.56 E -5 0.02551 3335.47 8.11 45.40 3.82 116.73

ln Nu vs ln Re
3.83 3.82 3.82
3.82
3.81 3.8
3.796 y = 0.5464x - 0.6124
3.8
ln Nu

3.79
3.78
3.77 3.76
3.76 3.754

3.75
7.98 8 8.02 8.04 8.06 8.08 8.1 8.12
ln Re

Figure 2b: Graph of ln Nu vs ln Re for bundle tube heat transfer (6th tube)
Based on graph above, it can be observed that the ln Nu increases as the ln Re increases
for both 1st row and 6th row. The red plotted graph indicates the relationship when tube heater
is placed in 1st row while the blue graph indicated the relationship when the tube heater is
placed in the 6th row. Based on the graph, the lower value of ln Nu (heat transfer coefficient)
for first point (iris 2) in 6th row can be observed, but 6th row has a greater value of heat transfer
coefficient for iris 4 and both rows having almost the same values of ln Nu at iris 6.

However, for most of the time during the experiment, the values of ln Re (Reynold’s number)
in 6th row are higher than the values of 1st row with its respective values of ln Nu (heat transfer
coefficient). It is supported by the theory which mentions that the heat transfer in 6th row is
greater than the heat transfer in 1st row due to the turbulence force. This is because the
turbulence force in 6th row to the air flow has greater values compared to the turbulence force
at 1st flow. The greater the turbulence forces, the greater the convective heat transfer rate.

11
Based on the graph above, the line equation for the 6th row is as follows:
y = 0.5464x – 0.6124
From the graph above, the slope and the intercept at the vertical axis are calculated, where
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑛 = 0.5464
and
𝑌 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = ln(𝐶1 ) = −0.6124
𝐶1 = 𝑒 −0.6124 = 0.542

Based on Table 20.3 in Lab Manual, the correction factor for 6 rows in tube bundle plate heat
exchanger is 0.95. Calculation is based on iris 2.
Average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K) is recalculated based on the correction factor,

(ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤1 +ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤6 )
ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = × 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
2

109.32 + 108.62
= × 0.95
2
𝑊
= 103.52 2
𝑚 𝐾
Iris Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Correction Average heat
Coeffiecient for 1st Coeffiecient for 4th factor transfer
row, 𝒉𝟏 row, 𝒉𝟒 coefficient
(𝑾𝒎−𝟐 𝑲−𝟏) (𝑾𝒎−𝟐 𝑲−𝟏) (𝑾𝒎−𝟐 𝑲−𝟏)
2 109.32 108.62 103.52
4 113.72 113.67 0.95 108.01
6 116.01 116.73 110.55

Table 6.2.9: Data calculated for average heat transfer coefficient of tube bundle heat
exchanger

12
 Experiment 20c: Determination of the mean surface heat transfer coefficient for finned tubes

Table 1c: The evaluated properties of the fluid based on properties table and the calculated
data in 1st row

Film Average Vmax Kinematic Thermal Prandtl Prandtl Reynols ln Re Nusselt ln Nu Heat
temperatu velocity, (m/s) viscosity, conductiv number, number of number, number, transfer
re,Tf (°C) U(m/s) vf (m²/s) ity, k Pr surface, Re Nu coefficient
(W/m.K) Prs (W/m².K)

37.288 3.217 5.36 1.68E-05 0.0264 0.7262 0.7268 3197.38 8.0701 31.2906 3.443 82.574
34.635 3.413 5.69 1.6E-05 0.0262 0.7269 0.7270 3546.13 8.1736 33.251 3.504 87.084
32.682 3.600 6.00 1.59E-05 0.0261 0.7274 0.7274 3783.1 8.2383 34.3858 3.538 89.714

Table 2c: The evaluated properties of the fluid based on properties table and the calculated data
in 4th row

Film Average Vmax Kinematic Thermal Prandtl Prandtl Reynols ln Re Nusselt ln Nu Heat
temperatu velocity, (m/s) viscosity, conductiv number, number of number, number, transfer
re,Tf (°C) U(m/s) vf (m²/s) ity, k Pr surface, Re Nu coefficient
(W/m.K) Prs (W/m².K)

32.323 3.327 5.55 1.63E-05 0.0261 0.7275 0.7273 3402.26 8.1322 32.4356 3.479 84.669
29.638 3.580 5.97 1.61E-05 0.0259 0.7283 0.7273 3717.76 8.2209 34.0378 3.527 88.087
29.680 3.837 6.40 1.61E-05 0.0259 0.7283 0.7274 3984.42 8.2901 35.3926 3.567 91.524

