Kanaka Maratta A History of Melanesian Mackay

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Kanaka Maratta : a history of Melanesian Mackay /
Article · January 1981

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. PRIMARY SOURCES
1. OFFICIAL
British Solomon Islands Protectorate

Annual Reports, 1903-5, 1921-54.
Handbook of the B r i t i s h Solomon Islands Protectorate (Tulagi,
1911).
Commonwealth of Australia
Commissioner for Cornunity Re Zations : fourth annual report
(Canberra, 1979).
Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on South Sea
Islanders in Australia (Canberra, 1977).
Report of Inquiries by the Office of t h e Comissioner for
C o m n i t y Relations i n Northern New South Wales and morth
Queensland (Canberra, 1976).
Great Britain
Par liamentary Papers.
Queensland Government
Acts of Parliament.
Blue Book.
Census of Queensland.
Correspondence between t h e Premier of Queensland and the Prime
Minister of the Commonwealth respecting deportation of
Kanakas, laid before t h e table of the Legislative Assembly,
7 August 1906 (Brisbane, 1906).
Further Correspondence Re l u t i n g t o Seaforth Estate (Brisbane,
1899).
Government Gazette.
Government Statutes.
J o m Z of the Queensland Legis Zative Counci 2.
Parliamentary Debates.
ParZiamentary Handbook (Brisbane, 1977).
Report upon t h e financial condition of the Pacific Islanders
Hospitals, presented t o both Houses of Parliament
(Brisbane, 1887).
Report with Minutes o f evidence taken before the Select Committee
i n t o the Mackay Railway - Extension from Mirani t o Cattle
Creek (Brisbane, 1895) .
Royal Commission i n t o Sugar Industry Labour (Brisbane, 1906).
Royal Comission on Land Settlement (Brisbane, 1897), contained
in Reports Ad evidence of Royal Commissions and Select
Committees related to land alienation in Australian
colonies (JCUNQ: MFQ6) .
S t a t i s t i c s of Queensland.
Sugar Industry Labow Royal Cornrnission ( B r i s b a n e , 1906).
Votes and Proceedings of the QueensZand Legislative AssembZy
( t i t l e a l t e r e d a f t e r 1901 t o Parliamentary Papers).
South A u s t r a l i a n Government
Proceedings of Par Ziament .
2. ARCHIVES
B r i t i s h Solomon I s l a n d s P r o t e c t o r a t e
M a l a i t a M a g i s t r a t e s ' Archives (Auki): F i l e LC/MIl/65: Kwara'ae
L o c a l Court, Case No. 2/74, N a t i v e Land ~ ~ ~ Case e aNo.l
6/75.
P o p u l a t i o n Census February 1976. P r o v i s i o n a l r e s u l t s p u b l i s h e d
i n A p r i l 1976. Census O f f i c e , S t a t i s t i c s D i v i s i o n ,
M i n i s t r y of Finance.
Commonwealth of A u s t r a l i a
Department of E x t e m Z A f f a i r s . Correspondence and documents
r e l a t i n g t o deportation.
CRS A 1 1903: 1694, 1714, 3959, 6798
1904: 8380, 9617
1906: 4761, 5999, 8233
1907: 293, 4198, 8941, 9881
1908: 1459, 3361, 5120, 5247, 6443, 11283
CRS A2 1916: 279 ( P t . I )
1917: 35861109
1919: 101, 472, 2286
CRS A6 1901: 176, 346, 569, 846, 853, 1170, 1868
CRS A8 1901: 13213-8, 12-14, 1 6 1 / ( 1 )
1902: 19/93-97
CRS A38 R e g i s t e r of d e p a r t u r e of c o l o u r e d p e r s o n s from
t h e Commonwealth 1903-1935.
New Zealand
Great Britain, Royal Navy - Australian Station, Reeo.~dsof
t h e Commander-in-Chief.
Vol. 13 Pacific ~ s l a n d s ,1857-76
Vol. 14 Pacific I s l a n d s , 1877-79
IVew ZeaZand Governor (NZ G 1011). Despatches from t h e
Governor of F i j i , and High Commissioner f o r t h e Western
P a c i f i c , 1 3 December 1875 t o 9 December 1886, and
2 J a n u a r y 1887 t o 23 December 1895.
Queensland
The Queensland S t a t e Archives (QSA) i s t h e s e c t i o n of t h e
S t a t e L i b r a r y of Queensland r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n
of c o l o n i a l and s t a t e r e c o r d s . QSA m a t e r i a l used i n t h i s
thesis was collected between 1 9 7 3 and 1981. Detailed
references to the files used in the text are provided in
the footnotes. Here all that is intended is an indication
of the wider scope of QSA material examined during research,
its general nature and time-period.
AGS Department of Agriculture and Stock, later the Depart-
ment of Primary Industries.
Papers concerning the introduction and propogation of
sugar cane, establishment of Sugar Experiment Stations,
eradication of cane pests, introduction of sugar
bounties, and exemptions granted under the 1913 Sugar
CuZtivation Act. 1892-1927.
COL Colonial Secretary's Office.
General correspondence concerning the sugar industry,
Mackay, and Melanesian migration. 1859-1896.
CLO Chief Commissioner for Crown Lands.
Registers of runs leased in the South Kennedy district.
1861-1868.
CPS Clerk of Petty Sessions, Normanton and Mackay.
Register of Melanesians employed in the Normanton
district. 1868-1871.
Criminal depositions and associated papers, Bailiff's
summons books and Police Magistrate' a letterbook, from
Mackay. 1873-1942.
CRS Crown Solicitor.
Briefs and associated papers in cases involving
Melanesians. 1884-1897.
DCT District Court, Mackay.
Register of judgements given, Judge's notebooks,
depositions and calendars of trials in criminal cases;
affidavits, plaints, summonses, judgement books and
Judge's notebooks of trials in civil cases. 1873-1923.
EDU Education Department.
Annual return, weekly attendance records and general
correspondence from the Walkerston Polynesian Provisional
School. 1933-1934.
GOV Governor.
Correspondence to and from the Governor concerning
Mackay and Melanesian migration.
HOS Hospitals.
Registers, diaries and correspondence concerning govern-
ment hospitals for Melanesians in Queensland. 1884-1891.
IMM Immigration Department.
Registers of Melanesian migration. 1870-1903.
IPI Inspectors of Pacific Islanders.
Registers of the arrival and departure of recruiting
trade vessels; employment, transfers, agreements,
exemption from provisions of Acts, mortality and
deportation of Melanesians; and miscellaneous corres-
pondence. 1868-1908.
JUS Justice Department.
Inquests into deaths in the Mackay district. 1861-1882.
LAN Department of Public Lands.
Registers and files concerning the leasing or purchase
of agricultural and pastoral land in the Kennedy district
(particularly South Kennedy and Mackay), under the
various Crown k n d s Alienation Acts 1868-97. 1868-1930.
PRE Premier and Chief Secretary's ~e~artment.
Correspondence and associated papers relating to Melan-
esian labourers. 1865-1907.
PRI Prisons Department.
Correspondence respecting, and a return of, Melanesians
who served sentences in Queensland. 1886-1899.
POL Police Deputy Commissioner's Office.
Correspondence and reports concerning arms and ammun-
ition, deportation of Melanesians, enrolment of un-
naturalized foreigners, and aliens working without the
required permits under the Sugar Cultivation Act.
1897-1941.
TRE Treasury.
Register of the payment of rent on runs in the pastoral
districts of Kennedy and South Kennedy. 1861-1889.
WOR Works Department.
Press Cutting Book relating to the sugar industry. 1895.
Maps Various maps of the Mackay district. 1864-1933.
3. MANUSCRIPTS
Anglican Parish of Holy Trinity, Mackay

Baptismal Register, 1867-1946. (Referenced as: HTBR)
(Information from this Register is incorporated into
Printouts A to C. )
Marriage Register, 1867-1900. (Information from this
Register is incorporated into Printouts A to C.)
Minute Book of the Parish Council, 1915-30.
Australian National University

(RS of PS) Department of Pacific and South-east Asian History
Hopkins, A.I., Autobiography, 1869-1943.
(RS of SS) Archives of Business and Labour

Deposit 142: CSR Limited.
Colonial Sugar Refining Company, Head Office, Sydney

General files relating to the Queensland Sugar Industry,
particularly, Box D.2.0, relating to W.S. Adrian's
M t PZeasant plantation.
Dixon Library
Letterbooks of J.G. Goodenough
-(M~~292) Admiralty letters, vol. I, 16 June 1873 to
18 July 1874
-(MSQ295) Squadron letters, 25 July 1874 to 17 March 1875
-(MS~296) Squadron letters, 19 March 1875 to 2 August 1875
James Cook U n i v e r s i t y of North Queensland
L i b r a r y : Archives
Good, A., D i a r y of Abijou Good, 28 F e b r u a r y t o 6 November 1863.
R e g i s t e r of P a c i f i c I s l a n d e r s employed a t P i o n e e r . p l a n t a t i o n ,
on t h e Burdekin r i v e r , 12 October 1895 t o 22 March 1906.
( c o n t a i n e d i n t h e Records of P i o n e e r M i l l . )
S l o a n & Co., Records from t h e i r Mackay o p e r a t i o n s , 1875-7.
L i b r a r y : Delamo t h e
Cook, V.A., Manuscript n o t e s by Vida A . Cook, c i r c a 1947,
c o n t a i n e d i n t h e Cook-Atherton Photo C o l l e c t i o n .
Davidson, J . E . , J o u r n a l of John Ewan Davidson, 1865-1868.
K e r r , J . , B r i e f account of t h e h i s t o r y of e a c h of t h e s u g a r
m i l l s i n t h e Mackay d i s t r i c t ( f i r s t p u b l i s h e d i n t h e
f i r t h QueensZand R e g i s t e r , November 1975 t o - Y u l y 1978),
(bound i n t o one volume i n t h e JCUNQ ~ e 1 a m o t h . iC o l l e c t i o n
and f o o t n o t e d h e r e i n a s S u g a r M i l l s ) .
Mackay P l a n t e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n , Minute book, 15 March 1878 t o
26 August 1884.
Peak, J . H . , H i s t o r y of t h e Burdekin.
Rankine & H i l l , Consulting E n g i n e e r s , Mackay Regional Study:
l a n d u s e and demography f o r e c a s t s . March, 1971.
Ullman & Nolan, Consulting E n g i n e e r s , Mackay Region N a t i o n a l
E s t a t e Study. Mackay, 1975.
H i s t o r y Department
B e l l , P., Mining S e t t l e m e n t i n North Queensland ( p a p e r given
a t H i s t o r y Dept. Seminar, James Cook U n i v e r s i t y of
North Queensland, 24 October 1980).
Edmondson, C . , I n t r o d u c t i o n t o and a n n o t a t i o n s on t h e d i a r i e s
of Government Agent S.M. Smith ( M a n u s c r i p t ) . ,
F a r q u h a r , W.G., Diary of W.G. F a r q u h a r , 7 November t o 30
November 1861, 4 October 1866 t o 17 J a n u a r y 1872.
Matsen, O., The d i a r i e s : o f Ole Matsen, 1896-1926.'
Smith, S.M., D i a r i e s from s e v e r a l voyages by Sydney Mercer
Smith, Government Agent i n t h e Queensland Labour Trade,
1893-1900. (The o r i g i n a l d i a r i e s a r e h e l d by t h e
Oxley L i b r a r y , Brisbane. )
Thomas, I . , H i s t o r y of my m o t h e r ' s l i f e (Manuscript, BOHC).
P r i n t o u t C. Names, p l a c e of r e s i d e n c e and o r i g i n of P a c i f i c .
I s l a n d e r s a t Mackay, computer s o r t e d from b a p t i s m a l ,
m a r r i a g e and d e a t h r e c o r d s .
Mackay Cane Growers' Executive

