UNIVERSIDAD DE CONCEPCION

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS
FISICAS Y MATEMATICAS
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA MATEMATICA

LISTADO 16 (520142)

17) Sean αi ∈ IK i = 1, n tales que

α1 (v1 − v2 ) + α2 (v2 − v3 ) + . . . + αn−1 (vn−1 − vn ) + αn vn = θ

α1 v1 + (−α1 + α2 )v2 + (−α2 + α3 )v3 + . . . + (−αn−1 + αn )vn = θ

por hipótesis {v1 , v2 , . . . vn } es L.I. resultando el sistema.

α1 = 0
−α1 + α2 = 0
− α2 + α3 = 0
..
.
−αn−1 + αn = 0

α1 = α2 = . . . = αn−1 = αn = 0.

Luego {v1 − v2 , v2 − v3 , . . . , vn−1 − vn } es L.I.

21) a)

       
a b a b 1 2 1 −1
< S1 >= ∈ M2 (IR) =α +β
c d c d 1 1 2 −1
    
2 5 0 −1
+γ +δ ; α, β, γ, δ ∈ IR
1 3 3 −2
⎧ ⎫
⎪
⎪
α + β + 2γ = a ⎪
⎪
⎨  ⎬
a b 2α − β + 5γ − δ = b
= ∈ M2 (IR)
⎪
⎪ c d α + 2β + γ + 3δ = c ⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎭
α − β + 3γ − 2δ = d
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 1 2 0 | a 1 1 2 0 | a
⎜ 2 −1 5 −1 | b ⎟ ⎜ 0 −3 1 −1 | −2a + b ⎟
⎜ ⎟∼⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 2 1 3 | c ⎠ ⎝ 0 1 −1 3 | −a + c ⎠
1 −1 3 −2 | d 0 −2 1 −2 | −a + d
 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 1 2 0 | a 1 1 2 0 | a
⎜ 0 1 −1 ⎟
3 | −a + c ⎟ ⎜ 0⎜ 1 −1 3 | −a + c ⎟
⎜ ∼ ⎟
⎝ 0 −3 1 −1 | −2a + b ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 −2 8 | −5a + b + 3c ⎠
0 −2 1 −2 | −a + d 0 0 −1 4 | −3a + 2c + d
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 1 2 0 | a 1 1 2 0 | a
⎜ 0 1 −1 3 | −a + c ⎟ ⎜ 0 1 −1 3 | −a +c ⎟
⎜ ⎟∼⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 −1 4 | −3a + 2c + d ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 −1 4 | −3a + 2c + d ⎠
0 0 −2 8 | −5a + b + 3c 0 0 0 0 | a + b − c − 2d

Sistema compatible r = r
= 3 ⇔ a + b − c − 2d = 0

  
a b
< S1 >= ∈ M2 (IR) / a + b − c − 2d = 0
c d

       
a b a b −2 1 1 0
< S2 > = ∈ M2 (IR)/ =α +β
c d c d 3 −2 −1 1
      
3 −2 0 4 1 0
+γ +δ +φ ; α, β, γ, δ, φ ∈ IR
1 0 2 1 1 0
⎧ ⎫
⎪
⎪ −2α + β + 3γ + φ = a ⎪
⎪
⎨  ⎬
a b α − 2γ + 4δ = b
= ∈ M2 (IR)
⎪
⎪ c d 3α − β + γ + 2δ + φ = c ⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎭
−2α + β + δ = d
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 0 −2 4 0 | b 1 0 −2 4 0 | b
⎜ −2 1 ⎟
3 0 1 | a ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎜ 1 −1 8 1 | a + 2b ⎟
⎜ ∼ ⎟
⎝ 3 −1 1 2 1 | c ⎠ ⎝ 0 −1 7 −10 1 | −3b + c ⎠
−2 1 0 1 0 | d 0 1 −4 9 0 | 2b + d

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 0 −2 4 0 | b 1 0 −2 4 0 | b
⎜ 0 1 −1 8 1 | a + 2b ⎟ ⎜ 0 1 −1 8 1 | a + 2b ⎟
⎜ ⎟∼⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 0 6 −2 2 | a−b+c ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 6 −2 2 | a−b+c ⎠
a b c
0 0 −3 1 −1 | −a + d 0 0 0 0 0 | −2 − 2 + 2 + d

   
a b a b c
< S2 >= ∈ M2 (IR) − − + + d = 0 ⇔ a + b − c − 2d = 0
c d 2 2 2

∴< S1 >=< S2 >


  
a b
b)S =< S1 >= ∈ M2 (IR)/a + b − c − 2d = 0 =< S2 >
c d

     
a b a b a b
= ∈ M2 (IR) =
c d c d a + b − 2d d

        
a b 1 0 0 1 0 0
= =a +b +d ; a, b, d ∈ IR
c d 1 0 1 0 −2 1

     
1 0 0 1 0 0
S =< , , > . . . (1)
1 0 1 0 −2 1
       
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
α +β +γ =
1 0 1 0 −2 1 0 0

α = 0
β = 0
α=β=γ=0
α + β − 2γ = 0
γ = 0

     
1 0 0 1 0 0
∴ , , es L.I. . . . (2)
1 0 1 0 −2 1

     
1 0 0 1 0 0
De (1) y (2) , , es base para S
1 0 1 0 −2 1

24) F =< {(1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 2, 2, 6), (0, 2, 4, 4)} >