13
 Graph of ln Nu vs ln Nu
3.560
y = 0.5632x - 1.101
3.540

3.520

3.500
ln Nu

3.480

3.460

3.440

3.420
8.0500 8.1000 8.1500 8.2000 8.2500
ln Re

Figure 1c: Graph of ln Nu vs ln Re for bundle tube heat transfer (1st tube)

Graph of ln Nu vs ln Re
3.580
y = 0.552x - 1.0096
3.560

3.540
ln Nu

3.520

3.500

3.480

3.460
8.1000 8.1500 8.2000 8.2500 8.3000

ln Re
Figure 2c: Graph of ln Nu vs ln Re for bundle tube heat transfer (6th tube)

Based on Figure 1c & 2c, both graphs show the same trend where the value of ln Nu
increases as ln Re increases. From graph 1, the Nu number for 1st row is slightly lower than
the Nu number in 4th row (refer graph 2). It is because the turbulence force to the air flow at
the last row is greater compared to the first row. In addition, the air velocity increases as the
size of iris increases. This resulted the Reynolds number to increase as well, the heat transfer
rate will increase due to the high velocity of the air flow. From the graph, the value for y-
intercept is considered as ln C and the gradient as n. Both data are used in the correlation to
calculate the heat transfer coefficient. Sample calculation can be referred in the appendix.

14
 Chapter 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, the experiment carried out shows that there are a few factors affecting
the rate of heat transfer in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The first factor is the velocity of fluid.
In 3 of the experiments carried out using single tube, bundle tube and finned tubes, the data
and calculations show that with the increase in velocity of air flow, it will increase the heat
transfer rate as Re, Nu and h increases in value. In Experiment 20a, a single tube is used and
when the graph of ln Nu vs ln Remax is plotted from the data recorded, we can see that a higher
velocity results in a higher Reynold’s number and when the Reynold’s number increases, the
Nusselt’s number increases. This graph also indicates that the velocity of fluid flow is directly
proportional with the heat transfer coefficient. The next factor is the location of tube from the
air inlet. In Experiment 20b and Experiment 20c, the data of the tube is recorded when it is
placed at the first and last tube respectively. In these experiments we can observe that the heat
transfer coefficient is higher when the data is recorded in the first tube. This is due to the
velocity of air flowing through the first tube having a higher turbulent force effect when
compared to the last tube. The higher turbulent force effect resulted in a higher heat transfer
coefficient. The last factor that is concluded from this experiment is the surface area of tube in
a cross-flow heat exchanger. In Experiment 20b, tube bundle is used whereby in Experiment
20c, finned tubes are used. When comparing the Nusselt number values for finned tubes and
tube bundle as the velocity is kept constant, the Nusselt number for finned tubes is higher. This
is caused by the larger surface area of the finned tubes compared to the tube bundle which
resulted in the higher rate of heat exchange. Therefore, the increase of surface area will increase
the Nusselt number and increases the heat transfer coefficient.

15
References:

1. Nusselt Number. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemical-engineering/nusselt-number

2. Cross-Flow, Staggered-Tube Heat Exchanger Analysis for High Enthalpy Flows.

Retrieved from
https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&htt
psredir=1&article=1949&context=utk_gradthes.

3. Cross flow heat exchanger. Retrieved from

https://www.grundfos.com/service-support/encyclopedia-search/cross-flow-heat-
exchanger.html

4. Air properties table. Retrieved from

https://www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala/me433/Links/Table_A_9_CC_Properties_of_Air.pdf

5. Heat Exchanger Flow: Cross flow, Parallel flow, Counter Flow Heat Exchangers.
(2018). Retrieved from https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/62410-heat-
exchanger-flow-patterns/

16
 Appendix:
Experiment 20a

Table 1a: The calculated and properties data for single tube heat transfer

Film Kinematic Thermal Prandtl Reynold ln Re Nusselt In Heat transfer

temperature, 𝑇𝑓 Viscosity, 𝑣𝑓 Conductivity, Number Number number,Nu Nu Coefficient,
𝑊
(𝑚2 /𝑠) k (W/m.K) (𝑚2 .𝐾)

31.54 0.000016225 0.02599 0.7278 2040.06 7.621 20.31 3.011 52.787

31.09 0.000016182 0.02596 0.7279 2045.48 7.623 20.34 3.012 52.795

30.81 0.000016156 0.02594 0.728 2048.77 7.625 20.35 3.013 52.797

Sample Calculation (Experiment 20a)