Coyne, A . J . , Notes on a t a l k on t h e Mackay Sugar I n d u s t r y
g i v e n t o t h e Mackay Canegrowers' E x e c u t i v e .
Kirwan, P., Notes on t h e Mackay Sugar I n d u s t r y , p r e p a r e d
20 J u l y 1954.
Mackay C i t y Council Archives
Macartney, A.M., H i s t o r y of t h e Macartney family i n Queens-
l a n d , by S i r Alexander Miller Macartney, 1956 (10 pages).
Mackay, R.H., H i s t o r y of t h e f a m i l y of John Mackay, by h i s
son Rainey Hugh Mackay (11 p a g e s ) .
Mackay Cemetery T r u s t R e g i s t e r of B u r i a l s
Vol. 1, 1 August 1873 t o 4 February 1884
Vol. 2, 1 J a n u a r y 1884 t o 29 February 1896
Vol. 3 , 1 March 1896 t o 30 May 1925.
Mackay Cemetery T r u s t L e t t e r b o o k , one volume, 6 October 1909
t o 7 January 1935.
Mackay Cemetery T r u s t Records of Meetings, one volume, 29
March 1873 t o 26 August 1936.
Rockley, A-M., Notes on t h e l i f e of and e x t r a c t s from t h e
l e t t e r s of F.T. Amhurst, by h i s n i e c e Baroness A l i c i a -
Margaret Rockley, 1937.
Mackay Court House

B i l l s of S a l e Documents, 1931-2:, 1934-6.
Crop Lien Documents, 1897, 1911-8, 1923-33, 1936.
Deposition Books
1 March 1884 t o 5 November 1885
5 November 1884 t o 5 November 1886
1 September 1891 t o 9 December 1892
19 October 1893 t o 11 June 1894
4 February 1899 t o 31 October 1901
1 November 1901 t o 17 May 1904
20 May 1904 t o 31 October 1905.
Index Book f o r B i l l s of S a l e , 1911-1945..
Mackay D i s t r i c t H o s p i t a l
Register
Vol. 1, January 1891 t o November 1899
Vol. 2, August 1902 t o December 1908.
Mackay F u n e r a l s
B u r i a l R e g i s t e r s , 1890-1959. ( I n f o r m a t i o n from t h i s R e g i s t e r
i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o Printouts A t o C.)
Melbourne U n i v e r s i t y Business Archives

Blake and R i g g a l l C o l l e c t i o n . Legal p a p e r s of W. Sloan & Co.,
R . J . J e f f r a y , George F a i r b a i r n and W.G. Walker.
Mitchell Library
Martin, James, Diary a t Hamilton s t a t i o n , 15 J u l y 1876 t o
12 J u l y 1879 ( M i t c h e l l L i b r a r y , B1322, 1 & 2 ) , and
Album of photographs, C.1860-1910 ( M i t c h e l l L i b r a r y ,
A3193).
Wawn, W.T., Manuscript d i a r i e s of s e v e r a l voyages by William
T w i z e l l Wawn a s Master and Mate on s h i p s i n t h e Queens-
Labour Trade, 1891-94.
Great Britain, Royal Napy - Australian Stati-on, Records of
t h e Commander-{n-Chief.
Yol. 21 Kidnapping, 1869-75 (No. 1663)
Vol. 22 Labour Traffic and Pearl Fisheries, 1873-80
(No. 1664)
Vol. 23 Printed Reports of Island Cases, 1888-93 (NO. 1665)
Vol. 38 New Guinea and Solomon Islands, 1886-92 (No. 1678)
Vol. 44 Enclosures 2, 16, 18, 23 (No. 1683)
Also refer to the entry for the New Zealand National
Archives.
Pioneer Shire: Health De~artment

Walkerston Cemetery Register of Burials, 26 September 1885
to 15 September 1980.
Presbyterian Church, Walkerston

Baptismal Register, 10 March 1898 to 10 May 1920 (Information
from this Register is incorporated into Printouts A to C . )
Kirk Session Minute Book, 13 September 1900 to 1 December 1927.
Management Committee and Annual Congregational Meeting Minute
Book, 18 November 1880 to 30 October 1913.
Solomon Islands Centre of the University of the South Pacific

Maranda, E.K., The Averted Gift: the Lau myth of the seeker of
Exchange.
Folklore and Cultural Change: Lau riddles and moderniz-
i
ation (Paper pxesented at the World Conference of
Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Chicago,
1973).
Narrative Structure and Style in North Malaita, Solomon
Islands (Paper given in Palermo, Sicily at the
Conference on Structures and Genres in Ethnic
Literatures, April 1970).
Miscellaneous
de Coppet, D., Land Tenure in 'Are'are and on South Malaita
(Manuscript in the possession of the author ).
The life-giving death: a Melanesian case (Paper given
at a Seminar on the Anthropology and Archaeology
of Death, London, 14-15 June 1980 ).
Graves, A.A., Pacific Island Labour and the Reconstruction
of the Queensland Sugar Industry (Paper given at
the Conference of the Economic History Society of
Australia and New Zealand, University of New South
Wales, 30 August to 1 September 1978.).
Shlomowitz, R., Markets for Melanesian labour in Queensland,
1863-1906 (Manuscript, Flinders University, October
1978. In the possession of the author .).
4. NEVSPAPERS AND JOURNALS

Argus (Melbourne), 1892.
AustraZian, 1978.
AUS t r a l i a n Brewers Journal , 1883.
A u s t r a Z i a n Grocers ' J o u r n a l and Wine, S p i r i t and Tobacco
.
Traders A d v e r t i s e r , Y o l s 1 t o 6.
A u s t r a l a s i a n Insurance and Banking Record and S t a t i s t i c a Z
R e g i s t e r , V o l s . 1 t o 4 , 1877 t o 1880.
A u s t r a l i a n S t o r e k e e p e r s f J o u r n u l , 1905.
A u s t r a z i a n Sugar J o w l z a Z , 1920-25.
B r i s b a n e Courier, 1863-8.
B r i t i s h A u s t r a l a s i a n and New Zealand Mail, 9 May 1901.
C i t y Leader and SharehoZders' Guardian ( L o n d o n ) , 4 January
1902.
C o o k t o m C o u r i e r , 8 J u l y 1890.
Gentleman ' s Magazine, 1880.
~ u a r d i a n( B r i s b a n e ) , 1868.
Leader (Melbourne) , 1882.
M a c k u y , C h r o n i c l e , 1900.
Mackag Mercury and S o u t h ~ e n n e d yA' d v e r t i s e r , 4 A p r i l 1866
t o 11 September 1906, 1912 t o 1914, 1919, 1932, 1957
t o 1973 ( c u t t i n g s h e l d b y Queensland Cane Growers'
C o u n c i l A r c h i v e s , B r i a b a n e ) , 1972 t o 1981. (1902 +
i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e Sugar J o m a Z and T r o p i c a l C u l t i v a t o r ,
1905 + i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e Mackay C h r o n i c l e , 1906 +
name changed t o t h e D a i l y Mercury.) And s i x s u p p l e m e n t s :
1 . 1862-1912 F i f t y Y e a r s : t h e j u b i l e e o f Mackay. Pub-
l i s h e d b y The D a i l y Mercury, Mackay, August 1912.
(MM J u b i l e e 1 9 1 2 )
2 . History o f Racecourse Central Sugar M i l l , 1887-1925.
R e p r i n t e d from The D a i l y Meremy, 17 September 1925.
3 . C i t y o f Mackay Centenary E d i t i o n , 6 A p r i l 1962.
(MM Centenary 1962
4 . Sugar I n d u s t r y C e n t e m q F e a t u r e , 31 J u l y 1967.
(MM 'Sugar Centenary 1 9 6 7 ) ,
5 . Racecourse C o - o p e r a t i v e Sugar A s s o c i a t i o n : g o l d e n
jubilee, 1927-1977, 23 November 1977
6 . A C e n t u r y o f Shows: s o u v e n i r s u p p l e m e n t , 19 June
1979. (MI Show Centenary 1 9 7 9 ) .
Mackay S t a n d a r d , 1895 .
N e w P i o n e e r ( M a c k a y ) , 1905 t o 1912, c o n t i n u e d a s The P i o n e e r ,
1913.
News Drwn ( H o n i a r a ) , 1976.
North Queensland R e g i s t e r , 1920-1.
N o r t h e r n Churchman: c h u r c h c h r o n i c l e o f the Diocese o f North
Queensland, V o l s . 8 (No. 9 4 ) t o 29 (No. 3 7 9 ) , 7 October
1904 t o 1 December 1928.
N o r t h e r n Magazine, September 1976.
PastoraZ R e v i e w , V o l s . 17 and 2 3 , March 1907 t o February
1908, January t o December 1913.
Planter and Farmer: a monthly jomnal of tropical and semi-
tropical a g r i c u l t w e , Yol. I , 1882-3.
Pugh 's A Zmanac .
Queensland Leader, 1884.
Steering Wheel, and Society and Home, 1937.

