Chapter 23
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Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number
A 1 1 0 0 4
Z 1 0 -1 +1 2
23.1
Balancing Nuclear Equations
212 = 4 + A A = 208
84 = 2 + Z Z = 82
23.1
23.1
Beta decay
14C
6
14N
7
+-10 + Decrease # of neutrons by 1
19K
40 40Ca
20
+ -10 + Increase # of protons by 1
1n
0
1p
1
+ -10 +
Positron decay
11C
6
11B
5
++10 + Increase # of neutrons by 1
19K
38 38Ar
18
++10 + Decrease # of protons by 1
1p
1
1n
0
++10 +
18 Ar
37 + -10e 37Cl
17
+ Increase # of neutrons by 1
55Fe
26 + -10e 55Mn
25
+ Decrease # of protons by 1
1p
1 + -10e 1n
0
+
Alpha decay
Decrease # of neutrons by 2
212Po 4He + 208Pb
84 2 82
Decrease # of protons by 2
Spontaneous fission
252Cf 2125
49 In + 2 0n
1
98
23.2
Y
n/p too small
positron decay or electron capture
23.2
Nuclear Stability
• Certain numbers of neutrons and protons are extra stable
• n or p = 2, 8, 20, 50, 82 and 126
• Like extra stable numbers of electrons in noble gases
(e- = 2, 10, 18, 36, 54 and 86)
• Nuclei with even numbers of both protons and neutrons
are more stable than those with odd numbers of neutron
and protons
• All isotopes of the elements with atomic numbers higher
than 83 are radioactive
• All isotopes of Tc and Pm are radioactive
23.2
binding energy
binding energy per nucleon =
number of nucleons
2.37 x 10-11 J
= = 1.25 x 10-12 J
19 nucleons
23.2
Nuclear binding energy per nucleon vs Mass number
Contoh soal
ln2
=
t½
23.3
23.3
Contoh soal
Radiocarbon Dating
14N + 01n 14C + 11H
7 6
14C
6
14N
7
+ -10 + t½ = 5730 years
Uranium-238 Dating
238U
92
206Pb
82 + 8 24 + 6-10 t½ = 4.51 x 109 years
23.3
Exercises
• A sample of rock was found to contain 2.07 mol 40K dan
1.15 mol 40Ar. If we assume that all of the 40Ar came
from the decay of 40K, what is the age of the rock in years.
t1/2 = 1.3 109 years for 40K.
• A complex of cromium(III) with oxalate ion was prepared
from K251Cr2O7, having a spesific activity of 843 cpm/g,
and H214C2O4, having a spesific activity of 345 cpm/g. 51Cr
decays by electron capture with the emmision of gamma
radiation, whereas 14C is a pure beta emitter. A sample of
the complex was observed to give a gamma count of 165
cpm and a beta count of 83 cpm. From these data
determine the complex formula.
Nuclear Transmutation
14N
7 + 24 17O
8
+ 11p
13 Al
27 + 24 30P
15
+ 01n
14N
7 + 11p 11C
6
+ 42
23.4
Nuclear Transmutation
23.4
Nuclear Fission
23.5
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear chain reaction is a self-sustaining sequence of
nuclear fission reactions.
The minimum mass of fissionable material required to
generate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is the
critical mass.
Non-critical
Critical
23.5
The Fission Chain Reaction
23.5
Nuclear Fission
70 ft3
3.5 x 106 vitrified
ft3 ash waste
Nuclear Fission
Hazards of the
radioactivities in spent
fuel compared to
uranium ore
Natural Uranium
0.7202 % U-235 99.2798% U-238
Measured at Oklo
0.7171 % U-235
Nuclear Fusion
1H
2 + 13H 2 He
4 + 10n 2.8 x 10-12 J
6Li + 12H 2 42He 3.6 x 10-12 J
3
Tokamak magnetic
plasma
confinement
23.6
Giant particle accelerator at Fermilab
Brain images
with 123I-labeled
compound
23.7
Radioisotopes in Medicine
Research production of 99Mo
98Mo + 10n 99Mo
42 42
99Mo
42
99mTc
43 + -10 + t½ = 66 hours
99mTc
43
99Tc
43 + -ray t½ = 6 hours
23.7
Geiger-Müller Counter
23.7
23.8
Chemistry In Action: Food Irradiation
Dosage Effect