F = {(x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 /(x, y, z, w) = α(1, 2, 3, 4) + β(2, 2, 2, 6) + γ(0, 2, 4, 4)}

⎧ ⎫
⎪
⎪ α + 2β = x ⎪
⎪
⎨ ⎬
2α + 2β + 2γ = y
= (x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 /
⎪
⎪ 3α + 2β + 4γ = z ⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎭
4α + 6β + 4γ = w

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 2 0 | x 1 2 0 | x 1 2 0 | x
⎜ 2 2 2 | y ⎟ ⎜ 0 −2 2 | y − 2x ⎟ ⎜ 0 −2 2 | y − 2x ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ∼ ⎜ ⎟ ∼ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 2 4 | z ⎠ ⎝ 0 −4 4 | z − 3x ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 0 | x − 2y + z ⎠
4 6 4 | w 0 −2 4 | w − 4x 0 0 2 | w − y − 2x
F = {(x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 /x − 2y + z = 0}

(x, y, z, w) = (2y − z, y, z, w) = y(2, 1, 0, 0) + z(−1, 0, 1, 0) + w(0, 0, 0, 1)

< {(2, 1, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)} >= F . . . (1)

α(2, 1, 0, 0) + β(−1, 0, 1, 0) + γ(0, 0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 0, 0)

(2α − β, α, β, γ) = (0, 0, 0, 0)

2α − β = 0
α = 0
β = 0
γ = 0

α = β = γ = 0 Luego {(2, 1, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)} es L.I. . . . (2)

De (1) y (2) {(2, 1, 0, 0), (−1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)} es una base de F .

Luego dim(F ) = 3

G =< {(1, 0, −1, 2), (2, 3, 0, 1)} >

4
G = {(x,
⎧ y, z, w) ∈ IR /(x, y, z, w) = α(1, 0, −1,⎫2) + β(2, 3, 0, 1)}
⎪
⎪ α + 2β = x ⎪ ⎪
⎨ ⎬
4 3β = y
= (x, y, z, w) ∈ IR /
⎪
⎪ −α = z ⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
2α + β = w
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 2 | x 1 2 | x 1 2 | x
⎜ 0 3 | y ⎟ ⎜ 0 3 | y ⎟ ⎜ 0 3 | y ⎟
⎜ ⎟∼⎜ ⎟∼⎜ ⎟
⎝ −1 0 | z ⎠ ⎝ 0 2 | x+z ⎠ ⎝ 0 0 | x + z − 23 y ⎠
2 1 | w 0 −3 | w − 2x 0 0 | y + w − 2x
 
G = (x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 /x + z − 23 y = 0 ∧ y + w − 2x
 = 0
= (x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 / z = 23 y − x ∧ w = 2x − y

2 2
(x, y, z, w) = (x, y, y − x, 2x − y) = x(1, 0, −1, 2) + y(0, 1, , −1)
3 3
 2
G =< {(1, 0, −1, 2), (0, 1, , −1)} > · · · (3)
3

2
α(1, 0, −1, 2) + β(0, 1, , −1) = (0, 0, 0, 0)
3

2
α, β, −α + β, 2α − β) = (0, 0, 0, 0)
3

α = 0
β = 0
2
−α + 3
β = 0
2α − β = 0

2
α=β=0 Luego {(1, 0, −1, 2), (0, 1, , −1)} es L.I. · · · (4)
3

De (3) y (4) {(1, 0, −1, 2), (0, 1, 23 , −1)} es una base de G.

Luego dim(G) = 2

F ∩ G = {(x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 /(x, y, z, w) ∈ F ∧ (x, y, z, w) ∈ G}

= {(x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 /x − 2y + z = 0 ∧ x + z − 23 y = 0 ∧ y + w − 2x = 0}
x − 2y + z = 0
= {(x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 / x − 23 y + z = 0
−2x + y + w = 0

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 −2 1 0 1 −2 1 0 1 −2 1 0
⎝ 1 −2 1 0 ⎠ ∼ ⎝ 0 4
0 0 ⎠ ∼ ⎝ 0 4
0 0 ⎠
3 3 3
−2 1 0 1 0 −3 2 1 0 0 2 1

F ∩ G = {(x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 /x − 2y + z = 0, y = 0, 2z + w = 0}
= {(x, y, z, w) ∈ IR4 /x = 2y − z, y = 0, w = −2z}
4
= {(x, y, z, w) ∈ IR /x = −z, y = 0, w = −2z}

(x, y, z, w) = (−z, 0, z, −2z) = z(−1, 0, 1, −2)

 F ∩ G =< {(−1, 0, 1, −2)} > · · · (1)

α(−1, 0, 1, −2) = (0, 0, 0, 0)

−α = α = −2α = 0 ∴ α = 0

Luego {(−1, 0, 1, −2)} es L.I. · · · (2)

De (1) y (2) {(−1, 0, 1, −2)} es base de F ∩ G.

Luego dim(F ∩ G) = 1