Sugar Cane: a monthly magazine devoted t o the i n t e r e s t s of
the Sugar Cane Industry.
Vols. 15 to 25, 1883-93
V O ~ S .28-9, 1896-7
Sugar Journal and Tropical C u l t i v a t o r , Vols. 2-11, 1893-1902.
Sydney Mail, 23 June 1883.
Sydney Norning Herald, 23 July to 27 October 1884.
5. INTERVIEWS
A general discussion on the oral testimony used in this

thesis can be found in the Introduction.
The oral evidence collected, in the form of tapes and type-
scripts, has been deposited in the Oral History Collection
of the History Department, James Cook University of North
Queensland. Interviews with Pacific Islanders in Queensland
form Part B of the Department's Black Oral History Collection
(BOHC). There are now eighty-seven casette tapes in Part B,
recorded between 24 March 1974 and 9 January 1981. Varying
in duration from two hours to a few minutes, most of the
taped conversations cover an hour or so, and are unstructured
conversations based on the lives led by Pacific Islanders in
Australia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Many
conversations, before and after the taped interviews, are
recorded only as brief notes in a research diary, and a few
interviews are preserved as typed transcripts within the
CoZlection. The tapes form only a fragment of my experiences
with Australian Pacific Islanders, but they are the kernel
of these experiences, and they are designed to cover the full
range of types of conversations fn which I and Patricia
Mercer have participated.
Three other sections of the Oral History CoZZection have
also been used in this thesis.
ABC Interviews collected by Matthew Peacock, of the Science
Unit, Australian Broadcasting Commission, during his
preparation for "The Forgotten People" (ABC Broadband
radio series, first broadcast 10-12 January 1978), are
collected on nine cassettes. Footnote references to
these tapes are prefaced by ABC
CRM ~hirt~-six of my interviews with Europeans and Malays
at Mackay, and with Malaitans in the Solomon islands
form a separate part of the Colzection. Footnote
references to these tapes are prefaced by CRM.
References to these tapes have been footnoted in the following
manner :
To indicate the section of the Oral History CoZZection: BOHC,
ABC, CRM.
To indicate BOHC tapes from Section B (Pacific ~slanders):
BOHC (tape number) B.
The side of the tape referred to is indicated by a or b: for
example, BOHC 23Ba.
A number after a tape reference indicates a fifteen minute
section of conversation in which the oral testimony.footnoted
is contained: -1, -2, -3, -4.
Where no number is given the reference is to the entire side,
or to the entire tape.
When speakers are not named in the text they are identified
in footnotes by initials only: because some information on
the tapes is highly personal, I have thought it proper to
respect the privacy of informants by identifying them no
further in this thesis. All tapes in the CoZZectiozz are on
restricted access.
6. THESES
Adamson, S., The Queensland Sugar Industry, 1860 to 1917

(B.A. Hons. thesis, University of Queensland, 1953).
Barclay, E., The Public Health Movement in Queensland, 1859-
1900 (B.A. Hons. thesis, University of Queensland, 1969).
Barrett, A.H.B., The Making of an Industrial Environment:
Collingwood, Victoria, 1851-91 (M.A. thesis, Melbourne
University, 1970).
Bedford, R.D., Mobility in Transition: an analysis of
population movement in the New Hebrides (PhD. thesis
Australian National University, 1971).
Bellam, M.E.P., The Melanesian in town: a preliminary study
of the urbanization of adult male Melanesians in Honiara,
British Solomon Islands Protectorate (M.A. thesis,
Victoria University, Wellington, 1964).
Bennett, J.A., Cross-cultural influences on village re-
location on the weather coast of Guadalcanal c. 1870-
1953 (M.A. thesis, University of Hawaii, 1974).
- Wealth of the Solomons: a history of trade, plantations
and society, Solomon Islands c. 1800-1942 (PhD.
thesis, Australian National University, 1979).
Bertei, J.M., Non-labour Politics in North Queensland, 1907-
1929 (B.A. Hons. thesis, University of Queensland, 1960).
~oober,M. , Langa Langa Ethics (PhD. thesis, Yale University,
1970).
Corfield, N., The development of the cattle industry in
Queensland, 1840-1890 (B.A. Hons. thesis, University of
Queensland, 1959).
Corris, P., Passage, Port, Plantation: a history of Solomon
Islands Labour Migration, 1870-1914 (PhD. thesis,
Australian National University, 19701,
Dignan, D., The Kanaka Political Struggle (B.A. Hons.
penultimate thesis, University of Queensland, 1949).
Doran, C., Separatism in Townsville, 1884-1894 (B.Ed.-B.A.
Hons. thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland,
1978).
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7. COMPUTER PRINTOUT
A computer was used to re-order Islander baptism, marriage

and burial records into more useful sequences. The basic
data, called Printout A, includes: 715 Anglican baptisms,
1878-1946; 39 Presbyterian baptisms, 1911-1939; 6 8 Anglican
marriages, 1878-1939; 388 burials, 1898-1959.
To t h e s e r e c o r d s were added p o s s i b l e s p e l l i n g v a r i a t i o n s f o r
surnames, p l a n t a t i o n s and i s l a n d s of o r i g i n ; t h e b a s i c
r e c o r d s were t h e n r e - s o r t e d c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y under surnames,
p l a c e s of r e s i d e n c e and i s l a n d s of o r i g i n (Printout B ) .
~ r i n t o u tB was re-computed, w i t h a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n t o
i d e n t i f y i n d i v i d u a l s of M a l a i t a n d e s c e n t , and s o r t e d chrono-
l o g i c a l l y under surnames, p l a c e s of r e s i d e n c e and i s l a n d s
of o r i g i n (Printout C).
Printout C h a s been r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e second h a l f of t h e
thesis. It i n c l u d e s 4 , 9 3 8 e n t r i e s : 2,719 f o r surnames;
1,148 f o r p l a c e s of r e s i d e n c e ; and 1,071 f o r i s l a n d s of
origin.
The baptism, m a r r i a g e and b u r i a l r e c o r d s were i n c o m p l e t e ,
b u t cover eighty-one y e a r s , .and e n a b l e a r e s e a r c h e r t o
f o l l o w most of t h e 1slande.r f a m i l i e s i n t h e Mackay d i s t r i c t ,
c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y and t h r o u g h changes of r e s i d e n c e . Printout
C , used i n r e l a t i o n w i t h c r o p l i e n r e g i s t e r s and o r a l
t e s t i m o n y , p r o v i d e s a n a d e q u a t e means of s t u d y i n g t h e h i s t o r y
of Melanesians a t Mackay d u r i n g t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h e
twentieth century.
Copies of Printout C have been d e p o s i t e d w i t h t h e H i s t o r y
Department, James Cook U n i v e r s i t y of North Queensland and
w i t h t h e Mackay C i t y L i b r a r y .
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APPENDIX ONE
A list of the major Acts, Judgements, Select Committees and Royal

Commissions pertinent to the lives of'Melanesians in Queensland.
The changes from Act to Act were often pre-empted by Regulations

passed separately. More detailed discussion of the Acts and
Regulations can be found in the unpublished work of P.M. Mercer,
K.E. Saunders and C. Edmondson, and in articles published by
R. Shlomowitz .
P.M. Mercer, An Analysis of Racial Attitudes towards Melanesians
Expressed in the Queensland Legislative Assembly and Newspapers,
1877-92 (B.A. Hons. thesis, James Cook University of North Queens-
land, 1972) ;
K.A. Saunders, Uncertain Bondage: an analysis of indentured labour

in Queensland to 1907, with particular reference to the Melanesian
servants (PhD. thesis, University of Queensland, 1974);
C. Edmondson, Introduction to and annotations on the diaries of

S.M. Smith, Queensland Government Agent 1893-1904 (History Dept.,
James Cook University);
R. Shlomowitz, 'The search for institutional equilibrium in

Queensland's sugar industry 1884-1913', Australian Economic History
Review, v.19 (1979); 'Team work and incentives: the origins and
development of the Butty gang system in Queensland's sugar
industry', JOUXWZZ of Comparative Economics, v.3 (1979); 'Markets
for indentured and time-expired Melanesian labour in Queensland,
1863-1906: an economic analysis', JPH, v.16 (1981); 'Melanesian
labour and the development of the Queensland sugar industry, 1863-
1906', Research in Economic History, v.7 (1981).
1861 Queensland. Masters and Servants Act (25 Vic. No.11). Date
of assent, 8 August 1861.
1868 Queensland.
- Polynesian Labourers Act (31 Vic. No.47). Date
of assent, 4 March 1868.
1869 Queensland. Select Committee to take evidence and report on

the operation of the Polynesian Labourers Act of 1868.
Appointed 14 May 1869.
1872 Imperial. The Kidnapping Act (35 & 36 Vic. C.19). Date of
assent, 27 June 1872.
1875 imperial.. Amendment to the Kidnapping Act of 1872 (38 & 39

Vic. C.51). Date of assent, 2 August 1875.
-
1876 Queensland. Select Committee on the general question of
Polynesian labour. Appointed 7 September 1876. Report dated
14 November 1876.
-
1880 Queensland. Pacific Island Labourers Act (44 Vic. No.17).
Date of assent, 18 November 1880.
1884 Queensland. P a c i f i c I s l a n d Labourers Act Amendment Act (48
Vic. No.12). Date of a s s e n t , 10 March 1884.
1884-5 Queensland. Royal Commission on t h e r e c r u i t i n g of P o l y n e s i a n

l a b o u r e r s i n New Guinea and a d j a c e n t i s l a n d s . Appointed
2 3 December 1884. Report p r e s e n t e d 10 A p r i l 1885.
-
1884 Queensland. Act t o p r e v e n t t h e improper employment of
A b o r i g i n a l n a t i v e s of A u s t r a l i a and New Guinea on s h i p s i n
Queensland w a t e r s (48 Vic. No.20). Date of a s s e n t , 17
November 1884.
1885 Queensland. P a c i f i c I s l a n d e r s ' ~ m ~ l o ~ e Compensation

rs' Act
(49 Vic. No.3). Date of a s s e n t , 26 August 1885.
-
1885 Queensland.
Act (49 Vic.
P a c i f i c I s l a n d L a b o u r e r s Act of 1880 Amendment
No.17). Date of a s s e n t , 10 November 1885.
1886 Queensland. Act t o f u r t h e r amend t h e P a c i f i c I s l a n d Labourers

Act of 1880 (50 Vic. No.6). Date of a s s e n t , 4 September 1886.
1888-9 Queensland. Royal Commission t o i n q u i r e i n t o and r e p o r t upon

t h e g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n of t h e s u g a r i n d u s t r y i n Queensland.
Appointed 29 November 1888. Report d a t e d , 11 A p r i l 1889.
1892 Queensland. P a c i f i c I s l a n d Labourers ( E x t e n s i o n ) Act (55 Vic.