Using first reading as basis when iris=2,

1. Calculate film temperature

𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 +𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 41.08+22
Film temperature 𝑇𝑓 = = = 31.54℃
2 2

2. Get the properties of the fluid at film temperature. ((𝑣𝑓 . 𝑘𝑓 , 𝑃𝑟)

3. Calculate the Reynolds number, Re and In Re

Diameter, D = 0.01 m

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣𝑓

𝑚
( 3.31 𝑠 ) (0.01 𝑚)
=
𝑚2
(0.000016225 𝑠 )

= 2040.06

𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑒 = 7.621

4. Calculate the Nusselt number, Nu and In Nu

Since Re is between 40 to 4000,

C= 0.683 and n= 0.466

ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = = 𝐶𝑃𝑟 1/2 𝑅𝑒 𝑛
𝑘
17
 𝑁𝑢 = 0.683 𝑃𝑟 1/2 𝑅𝑒 0.466

= 20.31

𝐼𝑛 𝑁𝑢 = 3.011

5. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient using equation 20.2

𝑊
𝑁𝑢 𝑘 20.31 ∗ (0.02599 𝑚. 𝐾 )
ℎ= =
𝐷 (0.01 𝑚)

𝑊
= 52.787
𝑚2 . 𝐾
Experiment 20b (1st row)

Table 1b: Raw data obtained and calculated data from experiment (1st row)

Power Iris V∞ Average Inlet Average Surface Average Average Film

(W) (m/s) V∞ Temperature Inlet Temperature Surface ΔT Temperature,
(m/s) ℃ Temperature ℃ Temperature (Ts- ℃
℃ ℃ Tinlet)
86 2 3.05 3.11 22 22 26.94 26.45 4.45 24.23

86 3.05 22 26.32

86 3.24 22 26.10

86 4 3.33 3.30 22 22 25.48 25.18 3.18 23.59

86 3.23 22 25.07

86 3.33 22 24.99

86 6 3.53 3.40 22 22 24.91 24.75 2.75 23.38

86 3.53 22 24.68

86 3.13 22 24.66

18
Sample Calculation (Experiment 20b 1st row)
At iris = 2,
1. Data: Transverse Pitch (ST), a = 0.03m, Longitudinal Pitch (SL), b = 0.02m,
Diameter, D = 0.01m.
𝑎−𝐷 0.03 − 0.01
= = 0.01 𝑚
2 2

𝑉∞ 𝑎 3.11 × 0.03
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 = 2 = 4.665 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎−𝐷 0.01
2
𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 +𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 26.45+22
Film temperature 𝑇𝑓 = = = 24.23 ℃
2 2

2. Reynolds Number:
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣𝑓

𝑚
( 4.665 𝑠 ) (0.01𝑚)
=
𝑚2
(1.55 𝑥 10−5 𝑠 )

= 3009.68
Re = ln 3009.68
= 8.01

3. Nusselt Number:
The range of Re from 1000 to 2 × 105 . Using Table A-15(Appendix)
After extrapolation, Pr = 0.7298, Prs = 0.7292.
From table 20.2, a/D= 3, b/D=2,
Hence, C1=0.449 & n=0.570.
𝑛
𝑣∞ 𝑎𝐷
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 𝐶 [ ]
(𝑎 − 𝐷)𝑣𝑓
0.570
(3.11)(0.03)(0.01)
= 0.449 [ ]
(0.03 − 0.01)(1.55 × 10−5 )
= 43.15

19
 𝑁𝑢 = ln 43.15
= 3.76
4. By using the equation 20.4,
Heat transfer coefficient:
𝑛
ℎ𝐷 𝑣∞ 𝑎𝐷
= 𝐶[ ]
𝑘 (𝑎 − 𝐷)𝑣𝑓

From graph 20b.1, the actual values are n = 0.6667, ln C = - 1.58, C = 0.2060

0.6667
𝑚
(3.11 𝑠 ) (0.03𝑚)(0.01 𝑚) 𝑊
0.2060 [ ] (0.02545
𝑚2 𝑚. 𝐾 )
(0.03 − 0.01)𝑚 × (1.55 𝑥 10−5 )
ℎ = 𝑠
(0.01 𝑚)

𝑊
= 109.32
𝑚2 𝐾

Experiment 20b (6th row)

Table 2b: Raw data obtained and calculated data from experiment (1st row)