No.38). Date of a s s e n t , 14 A p r i l 1892.
1901 F e d e r a l . Act t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e r e g u l a t i o n , r e s t r i c t i o n and

p r o h i b i t i o n of t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of l a b o u r e r s from t h e P a c i f i c
I s l a n d s and f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s (No.16 of 1901). Date of
a s s e n t , 17 December 1901.
1903 F e d e r a l . Sugar Bounty Act (No.4 of 1903).
1906 Queensland. Royal Commission a p p o i n t e d t o i n q u i r e i n t o and

r e p o r t r e g a r d i n g t h e number o f P a c i f i c I s l a n d e r s t o b e
d e p o r t e d from Queensland a t t h e end of t h e c u r r e n t y e a r .
Appointed 2 A p r i l 1906. Report d a t e d 6 June 1906.
1906 F e d e r a l . Act t o amend t h e P a c i f i c I s l a n d Labourers Act (No.22

of 1906). Date of a s s e n t , 12 October 1906.
1908 Queensland. S t a t u t e Law R e v i s i o n Act amending t h e A l i e n s Act

of 1867 (31 Vic. No.28), (8 Edw.7 No.18).
1910 F e d e r a l . Sugar Bounty Act. Date of a s s e n t , 25 October 1910.
1911-2 F e d e r a l . Royal Commission on t h e Sugar I n d u s t r y . Commissioners

a p p o i n t e d : 24 October 1911, 4 September 1911, 7 September 1912.
Report p r e s e n t e d 4 December 1912.
1912 Queensland. Act t o r e s t r i c t t h e l e a s i n g of l a n d t o A l i e n s

(2 Geo. No.31). Date of a s s e n t , 12 J a n u a r y 1912.
1912 F e d e r a l . Sugar Bounty Act. Date of a s s e n t , 29 October 1912.
1912 F e d e r a l . Sugar Bounty A b o l i t i o n Act,(No.26 of 1912). Date of

a s s e n t , 24 December 1912.
1913 Queensland. Sugar Growers Act (4 Geo. No.2); Sugar Growers'
Employees Act (4 Geo. No.3); Sugar Cultivation Act (4 Geo. No.4).
Date of assent, 25 July 1913.
1919 Queensland. Judgement of the Industrial Arbitration Court

(No.50 of 1919). Gazetted 2 July 1919.
1948 Queensland. Aliens Acts and another Act amendment Act (13 Geo.6
No. 10).
1952 Queensland. Aliens Acts and another Act amendment Act (1 Eliz.2
No. 22).
1956 Queensland. Statutes Amendment Act (5 Eliz.2 No.18).
1958 Queensland. Aliens Acts Amendment Act (7 Eliz.2 No.57).
1965 Queensland. Act to revise the Statute Law of Queensland so far

as it relates to Aliens (14 Eliz.2 No.19). Date of assent,
27 April 1965.
AF'PENDIX TWO
MALAITAN RESISTANCE TO EUROPEANS
1. E a s t Coast Carl ( F i j i ) : 1871. The crew of Carl kidnapped

( S a ' a , Aio, 43 M a l a i t a n s from a l l a l o n g t h e e a s t c o a s t .
Sinalanggu, During t h e voyage t h e y s u c c e s s f u l l y b r o k e o u t
Leli, of t h e s h i p ' s h o l d by c r a w l i n g through chain-
Manaoba) h o l e s i n t h e bows. 23 M a l a i t a n s were k i l l e d ,
1871 a t M a l a i t a and l a t e r d u r i n g t h i s voyage.
Ellen ( F i j i ) ? : 1871? "Two b i g canoes p u t o f f

t o t r a d e w i t h the v e s s e l , and when t h e y g o t
q u i t e c l o s e t o h e r were r e c e i v e d w i t h a v o l l e y
of m u s k e t r y , which k i l l e d a young c h i e f and
a n o t h e r man ...."
TO'AMBAITA
3. Malu'u 1894 Lochiel : 29.12.1894. 29th: S h o t s f i r e d i n an

ambush. The r e a s o n g i v e n was t h a t some of
t h e i r p e o p l e had d i e d i n Samoa.
4. Malu'u 1897 Rio Loge : 24, 25.3.1897. 2 4 t h : 100 M a l a i t a n s

were massed on t h e beach and Rio Loge r e f u s e d
t o answer t h e i r smoke s i g n a l t h a t t h e y had men
ready t o r e c r u i t .
2 5 t h : Nearby M a l a i t a n s confirmed t h a t t h e
Malu'u p e o p l e meant t o "have t h e n e x t s h i p t h a t
comes along". Capt. Spence l e f t a n o t e of
warning t o b e g i v e n t o any o t h e r s h i p ' s crew.
BAELELEA
5. S i o (Sceo) Helena : 13.11.1884. Taleiba, r e c r u i t e d a t

1894 P t Adam, warned o f a p l a n t o s e i z e a s h i p
and murder a l l of t h e crew. 4 men had
e n l i s t e d t o a s s i s t i n t h e massacre.
6. Nggamua 1888 Fearless. Cromar claimed t h a t a n a t t e m p t was

made on h i s l i f e a t Gamoa (Nggamua).
LAU
-
7. Kwaloi 1888 Fearless. P e t e r from Suaba t r i e d t o c o l l e c t a
blood-money reward f o r Cromar's d e a t h and f e l l e d
t r e e s a c r o s s a creek t o capture t h e r e c r u i t i n g
boats. Cromar was warned by K u r i .
8. Manaoba 1888 Ariel : 6.12.1888. Government Agent T.S. Arm-

s t r o n g was k i l l e d and h i s head t a k e n t o Sina-
l a n g g u t o c l a i m blood-money p u t up by r e l a t i v e s
of t h e men (Wawn s a y s 23 o r 25) k i l l e d i n t h e
Yowg Dick m a s s a c r e (1886). Kwaisulia of U r a s i
had 5 Manaobans k i l l e d i n r e t a l i a t i o n and HMS
Royalist s h e l l e d t h e i s l a n d w i t h l i t t l e e f f e c t .
9. Ataa 1892 Helena : 17-25.9.1892. Ataa men tried to
ambush Helena's boats on 17.9.1892.
10. Urasi 1892 They followed her up Lau lagoon and tried
again near Urasi on the 25th.
11. 1897 Sybil 11 : 17.6.1897. The ship's boats were

fired on and fire was returned.
12. Ataa? 1872 Pluto : early 1870s. The barque Pluto was
or 1873 wrecked at Malaita and all the crew were
killed. 3 Malaitans were tried in the NSW
Supreme Court but they were released as
Malaita was not considered to be within the
jurisdiction of the British Admiralty.
Renton mentioned a small vessel being wrecked
at the south end of Lau lagoon in 1872-3.
All on board were killed except l.manwho
was kept prisoner and went insane. He was
probably rescued by HMS %do in 1873, when
the men kidnapped on the Carl were returned.
13. Ataa 1875 Lady Darling : 1875. Taama the 5th man
recruited on the voyage was kidnapped at Ataa.
At least one Malaitan was shot during the
struggle to capture Taama.
14. Ataa 1889 Fearless : first half of 1889. Cromar claims

that the people of Asniwane at Ataa, in
collaboration with those of Kwai and Uru, had
planned to attack the ship.
Fearless : second half of 1889. A plan was

uncovered to ambush Capt. Norman, mistaking
him for Rogers, mate of the Heron in 1883 or
1884.
A second attempt was made on the Fataleka side
of the river.
Helena : 27.9.1892. Muldo warned the crew of

a plot to lure the recruiting boat up a creek
and murder its occupants.
Helena : 18.3.1893. "was going up River but

got warned in time that an attack on the boats
was planned."
Fearless : 19.4.1901. Recruiter James Arthur

was shot dead at Ataa and 2 Malaitans were
reported as killed and one wounded in the
return fire. 50 Malaitans were on the beach
with 25 to 30 Snider rifles. A British Man-of-
war was sent to punish the offenders but they
were from an inland area and could not be
found. The suspected reason for the attack
was that a Bundaberg store-keeper named
Williams had levanted with over £1,300 of the
Islanders'wages, which he had been holding in
trust.
HMS Cambrian : J u l y 1907. Cambrian f i r e d 6
s h e l l s a t 3 of t h e A t a a a r t i f i c i a l i s l a n d s
and 2 bush v i l l a g e s . The navy was s e e k i n g
Suemai and Waita f o r murders t h e y had
committed. F l o r e n c e Young (QKM) claimed t h e
s h e l l i n g had a s a l u t a r y e f f e c t .
20. ( d a t e unknown) Ramofafia from Ataa t o l d me t h a t a French

r e c r u i t e r had been k i l l e d and e a t e n a t Ataa.
A man c a l l e d Umu who had been t o Queensland
s h o t t h e r e c r u i t e r on t h e beach. One A t t a
man was s h o t i n r e t u r n .
FATALEKA
21. Coleridge Para : 13.7.1895. The s h i p ' s b o a t s were f i r e d

1895 on and f i r e was r e t u r n e d .
22. East coast Janet Stewart : 12.2.1882. The s h i p was

( L e l i , Kwai, p i l l a g e d and b u r n t , and a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e
Kwaikaru , crew, i n c l u d i n g 6 Europeans, were k i l l e d .
Ngwangwasila) Only t h o s e i n t h e r e c r u i t i n g b o a t s and t h e
1882 cook (who h i d i n a w a t e r t a n k ) s u r v i v e d . One
man r e c r u i t e d a t E p i i s l a n d i n t h e New Hebrides
was made a p r i s o n e r a t Kwai. The massacre
o c c u r r e d w h i l e t h e s h i p was a t anchor between
L e l i and Kwaikaru. S e v e r a l of t h e a t t a c k e r s
spoke e n g l i s h .
S m p r i s e ( F i j i ) : 19.7.1882. The crew

managed.to r e s c u e Aboi, t h e E p i man h e l d a t
Kwai. The Kwai p e o p l e r e t a l l i a t e d w i t h guns
and s p e a r s t o t r y t o p r e v e n t h i s e s c a p e .
Flora : 21.5.1888. The s h i p ' s r e c r u i t i n g

b o a t s were a t t a c k e d w i t h a r r o w s ; t h e crew
f i r e d back.
Fearless : 1888. Cromar c l a i m e d t h a t Capt. A.

Turnaros on t h e Myrtle t r i e d t o g e t t h e
Kwara'ae wane a s i l e a d e r s t o a t t a c k and burn
t h e s h i p and k i l l him.
Meg Merrilies ( F i j i ) : March 1891. 30 Kwai

men came on b o a r d , armed w i t h s h o r t tomahawkes
and c l u b s hidden i n t h e i r b a g s . They a l s o
managed t o t a k e a S n i d e r r i f l e from a s l e e p i n g
seaman. The v e s s e l was s a v e d by t h e r e c r u i t i n g
boats r e t u r n i n g unexpectedly.
Upolu : March 1891. Capt. P e a r n of Lochiel

was warned t h a t UpoZu was t o b e a t t a c k e d a t
Kwai.
S y b i l II : 8.8.1891. A t Bassu r i v e r t h e
r e c r u i t e r s were t r i c k e d i n t o an ambush up t h e
river. 70 guns were f i r e d a t them and 4 men
( 3 Europeans and one I s l a n d e r ) were wounded.
The r e a s o n g i v e n was t h a t HMS R o y a l i s t had
p r e v i o u s l y s h e l l e d t h e v i l l a g e o f Gala, a n
o l d l e a d e r i n t h e a r e a . A l s o , G a l a ' s s o n had
d i e d i n Queensland (Galua was t h e l e a d e r of
Kwaikaru a t t h a t time.)
S y b i l 11 : 26.3.1893. "The r e c r u i t i n g b o a t
went a s h o r e t h e r e [ K w a i ] , s e v e r a l I s l a n d e r s
assembled and t h e r e c r u i t e r T u r n a r o s l a n d e d
and w h i l e t a l k i n g t o them an I s l a n d e r
a p p a r e n t l y w i t h o u t p r o v o c a t i o n made a sudden
a t t a c k on him w i t h a tomahawke s p l i t t i n g h i s
cheek open. The B o a t s t h e n o p e n f i r e d on t h e
Islanders b u t without e f f e c t . " The a t t a c k
w a s by bushmen i n r e t a l i a t i o n f o r t h e d e a t h s
of M a l a i t a n s i n Queensland.
Para : 7.1.1894. S h o t s were f i r e d a t Para

t o avenge d e a t h s t h a t had o c c u r r e d i n Queens-
l a n d . The guns had been p r o c u r e d from a
Samoan r e c r u i t i n g s h i p .
S y b i l 11
: 11.7.1894. The s h i p was f i r e d on
by t h e Boon-year d e s c e n t group of A i - t a i
village.
S y b i l 11 : 19.7.1894. The S y b i l 11 s p e n t
almost two weeks a t Kwai. O n t h e 1 9 t h " t h e
bushmen a t t a c k e d t h e b o a t s and 2 of them were
wounded f o r t h e i r p a i n s . "
S y b i l 11 : 21.7.1894. The s h i p ' s b o a t s were

a t t a c k e d w h i l e t h e y were between Uru and Kwai;
one M a l a i t a n and one European were k i l l e d . A
n o t e t o b e d e l i v e r e d t o l a t e r v e s s e l s warning
them of t h e danger was l e f t w i t h Gooreah of
Kwai .
HMS R o y a l i s t
: 19.8.1894. R o y a l i s t f i r e d 20
f i v e and s i x i n c h s h e l l s and i t s c u t t e r f i r e d
10 powder s h o t s a t t h e v i l l a g e where S y b i l 11
and Para were a t t a c k e d . (Ai-tai v i l l a g e )
Para : l a t e 1894. Two m i l e s n o r t h of Kwai

(Kwaikaru?) M a l a i t a n s were massing t o a t t a c k
Para.
Para : 6.7.1895. S h o t s were f i r e d a t t h e s h i p
w h i l e a t Kwai "with t h e i n t e n t i o n of t a k i n g
t h e s h i p . " There was a l s o a p l a n f o r t h e Kwai
people combined w i t h t h o s e a t Ataa t o c a p t u r e
t h e s h i p a t Ataa.
37. Fiu 1896 Rio Loge : 27.1.1896. R e c r u i t e r Edward Bergin

was s h o t dead a t F i u . While r e t u r n i n g l a b o u r e r s
were b e i n g l a n d e d some M a l a i t a n s t r i e d t o s t e a l
t h e i r boxes. They f i r e d a t t h e b o a t s and t h e
crew r e t u r n e d f i r e . The a t t a c k was s a i d t o
have been i n revenge f o r M a l a i t a n s hanged i n
Queensland. An Admiralty i n q u i r y was h e l d
and punishment was i n f l i c t e d .
HMS Cambrian : June 1907. A v i l l a g e was

s h e l l e d by Cambrian i n r e t a l i a t i o n f o r t h e
murder of a M i s s i o n man by 5 bushmen.
39. A l i t e 1891 Borough Belle : 21.3.1891. Women i n a canoe

b r o u g h t t h e news t h a t t h e bushmen i n t e n d e d t o
a t t a c k t h e s h i p on t h e n e x t day. P a r t of t h e
t r o u b l e seems t o have been a n i m o s i t y between
B i l l y t h e i n t e r p r e t e r and some of t h e bush
people.
40. Bina 1885 Helena : 1885. A t Baunani n e a r Bina h a r b o u r

5 M a l a i t a n s each w i t h muzzle-loading muskets
s h o t a t t h e r e c r u i t i n g b o a t s w i t h buckshot: 3
of t h e crew ( 2 Europeans and 1 I s l a n d e r )
were i n j u r e d and f i r e was r e t u r n e d .
Minota : December 1907. Capt. McKenzie w a s

k i l l e d and t h e s h i p l o o t e d . The R e s i d e n t
Commissioner accompanied a major i n l a n d
e x p e d i t i o n , o r g a n i z e d i n r e t a l i a t i o n and a
v i l l a g e 14 k i l o m e t r e s i n l a n d was b u r n t .
42. Uru 1880 Borealis ( F i j i ) : 13.9.1880. A massacre

o c c u r r e d i n which 5 Europeans and 1 F i j i a n
were k i l l e d . The v e s s e l was r e c a p t u r e d w i t h
t h e a i d of t h r e e r e c r u i t i n g v e s s e l s i n t h e
a r e a : t h e Stanley from Queensland; t h e
Dauntless and t h e F l i r t from F i j i . The crew
of t h e StanZe3 r e c o v e r e d most of t h e s t o l e n
t r a d e goods and t o o k 4 M a l a i t a n s p r i s o n e r ;
l a t e r t h e y were t a k e n t o F i j i .
Helena : 6.10.1884. The s h i p was f i r e d on

w i t h b u c k s h o t and f i r e was r e t u r n e d .
Fearless : mid-1890. The s h i p was t o b e

a t t a c k e d ; K w a i s u l i a of U r a s i h e a r d of t h e p l a n
and s e n t a war canoe and 30 w a r r i o r s t o p r o t e c t
t h e Fearless w h i l e t h e s h i p was a t Uru.
Lochiel : 4.8.1897. " v i s i t e d the creek a t t h e

head of t h e Bay ( i n s p i t e of t h e warning t h a t
we were t o b e f i r e d a t . ) " .
ode rick Dhu : 23.12.1901. George McCabe, t h e
a c t i n g - r e c r u i t e r , was s h o t dead w h i l s t o u t
recruiting.
47. Sinalanggu Young Dick : 20.5.1886. The s h i p was a t t a c k e d
1886 and 4 Europeans, 1. r e c r u i t e d man and 5 men
from Sinalanggu were k i l l e d o u t r i g h t , w h i l e
s e v e r a l o t h e r s were wounded and drowned.
C.M. Woodford claimed t h a t 20 M a l a i t a n s were
killed.
Christine ( F i j i ) : May 1886. Samu of Aio

i s l a n d had gone t o Mole - ( s i n a l a n g g u ) and Sulufou
i n Lau lagoon t o c o l l e c t a f o r c e of w a r r i o r s t o
a t t a c k C%.ristine. H i s p l a n f a i l e d because t h e
Young Dick a t t a c k was a l r e a d y planned.
49. 1888 Fearless : l a t e 1888. A false signal f i r e was

used t o e n t i c e t h e r e c r u i t i n g b o a t s c l o s e t o
s h o r e , t h e n a n a t t e m p t w a s made t o c r u s h t h e
b o a t s b y f e l l i n g a tree on t o them.
50. 1902 Ri.0 Loge : 20.3.1902. 4 Malaitans levelled

t h e i r r i f l e s a t t h e r e c r u i t i n g b o a t s b u t no
s h o t s were f i r e d .
51. Olomburi Ariel : 23.11.1888. "An a r r o w was s h o t a f t e r

t h e b o a t s a s t h e y were p u l l e d o f f , b u t f e l l
s h o r t . Other b o a t s have been a t t a c k e d h e r e
p r e v i o u s l y and men k i l l e d i n them."
52. Waisisi Savo ( l o c a l t r a d e r ) : 25.6.1888. An a t t e m p t

1888 was made t o t a k e t h e s c h o o n e r , d u r i n g which
M r Cooper of Marau Sound and t h e Mate were
k i l l e d , Capt. K e a t i n g and 4 I s l a n d e r crew were
b a d l y wounded, and 12 M a l a i t a n s were k i l l e d .
The a t t a c k o c c u r r e d a t T a r r a h a ' n i a v i l l a g e .
I n r e t a l i a t i o n canoes were s e n t from Guadalcanal
and 2 men and a boy were k i l l e d . m1S Royalist
i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e a t t a c k i n November 1889.
HMS Cambrian : J u l y 1907. A c t i n g on a r e p o r t

t h a t a g i r l had been e a t e n t h e r e a few days
e a r l i e r Cmbrian f i r e d 5 s h e l l s i n t h e
d i r e c t i o n of a bush v i l l a g e .
HMS wometheus : 4.1.1907. Because t h e p e o p l e

were i n a d i s t u r b e d s t a t e due t o s o r c e r y ,
Prometheus f i r e d 3 round s h o t and 2 l y d d i t e
s h e l l s a t Suiwa v i l l a g e .
55. Takataka Rio Loge : 23.,3.1897. An ambush was s e t up t o

1897 avenge 2 M a l a i t a n s r e c e n t l y hanged i n Queens-
l a n d : one from Takataka and one from Manawai.
...
I1
t h e n a t i v e s showed s i g n s of h o s t i l i t y s o
i t was d e c i d e d t o l e a v e . "
56. Aio 1894 Para : 1.1.1894. The s h i p ' s b o a t s were f i r e d

on and f i r e was r e t u r n e d . The Aio p e o p l e were
l a t e r c a u t i o n e d by HMS ~ o y a l i s t .
MARAMASIKE
57. Maramasike? Lady Darling : l a t e 1875. " A t f i r s t t h e

1875 n a t i v e s were v e r y f r i e n d l y , b u t on a sudden,
as t h e y were g o i n g away, t h e n a t i v e s began t o
throw s p e a r s and s h o o t arrows a t t h e boat".
Capt. B e l b i n was wounded i n t h e arm and o t h e r
crew members r e c e i v e d minor i n j u r i e s .
58. Annuta 1902 Rso Loge : 4.4.1902. S e v e r a l s h o t s were f i r e d

a t t h e s h i p ' s b o a t s ; t h e crew r e t u r n i n g t h e
fire.
59. t h e Passage ArieZ : 26.10.1888. Big J o e of Bullahah

(Aimaia r e p o r t e d a s k i r m i s h which t o o k p l a c e between
s e c t i o n ) 1888 a F i j i k e t c h ' s b o a t and t h e bushmen a t Torrosy
a b o u t 3 weeks b e f o r e . 2 men a t t e m p t e d
t o tomahawkethe r e c r u i t e r and t h e bushmen on
s h o r e f i r e d on t h e b o a t and s h o t a boatman i n
t h e arm. The r e c r u i t e r s h o t dead t h e 2 who
a t t a c k e d him.
E r r a y t a was d i s p l e a s e d w i t h t h e g i f t provided
f o r a female who e n l i s t e d and s e i z e d ArieZ's
r e c r u i t e r i n h i s arms. E r r a y t a was knocked
down by t h e b o a t c r e w and h i t w i t h t h e b u t t of
a gun. %"The n a t i v e s of t h e n o r t h e r n Aimaia
a r m e v i d e n t l y meant t o have a w h i t e man some
time o r other."
61. 1893 Helena : 3.4.1893. The M a l a i t a n s a r e a f r a i d

of B r i t i s h Man-of-wars, " t h e y b e i n g p u n i s h e d '
f o r murdering a w h i t e man twelve months ago."
62. Mapo 1886 Young Dick : 2.5.1886. R e c r u i t e r John ~ a r r a g e

was b a d l y wounded by a blow from a tomahawke,
t h e r e a s o n g i v e n b e i n g t h a t a l o c a l c h i e f had
d i e d i n F i j i . Medical a s s i s t a n c e was p r o v i d e d
by HMS Opal which was nearby. The Opal a l s o
s h e l l e d t h e v i l l a g e when no e x p l a n a t i o n was
made of t h e a t t a c k .
63. Walade 1884 Fanny o r Surprise : April-May 1884. A Walade

l e a d e r was s h o t by t h e crew of one of t h e s e
s h i p s . HMS Opal i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e i n c i d e n t .
64. 1886 Winifred ( F ij i ) : 2.9.1886. . Vinifred was

a t t a c k e d b e c a u s e of t h e s h o o t i n g of FJailange
about 5 months e a r l i e r by t h e crew of Fanny.
The a t t a c k was made w i t h s p e a r s , bows and
arrows.
65. P o r t Adam Stombird : 1884. A r e t u r n i n g Malaitan