Average Average Average

Average Inlet Surface Film
Power Iris V∞ Surface
Inlet ΔT
V∞ Temperature Temperature Temperature,
(W) (m/s) Temperature Temperature
(Ts-
(m/s) ℃ ℃ ℃
℃ ℃ Tinlet)
86 3.06 22 29.52
86 2 3.05 3.06 22 22 29.52 26.42 4.42 24.21
86 3.06 22 29.21
86 3.34 22 29.58
86 4 3.34 3.31 22 22 29.33 29.44 7.44 25.72
86 3.25 22 29.42
86 3.34 22 30.22
86 6 3.54 3.47 22 22 28.34 28.90 6.90 25.45
86 3.54 22 28.14

Calculations of 6th row are the same as the first part of this experiment. (1st row)

20
 Experiment 20c (1st row)
Table 1c: the experimental data obtained during experiment (1st row)
Iris time Power,Q Velocity,U Average Inlet average inlet Surface average ∆T, Film
(min) (W) (m/s) velocity,U Temperature temperature, Temperature, surface (Ts- temperature,
(m/s) ,T (°C) Ti (°C) Ts (°C) temperature, Ti) Tf (°C)
Ts (°C) (°C)

2 1 82.36 3.19 42.7 35.08

2 82.37 3.28 37.8 35.70
3 81.9 3.18 3.217 38.27 39.590 34.18 34.99 -4.60 37.288
4 1 82.03 3.28 39.04 35.01
2 81.82 3.48 33.49 33.66
3 81.77 3.48 3.413 31.98 34.837 34.63 34.43 -0.40 34.635
6 1 81.73 3.47 31.68 33.97
2 81.68 3.76 33.8 34.89
2 74.68 3.57 3.600 26.34 30.607 35.41 34.76 4.15 32.682

Sample Calculation (Experiment 20c 1st row)

For iris = 2,
1. Calculate film temperature
𝑇𝑠 +𝑇𝑖 34.99+39.59
Film temperature 𝑇𝑓 = = = 37.288 ℃
2 2

2. Calculating Vmax
Constant data:
Transverse pitch (ST), a = 0.025m
Longitudinal pitch (SL), b = 0.02m
Diameter, D = 0.01m
𝑎 − 𝐷 0.025𝑚 − 0.01𝑚
= = 0.0075 (𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟)
2 2
Or

𝑎 0.025 2
√(2)2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝐷 = √( 2
) + (0.02)2 − 0.01 = 0.097 (bigger)

𝑉∞ 𝑎
is divided by smaller value in order to find Vmax. Therefore,
2

𝑉∞ 𝑎 3.217 × 0.025
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 = 2 = 5.362 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎−𝐷 0.0075
2
3. Get the properties of the fluid (𝑣f . k f , Pr) at film temperature. meanwhile Prs is
evaluated at surface temperature, Ts.

21
 4. Calculate the Reynolds number, Re and 𝐼𝑛 Re
Diameter, D = 0.01 m
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣𝑓
𝑚
( 5.362 𝑠 ) (0.01 𝑚)
𝑅𝑒 = = 3197.38
𝑚2
(1.677 × 10−5 𝑠 )

𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑒 = 8.0701

5. Calculate the Nusselt number, Nu and In Nu by using the correlation given in the lab
manual.
𝑛

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶
𝑎 2
2 (√(2) + 𝑏 2 − 𝐷) 𝑉𝑓
[( )]
From table 20.2,
a/D = 0.025/0.01 = 2.5 and b/D = 0.02/0.01 = 2
C = 0.4655, n = 0.563

0.563

3.217 × 0.025 × 0.01

𝑁𝑢 = 0.4655 = 31.2906
0.025 2
2 (√( 2 ) + 0.022 − 0.01) (1.68 × 10−5 )
[( )]

ln 𝑁𝑢 = 3.443

The above calculations are repeated with iris setting of 4 and 6. Three distinct Reynold’s
number and Nusselt number are obtained and a graph of ln (Nu) against ln (Re) is plotted as
shown in graph

6. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient, h using equation 20.4

From graph, n=0.5632 and In C= -1.101 (C=0.3325)

𝑛
ℎ𝐷 𝑣∞ 𝑎𝐷
= 𝐶[ ]
𝑘 (𝑎 − 𝐷)𝛾𝑓
0.5632
𝑚
(3.217 𝑠 ) (0.025 𝑚)(0.01 𝑚) 𝑊
0.3325 [ 𝑚2 ] (0.0264 𝑚. 𝐾 )
(0.025 − 0.01)𝑚 × (0.0000168
ℎ = 𝑠 )
(0.01 𝑚)
𝑊
= 82.574
𝑚2 𝐾
22
 Experiment 20c (4th row)