1884 warned t h e crew of a p l o t t o a t t a c k t h e s h i p
a t P t Adam.
Winifred : 1884. Bushmen p l a n n i n g t o a t t a c k ;

warned by a f r i e n d l y i n t e r p r e t e r .
M a r i e (French). Ataa men v i s i t i n g P t Adam
combined w i t h P t Adam men t o t r y t o c a p t u r e
the Marie. The a t t a c k i n c l u d e d a l a n d a s s a u l t
on t h e b o a t s and a canoe a t t a c k on t h e s h i p .
The a t t a c k f a i l e d and t h o s e on board t h e
].!laria were c a p t u r e d and f o r c e d below and
" r e c r u i t e d " t o work i n t h e New H e b r i d e s f o r
5 y e a r s . They r e t u r n e d on t h e Kon6 i n 1894;
One of them was P e t e r , s o n of F e l a n g e of
Walade.
Empreza : 1892. The s h i p w a s chased away

b e c a u s e of damage r e c e n t l y i n f l i c t e d by HMS
Royalist.
Empreza : 20.?.1894. J u s t n o r t h of P t Adam

t h e M a l a i t a n s t r i e d t o draw t h e s h i p i n t o an
ambush.
Also i n 1894, and p r o b a b l y on t h i s voyage, a
S n i d e r r i f l e was s t o l e n o u t of one of krpreza's
boats a t Malaita.
MALAITA : a r e a unknown
70. 1876 S t o r m b i r d ( r e c r u i t i n g l a b o u r f o r bgche-de-mer

and p e a r l f i s h i n g i n T o r r e s S t r a i t ) . The
crew f i r e d on M a l a i t a n s .
71. p r e 1884 Capt. McQuaker of Emily had e a r l i e r had h i s

back l a i d open by a M a l a i t a n wooden sword. He
l a t e r d i e d from t h i s and o t h e r wounds.
FOOTNOTES
1. B r e w s t e r , King of t h e C a n n i b a l I s l e s , 231-4.
2. Marwick, R e n t o n , ' 38.
3. QSA GOVlA28, IA t o PUS, CSD, 14.2.1895; ~ 0 ~ 1 ~ CS

2 9 t ,o G ,
20.12.1895.
5. QSA COL/A411, I n l e t t e r 169 o f 1885.
6. Cromar, J o c k o f t h e Islands, 274.
7. B i d . , 267-8.
8. Wawn, riel P r i v a t e Log, 97-8 a n d S o u t h Sea Islanders, 412, 423;

Cromar, J o c k of t h e IsZands, 264-5; MM 26.11.1889.
9. M e l b o m e Argus 12.12.1892.
lo. ' Bid.

11. QSA G O V / A ~ I~A, t o S t o PMQ, 26.8.1897.
12. S c a r r , ~ r a ~ m e n t s38;
, Marwick, R e n t o n , 3 9 , 5 1 .
13. Ramofafia, A t a a , 17.6.1978; QSA PRE183a-b.
14. Cromar, J o c k of tk I s l a n d s , 293-4.
16. Melbourne A r g u s 12.12.1892.
17. S.M. S m i t h ' s P r i v a t e Log H e l e n a , 18.3.1893.
18. QSA GO VIA^^, IA t o US, CSD, 9.7.1901; R e p o r t o f t h e Dept. o f

P I I , 1902, 2.
19. C'WACRS A1 0719881, r e p o r t o f Capt. Gaunt, HMS Cambrian,

23.7.1907; M4 2.10.1907.
20. Ramofafia, 17.6.1978.
21. QSA COLIA795, I n l e t t e r 10323 o f 1895, I A t o UCS, 28.8.1895.
22.. MM 3.5.1882; RIVAS, v . 2 3 , NG & S 1888, C o r r . Resp. O u t r . , 20;

Rannie,, i'dy Adventures, 70.
23. RIVAS, v . 2 3 , NG & S 1888, C o r r . Resp. O u t r . , 20.
24. R a n n i e , 14y A d v e n t u r e s , 179.
25. Cromar, J o c k of t h e I s l a n d s , 260.
26. Wawn, P r i v a t e Log Borough B e l l e , 27.3.1891; s o u t h Sea ~ s l a n d e r s ,

434.
Wawn, P r i v a t e Log 30rough BeZZe, 27.3.1891.
RNAS, v.23, NG & S 1891, Case 5 1 , Capt. E.H.M. D a v i s t o Corn. i n

C . , 6.10.1891; Wawn, P r i v a t e Log Para, 26.7.1894.
QSA GOV/A25, O I C PILB t o PUS CSD, 1.6.1893; COL/A795, RNAS,

Solomon 1894, C o r r . Resp. O u t r . , e x t r a c t from t h e l o g o f t h e
Government Agent; Moore, F o r g o t t e n P e o p l e , 20-1.
QSA GOV/A28, IA t o PUS CSD, 23.3.1895; COL/A795, RNAS, Solomon

1894, Corn. Goodrich (HMS R o y a Z i s t ) t o Corn. i n C . , 29.8.1894.
QSA C O L / A ~ ~RNAS,
~ , Solomon 1894, Com. G o o d r i c h (HMS R o y a Z i s t )
t o Com. i n C . , 29.8.1894; GOV/A27, I A t o PUC CSD, 1,.10.1894;
Wawn, P r i v a t e Log Para, 1 9 , 21.7.1894.
Bid.
Bid.
Bid.
QSA GOV/A28, I A t o PUS CSD, 18.2.1895.
QSA COL/A795, I n l e t t e r 10323 o f 1895, IA t o UCS, 28.8.1895.
QSA GOV/A30, I A t o PUS t o CS, 18.3.1896; QVP 1897: 2 , 1086.
CW
' A CRS A1 07/988 1, R e p o r t o f Capt . Gaunt (HMS C m b r i a n ) ,
23.7.1907.
Wawn P r i v a t e Log Borough BeZZe, 21.3.1891.
Cromar, J o c k of the I s l a n d s , 208.
MeZbourne Age 9.9.1908 ( c u t t i n g c o n t a i n e d i n C'JJA A1 0816443);

RNAS v.44, e n c l o s u r e 1 8 , C a p t . Lewes (HMS Cambrian) t o Corn. i n
Ch., 11.8.1908.
F i j i Times 13.10.1880 ( a newspaper c u t t i n g c o n t a i n e d I n RNAS

v . 1 3 ) ; RNAS, v.13, L i e u t . Corn. J. Bowen (DIS S a n d f l y ) t o Comm.
W i l s o n , 5.10.1880.
QSA COL/A411, I n l e t t e r 169 o f 1885, I n v e s t i g a t i o n of the

a t t e m p t t o c a p t u r e t h e HeZena, A. Woodward t o CS, 12.12.1884.
awn , S o u t h Sea Is Zazders , 424.
S m i t h , P r i v a t e Log L o c h i e l , 4.8.1897.
QSA G 0 V l ~ 3 8 , IA t o US CSD, 19.3.1902.
RNAS, v . 3 8 , NG iE S 1886, C o r r . Resp. O u t r . , c a s e 1 4 , 28-42,

31-37; Woodford, N a t u r a l i s t , 15.
Woodford, N a t u r a l i s t , 15.
Cromar, J o c k of t h e IsLcmds, 259-60; MM 22.1.1889.

QSA GOV/A38, IA to US CSD, 9.6.1902.
Wawn, Private Log ArieZ, 23.11.1888.
Wawn, Private Log Borough Belle, 23.2.1891, 4.2.1891, 4.4.1891;

Woodford, iVaturaZist, 16; RNAS, v.23, NG & S 1889, Corr. Resp.
Outr., J. Tucker (HMS AZbatros) to Messrs. Kelly & Williams,
13.7.1889; MM 26.11.1889.
C'WA CRS A l 07/9881, report of Capt. Gaunt (KMS ~ambr"k'l),

23.7.1907.
QSA GOV/A32, IA to S to PMQ, 9.7.1897.
QSA COL/A795, RNAS: Solomon Islands 1894, Corr. Resp. Outr.,

Case 63, 17; GOv/A26, IA to PUS CSD, 8.3.1894.
MN 11.12.1875; QZder 1.1.1876 (64 Malaitans were recruited on

this voyage; 16 of their names remain, and all are from
Maramasike. QSA ~RE/83a-b;IPI 3-1.)
QSA GOV/A38, IA to US, CSD, 9.6.1902.
Wawn, Private Log ArieZ, 56-7.
Bid.
Smith, Private Log Helena, 3.4.1893.
RNAS, v.23, NG & S 1886, Corr. Resp. Outr., Case 14, 28-42.
RNAS, v.23, NG & S '1886, Corr. Resp. Outr., 18.
Bid. , 19 (extract from the log of GA Fletcher, winifred).
MV 17.9.1884.
Scarr, 'Recruits and recruiters', 14.
Wawn, Private Log Para, 10.7.1894; South Sea ~slanders,425;

M.Argus 9.12.1892.
QSA COL/A783, In letter 11572 of 1892, GA Rannie to IA, 19.12.1892.
QSA COL/A783, In letter 11572 of 1894; COL/A780 In letter 10276

of 1894, IA to UCS, 6.9.1894.
Saunders, Uncertain Bondage, App. 1, 64.
Rannie, My Adventures, 63.