Table 2c: the experimental data obtained during experiment (4th row)
Iris time Power,Q Velocity,U Average Inlet average inlet Surface average ∆T, Film
(min) (W) (m/s) velocity,U Temperature temperature, Temperature, surface (Ts- temperature,
(m/s) ,T (°C) Ti (°C) Ts (°C) temperature, Ti) Tf (°C)
Ts (°C) (°C)
2 1 81.08 3.3 41.59 33.00
2 80.96 3.39 26.55 33.07
3 80.89 3.29 3.327 26.32 31.487 33.41 33.16 1.67 32.323
4 1 80.81 3.48 26.19 33.08
2 80.99 3.48 26.04 33.02
3 80.87 3.78 3.580 26.38 26.203 33.12 33.07 6.87 29.638
6 1 80.68 3.77 26.32 33.01
2 80.71 3.77 26.42 32.96
2 80.7 3.97 3.837 26.37 26.370 33.00 32.99 6.62 29.680

Sample Calculation (Experiment 20c 4th row)

For iris=2,

1. Calculate film temperature

𝑇 +𝑇 33.16+31.487
Film temperature 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑠 2 𝑖 = = 32.323 ℃
2

2. Calculating Vmax
Constant data:
Transverse pitch (ST), a = 0.025m
Longitudinal pitch (SL), b = 0.02m
Diameter, D = 0.01m
𝑎 − 𝐷 0.025𝑚 − 0.01𝑚
= = 0.0075 (𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟)
2 2
Or
𝑎 0.025 2
√(2)2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝐷 = √( 2
) + (0.02)2 − 0.01 = 0.097 (bigger)

𝑉∞ 𝑎
is divided by smaller values in order to find Vmax. Therefore,
2

𝑉∞ 𝑎 3.327 × 0.025
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 = 2 = 5.545 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎−𝐷 0.0075
2

23
3. Get the properties of the fluid (𝑣f . k f , Pr) at film temperature. meanwhile Prs is
evaluated at surface temperature, Ts.

4. Calculate the Reynolds number, Re and 𝐼𝑛 Re

Diameter, D = 0.01 m
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑣𝑓
𝑚
( 5.55 𝑠 ) (0.01 𝑚)
𝑅𝑒 = = 3402.26
𝑚2
(1.63 × 10−5 𝑠 )

𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑒 = 8.1322

7. Calculate the Nusselt number, Nu and In Nu by using the correlation given in the lab
manual.
𝑛

𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝐷
𝑁𝑢 = 𝐶
𝑎 2
2 (√(2) + 𝑏 2 − 𝐷) 𝑉𝑓
[( )]
From table 20.2,
a/D = 0.025/0.01 = 2.5 and b/D = 0.02/0.01 = 2
C = 0.4655, n = 0.563

0.563

3.327 × 0.025 × 0.01

𝑁𝑢 = 0.4655 = 32.4356
0.025 2
2 (√( 2 ) + 0.022 − 0.01) (1.63 × 10−5 )
[( )]

ln 𝑁𝑢 = 3.479

5. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient, h using equation 20.4

From graph 6.3, n=0.552 and ln C= -1.0096 (C=0.3644)

𝑛
ℎ𝐷 𝑣∞ 𝑎𝐷
= 𝐶[ ]
𝑘 (𝑎 − 𝐷)𝛾𝑓

24
 0.552
𝑚
(3.327 𝑠 ) (0.025 𝑚)(0.01 𝑚) 𝑊
0.3644 [ 𝑚2 ] (0.0261 𝑚. 𝐾 )
(0.025 − 0.01)𝑚 𝑥 (0.0000163
ℎ = 𝑠 )
(0.01 𝑚)
𝑊
= 84.669 2
𝑚 𝐾

To calculate average heat transfer coefficient

Table 3c: Data calculated for average heat transfer coefficient of finned bundle tube heat
exchanger.
Heat transfer
coefficient for Heat transfer
row 1, h coefficient for row Correction Average heat transfer coefficient, havg
Iris (W/m2.K) 4, h (W/m2.K) factor (W/m2.K)
2 82.574 84.669 0.95 79.44
4 87.084 88.087 0.95 83.21
6 89.714 91.524 0.95 86.09

Using iris 2 data as basis,

Using table 20.3 from the lab manual, correction factor for 4 tubes is 0.89.
(ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤1 + ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑤4 )
ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
2
82.574+84.669
= x 0.95
2

𝑊
= 79.44
𝑚2 𝐾

25