APPENDIX THREE
PLANTATION MILLS, FARMERS' MILLS AND ATTEMPTS TO

ESTABLISH MILLS I N THE MACKAY DISTRICT
PART A - PLANTATION AND FARMERS' MILLS
Definitions:
A p l a n t a t i o n i s d e f i n e d by f u n c t i o n , n o t by s i z e , ownership o r
t e n u r e : i t i s a n a r e a of cane l a n d o p e r a t e d as a u n i t and p o s s e s s i n g
i t s own steam-powered m i l l , c r u s h i n g cane f o r more t h a n t h r e e con-
s e c u t i v e s e a s o n s . While a m i l l might a l s o c r u s h c a n e from o u t s i d e
t h e p l a n t a t i o n , ' t h e r u l e t h a t f o r e v e r y m i l l t h e r e i s one p l a n t a t i o n
h a s no known e x c e p t i o n . For e a s e i n mapping and g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n
t h i s d e f i n i t i o n e x c l u d e s t h e more p r i m i t i v e animal-powered m i l l s and
any steam-powered m i l l s o p e r a t i n g f o r t h r e e o r less c o n s e c u t i v e seasons.*
No p l a n t a t i o n m i l l s were e s t a b l i s h e d a f t e r 1883: t h i r t y p l a n t a t i o n m i l l s
were e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e P i o n e e r v a l l e y between 1867 and 1883.
A f a r m e r s ' mil2 i s d e f i n e d a s a c o - o p e r a t i v e v e n t u r e between small

farm c u l t i v a t o r s . I n t h e P i o n e e r v a l l e y a l l f a r m e r s ' m i l l s s a v s one
( C a t t l e Creek) were e s t a b l i s h e d a s l i m i t e d l i a b i l i t y j o i n t s t o c k
companies funded by t h e Queensland government. C a t t l e Creek was
f i n a n c e d by c a n e growers.
The t e r m " c e n t r a l m i l l " h a s been used i n t h i s t h e s i s t o mean a

l a r g e m i l l drawing cane from a wide a r e a n o t o p e r a t e d a s a u n i t .
C e n t r a l m i l l s d a t e from t h e 1880s when advances i n m i l l i n g technology
demanded m i l l s b e e n l a r g e d . A l l f a r m e r s ' n i l l s and t h e l a t e r -
e s t a b l i s h e d p l a n t a t i o n m i l l s may p r o p e r l y b e c a l l e d c e n t r a l m i l l s .
P l a n t a t i o n and f a r m e r s ' m i l l s b u i l t i n t h e Mackay d i s t r i c t

( i n chronological order)
Pioneer R i clzmond
Alexandra Palms
P l e y s towe Beaconsfield
Cassada Conningsby
Meadowlands Victoria
Branscombe Farleigh
Barrie Habana
Lome Homebush
M i c l e r e (Dulverton) Marian
Neb i a ~t ~ l e a s a d t
Foulden Nindaroo
Cedars Palmyra
Dumbleton Ashburton
Inverness North Eton
R i v e r (Fursden) Racecourse
Balmoral P l a n e Creek
Te Kowai C a t t l e Creek
* T h e s e . m i l l s a r e l i s t e d i n P a r t B of t h i s Appendix.
Note I: P l a n t a t i o n s ( 1 t o 30) a r e marked on t h e 1877 and 1883 maps in-
cluded i n t h i s Appendix. They were e a r l i e r used a s Maps 5 and 6 of
Chapter Four. Farmers' m i l l s ( t h o s e which were n o t p r e v i o u s l y p l a n t -
a t i o n s ) a r e marked on t h e 1925 map, o r i g i n a l l y Map 1 of Chapter F i v e ) .
Mackay d i s t r i c t , 1877
Pastoral Leases
Aboriginal Reserves
Mackay d i s t r i c t , 188
-
TRAMWAY TOWN
Note 11: P r o s e r p i n e c e n t r a l m i l l began o p e r a t i o n s on 19 September 1897.
The P r o s e r p i n e a r e a h a s n o t been i n c l u d e d i n t h e a r e a under s t u d y i n
this thesis.
1. PIONEER
1. 1 June 1865 , John S p i l l e r c r e d i t e d w i t h p l a n t i n g t h e f i r s t cane

i n t h e Mackay d i s t r i c t .
2. 19 June 1865 John S p i l l e r a p p l i e d f o r 380 a c . a t P i o n e e r ;

a p p l i c a t i o n accepted.
3 August 1865 . John Crees, h i s p a r t n e r , a p p l i e d f o r 320 a c . ;
a c c e p t e d 11 September 1865.
3. 1867 I n June 1867 S p i l l e r c r u s h e d some of h i s cane i n a

p r i m i t i v e wooden-rollered m i l l .
4. 1868 S p i l l e r a s a g e n t f o r C r e e s , and a c t i n g f o r h i m s e l f ,
r e q u e s t e d B a s s e t t p o r t i o n s 35-6 be t r a n s f e r r e d under t h e 1868
Land Act.
5. 1869 Crees' p o r t i o n was t r a n s f e r r e d t o S p i l l e r .
6. 1870 S p i l l e r borrowed C a s s a d a ' s h o r s e - d r a m m i l l t o complete

c r u s h i n g P i o n e e r ' s cane. A new m i l l f o r P i o n e e r was on o r d e r
from England.
7. 1871 New m i l l a r r i v e d ; commenced 19 October.
8. 1872 P i o n e e r ' s l a n d was t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e AJS bank.
9. 1875 The AJS bank a p p l i e d f o r p u r c h a s e of t h e l a n d .
10. 1876 Deed p a s s e d 12 February 1876. Vacuum pan added t o t h e

mill.
11. 1877+ -" S p i l l e r t o o k o v e r R i v e r p l a n t a t i o n from Long & Co.

when t h e AJS bank f o r e c l o s e d .
12. 1880 Percy S p i l l e r (nephew of John) i s manager of R i v e r .
13. 1880 Henry Brandon i s s u s p e c t e d o f having b e e n - a s e c r e t

p a r t n e r of S p i l l e r i n P i o n e e r and R i v e r .
14. 1881 P i o n e e r was o f f e r e d f o r s a l e t o CSR f o r £50,000; o f f e r

r e f used.
15. 1881 P i o n e e r s o l d t o C.F. Mackinnon & Co. of Melbourne f o r

£95,000.
16. 1882 The new owners d e c i d e d t o s h i f t t h e m i l l t o t h e Ash-

b u r t o n a r e a of t h e e s t a t e and t o buy Morley's paddock.
17. 1883 Remaining P i o n e e r m i l l p l a n t s h i f t e d t o add t o t h e new

Ashburton m i l l .
2. ALEXANDRA
(Parish of Greenmount, Port. Nos. 39-41)
5 August 1865 Land applied for by Thomas Dixon under 1864

Sugar & Coffee Regulations,
April 1866 T.H. Fitzgerald taking horses for agistment.
February 1867 T.H. Fitzgerald sold a half share to J.E.

Davidson.
September/October 1867 Land ploughed and 240 ac. under cane.
May 1868 Dixon died early in 1868, the land passing'to his
heirs Maria Lindsay Dixon and George Dixon. After probate
they requested the land be passed to Fitzgerald and Davidson.
July 1868 A. Hewitt had a financial interest.
9 September 1868 Crushing started. Mill fully operational

by 16th.
April 1870 Land deeds transferred to William A. Wolfen of

Sydney, on behalf of the AJS bank.
1870 The mill crushed cane grown by: G.F. Bridgeman, 48 ac.;
A. Kemmis, 5 ac.; W. Russel, 3.5 ac.; W.F. Kennedy, 17.5 ac.;
M. McClusky, 10.5 ac. Alexandra had 221 ac. to crush and
75 ac. of plant cane.
1872 Land deeds returned to Fitzgerald and Davidson.
1875 Fitzgerald declared insolvent.
1879 Vacuum pan installed.
3 1 March 1880 AZexmdra included in Melbourne-Mackay Queens-

land Sugar Company (q.v.).
1884 AZexmdra closed.
3. PLEYSTOWE
1863 A. Ditton started work breaking in bullocks at Pleystowe;

maize and cotton were being grown there.
1867 J.C. Binney worked for Hewitt and Romilly at Pleystowe;

Binney later claimed to have helped to plant the first crop
of cane there.
1867 Owned by J. Holmes; cotton planted. (In partnership with

Alfred Hewitt ?)
20 September 1867 "witnessed agreement between Holmes and

Julian."
December 1867 J.E. Davidson met C.E. Romilly in Brisbane.

6. J a n u a r y 1868 Davidson " s e t t l e d t e r m s w i t h Hewitt s u b j e c t t o
. a p p r o v a l on i n s p e c t i o n . "
7. J u l y 1868 J o s e p h Holmes s o l d Pleystowe t o A l f r e d Hewitt (and

Romilly?) .
8. September 1868 120 a c . of e x t r a cane p l a n t e d .
Joseph Holmes a p p l i e d t o h a v e t h e l a n d t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e
1864 R e g u l a t i o n s t o t h e 1868 Land Act. E . Kennedy surveyed
t h e l a n d and a d v i s e d t h a t 67 a c . of cane had been p l a n t e d ;
9. December 1868 Joseph Holmes a p p l i e d t o t r a n s f e r t h e Pleystowe

l a n d t o A l f r e d Hewitt.
10. Hewitt p a i d t h e r e n t o v e r t h e n e x t t e n y e a r s .
11. September 1869 F i r s t mention of C h a r l e s Romilly as a p a r t n e r

i n Hewitt & Co.. Pzeytstowe h a s 2,330 a c .
Crushing began 6 September.
12. 1869-73 Managed by Hugh McCready.
13. 1876 Hewitt 'bought t h e r e c r u i t i n g s h i p Mystery f o r £910.
14. 1882 Hewitt & Co. s o l d t o a Melbourne s y n d i c a t e r e p r e s e n t e d

by M r Thornloe f o r £58,000 f o r 5,000 a c . The p u r c h a s e was
concluded 1st May. The new owners were: Natham Thornley, S i r
James Lorimer, S a l i Cleeve, H . J . Henry, John B l y t h , James
Ormond ( s o l i c i t o r ) , F.R. Murphy, William Robertson ( g r a z i e r s ) .
The kew company known a s Pleystowe Sugar Co. L t d . (Melb. ) , was
d i v i d e d i n t o twenty £500 s h a r e s . Vacuum pan i n s t a l l e d .
15. 1884 Double r o l l e r s were i n s t a l l e d .
16. 1888 M i l l c l o s e d ; a l l c a n e t o Racecourse. PZeystowe was f o r

sale.
17. 1893 Purchased by Pleystowe Land S y n d i c a t e L t d .
18. August 1894 Pleystowe Sugar Company went i n t o v o l u n t a r y

l i q u i d a t i o n and a new company was formed, u s i n g f u n d s o b t a i n e d
from t h e 1893 Sugar Works Guarantee Act: E.M. Long was managing
director.
19. 9 September 1895 From September t h e m i l l worked a few h o u r s a

day f o r a s h o r t s e a s o n .
20. 1902 I n q u i r y i n t o a l l e g a t i o n s by t h e f a r m e r s of i n c o r r e c t
management by t h e d i r e c t o r s .
21. 1903 Manager William Steadman l e f t .
22. 1904 The government f o r e c l o s e d on PZeystme.
23. 1905 Court p r o c e e d i n g s f o r t a k e o v e r . E.M. Long d i e d 4 August

1905.
24. 1906-1907 Until July 1907 the mill was worked under the
direction of Dr Walter Maxwell for the government. Then the
Queensland National Bank paid off the arrears and took
responsibility for the mill. The new managing director was
J.R. Paddle.
25. 1907 J.C. Penny took over as managing director.
26. May 1912 PZeystowe was offered to the farmers as a co-operative

for 260,000.
27. 1915 The debt to the government was finally repaid.
28. 1925 Pzeystowe amalgamated with the Australian Estates Co.

Ltd. as Amalgamated Sugar Mills Ltd.
29. 1975 Australian Estates was taken over by CSR.
4. CASSADA
(Parish of Greenmount, Port. Nos. 102-4, 107-9)
1. Mid-1869 James and Robert Donaldson established a very

primitive perpendicular mill.
2. 1870 Small horse-powered mill just installed.
3. Late 1870 Pioneer borrowed Cassada's mill.
4. April 1871 Donaldson & Co.'s partnership was dissolved: old

partnership was James and Robert Donaldson and Arthur
Vandeleur Robinson; new partnership was the Donaldsons and
Peregrine Fernandey Smyth.
'5. September 1872 A small steam-powered mill arrived.
6. July 1875 John 1vers.so'ld231 ac. Greenmount Port. Nos. 103,

107, 1 0 8 to Donaldson Co.
7. 1879 R.D. Dunn manager, but James Donaldson also present.
8. 1880 Vacuum pan installed.
9. 1885 Mill closed.
10. 1886 Their bank foreclosed: James Donaldson tried to reform

the plantation as a central mill under the 1885 government
funding .
11. -1887
. James Donaldson went to manage his brother's property
at Sandiford.
12. August 1894 Cassada land, 385 ac. 2 rds. is for sale.
5. MEADOWLANDS
1. 1869 July: T.H. Fitzgerald advertised for cane to crush in

the 1 8 7 0 season.
September: 114 a c . were ploughed and 9 a c . were p l a n t e d .
November: The m i l l machinery a r r i v e d . Machinery on t h e bank
of t h e r i v e r , owned by J.E. Davidson, w a s purchased by
Fitzgerald.
J u n e 1870 Tenders were c a l l e d t o b u i l d t h e m i l l f o u n d a t i o n s

by " F i t z g e r a l d and o t h e r s " .
July MeadowZands o f f e r e d t o c r u s h growers1 cane.
August-October The MeadowZands p a r t n e r s h i p c o n s i s t e d of
C h a r l e s James King ( £ 3 , 0 0 0 ) , T.H. F i t z g e r a l d (£4,000) and
Edward Briggs Kennedy (f2,OOO); of t h e 528 a c . 113 a c . were
ready t o crush.
November Crushing commenced d u r i n g t h e week.
November 1872 C.J. King d i e d , aged 28.
1873 The p a r t n e r s h i p was d i s s o l v e d 5 J a n u a r y 1873. E.B.

Kennedy s o l d o u t t o F i t z g e r a l d 14.10.1873. Vacuum pan
installed.
1876 F i t z g e r a l d owed o v e r £7,000 t o unsecured c r e d i t o r s . The

AJS bank f o r e c l o s e d on MeadowZands.
1878 MeahZands was s o l d t o Hyne & Co. (W. Hyne and F.

Bridgeman) of BaZmoral.
1886 Hyne and Bridgeman t r i e d t o d i s u a d e cane growers a t

Racecourse from forming a c e n t r a l m i l l . Double r o l l e r s were
installed.
1894 ~eadmZandso f f e r e d . b e t t e r p r i c e s f o r cane t h a n Racecourse

and North ton.
1902 W. Hyne d i e d on 19 November.
1906 Bridgeman wanted t o r e t i r e and began n e g o t i a t i o n s t o

s e l l o u t . P r o v i s i o n a l D i r e c t o r s a p p o i n t e d : W.G. Hodges, C.P.
Ready, W. P u n z e l l , D.H. Walker, T. Solway ( J r ) , W.L. Grant,
W.H. C r o s s , C. Lorenz, M. Dower.
J u l y 1906 Meadowlands Sugar Company was f l o a t e d w i t h a

c a p i t a l of £15,000. D i r e c t o r s : D.H. Walker, C.F. Bridgeman,
W.G. Hodges, W.H. Cross, C.P. Ready, D . J . Ross.
1907 D i r e c t o r s : D.H. Walker, C.P. Ready, W.H. Cross, D . J .

Ross, F.N. Bridgeman.
-1914
. Racecourse o f f e r e d £17,000 f o r MeadowZands. Meadowlands
s u p p l i e r s , c o n t r a c t e d t o s u p p l y Racecourse f o r 10 y e a r s .
25 February 1914 N e g o t i a t i o n s were completed.
19 15 Some machinery was t r a n s f e r r e d .
1917 ~eadoulandswas d i s m a n t l e d .
1884 t o 1887 Under bank c o n t r o l , and owned by T. Baker.
1887 Only one a c r e of c a n e p l a n t e d a s a n u r s e r y ; no more

u n t i l l a b o u r problems are s o l v e d .
1891 Horses, f u r n i t u r e and farm implements s o l d .
J u l y 1894 David J a c k d i e d .
August 1894 Barrie t o b e c u t up i n t o 10 farms of 67 t o 140 a c .
1904 Farms f o r s a l e on Barrie; l a n d l e f t f a l l o w f o r a decade.

S a l e a r r a n g e d o v e r 8 y e a r s ; 216 r o y a l t y p e r t o n of cane.
1866-1873 William H. W i l l i a m s t o o k up Lome. He a r r i v e d a t

Mackay i n 1863 o r 1864. I n 1866 h e was t h e f i r s t s e t t l e r a t
Walkerston. H i s o r i g i n a l l a n d was Greenmount p o r t i o n 99: 52 a c .
on t h e banks of B a k e r ' s c r e e k o p p o s i t e ~Zexandra. Williams
used Lorne t o grow maize, r a i s e d a i r y c a t t l e and grow s u g a r .
He a l s o worked a t Greenmount. W i l l i a n x claimed t o have s o l d
Lorne t o t h e Melbourne-Mackay Sugar Company i n 1873.
September 1872 A.V. Robinson of Lorne was e x p e c t i n g h i s m i l l

machinery t o a r r i v e . P r e v i o u s l y h e had been a p a r t n e r i n
Cassada .
24 October 1872 Lorne m i l l f i r s t crushed.
1873 Lome was s o l d t o S l o a n & Co.
February 1874 Lome rum s t i l l began o p e r a t i o n s .
A p r i l 1874 The Robinson b r o t h e r s were l i v i n g a t Lome: Henry

John Goodman, A r t h u r V a n d e l e u r , and Frank R u s s e l l .
1876 ~ h e " ~ o b i n s ob nr o t h e r s came i n s o l v e n t .
1877 Lome m i l l and s t i l l were no l o n g e r i n u s e . H.J.G.

Robinson was manager of Brmscombe.
1879 Lome's m i l l e n g i n e was b e i n g used t o r u n a c h a f f - c u t t e r

a t Te Kowai.
January 1872 A m i l l a r r i v e d f o r John Emmanuel P a i n e a t MicZere.
~ e ~ t e m b e1872
r The m i l l began c r u s h i n g ; produced 40 t o n s of
s u g a r i n 1872.
1873-4 Owned by P a i n e , b u t s o l d a t about t h i s t i m e , probably

i n 1874.
1877 Owned by Michael C a r r o l l and John Avery. The s e c t i o n on

which t h e i r m i l l s t o o d w a s o r i g i n a l l y owned by John P a i n e , who
e r e c t e d t h e m i l l , c r u s h e d f o r a c o u p l e of y e a r s , t h e n s o l d o u t
and l e f t t h e d i s t r i c t .
5. 1878 Avery l e f t C a r r o l l a t Niclere and s t a r t e d Conningsby on
l a n d s e l e c t e d i n b o t h of t h e i r names.
1881 Michael C a r r o l l d i e d .
S l o a n & Co. bought t h e 1,100 a c . from h i s t r u s t e e s f o r 215,000.
1882 Avery gave h i s a d d r e s s a s Conningsby. I n February Robert

Walker, manager of Foulden a d v e r t i s e d Mielere f o r s a l e .
1883 Owned by J . B . Lawes; t h e m i l l was s t i l l c r u s h i n g .
1887 Miclere d i d n o t c r u s h ; t h e l a n d was i n c l u d e d w i t h

Farleigh.
11
F a r l e i g h p r e v e n t e d c a p i t a l i s t s from e r e c t i n g a m i l l upon
M i c l e r e some y e a r s ago. They made agreements w i t h f a r m e r s
t o c r u s h t h e i r cane, c a r r i e d o u t t h e agreements f o r h a l f of
t h e p e r i o d , and t h e n r e p u d i a t e d them."
10. NEBIA
1568 C h a r l e s Fitzsimmons had c l a i m t o t h e l a n d . The l a r g e r

Nebia a r e a was B a s s e t t p o r t i o n s 2 , 52-3, 56-7 (980 a c . ) .
J e s s i e F i t z g e r a l d t r i e d t o g a i n c o n t r o l o f t h e l a n d under t h e
t e r m s o f t h e 1868 Land Act. She l a t e r gave h e r r i g h t s t o
A l f r e d H e w i t t who c o n t r o l l e d t h e l a n d t o t h e west of Nebia
( i . e . 591 a c . of Pleystowe n o r t h ) .
1870 Fitzsimmons proved h i s p r i o r c l a i m t o t h e l a n d .

E.B. Kennedy was p o s s i b l y an e a r l y p a r t n e r of Fitzsimmons.
1870 C h a r l e s Fitzsimmons l e f t h i s Lotus Creek r u n t o move

t o Nebia i n l a t e 1870.
Fitzsimmons had a p a r t n e r named Gaussen who l i v e d i n England
and n e v e r v i s i t e d Mackay.
October 1871 M i l l machinery i n t r a n s i t from t h e wharf t o

Nebia; c r u s h i n g t o commence i n s i x weeks.
1 May 1872 M i l l f i r s t crushed.

R.D. Dunne, nephew of Fitzsimmons, was t h e manager.
1876 Fitzsimmons d i e d i n February.
1877-8 William Sloan & Co. c o n t r o l Nebia.
-1879
. Vacuum pan added.
1882 Nebia b e i n g worked and managed from Branscombe.
1884 Amalgamated w i t h Branscombe.
11. 1887 I n c l u d e d i n Palms e s t a t e .

11. FOULDEN
19 J u n e 1865 Michael Bryson a p p l i e d f o r t h e Foulden l a n d under

t h e 1864 ,Sugar & c o f f e e R e g u l a t i o n s .
4 August 1865 Surveyor T.H. F i t z g e r a l d r e f u s e d t o a l l o w t h e

whole a p p l i c a t i o n ; h a l f of t h e a r e a had t o b e a s s i g n e d f o r
s m a l l farms.
1865 Bryson, a Rockhampton m e r c h a n t , s o l d t h e l a n d t o Robert

Wilson o f New Zealand ( F i t z g e r a l d ' s f a t h e r - i n - l a w ) . Fitzgerald
had power-of-attorney o v e r W i l s o n ' s Queensland p o s s e s s i o n s .
25 May 1868 The l a n d w a s t r a n s f e r r e d t o John Ewan Davidson,

~ i t z g e r a l d ' sp a r t n e r .
22 October 1868 F i t z g e r a l d ' s a p p l i c a t i o n t o have t h e l e a s e

made f r e e h o l d was approved.
May 1869 F.T. Amhurst and P o c k l i n g t o n o r d e r e d a m i l l f o r t h e

land.
14 October 1869 Davidson t r a n s f e r r e d t h e l a n d i n t o h i s and

~ i t z g e r a l d ' sname.
24 November 1870 The l a n d was t r a n s f e r r e d t o F r a n c i s Tyson

Arnhurst. H i s u n c l e S i r J . B . Lawes has been claimed a s t h e
financier.
1871 Robert Walker was manager.
September 1872 The m i l l f i r s t c r u s h e d , complete w i t h vacuum

pan; o n l y s i n g l e r o l l e r s .
1873 Amhurst and P o c k l i n g t o n had a s e l e c t i o n a t P r o s e r p i n e ;

t h e y went up t h e r e w i t h 37 I s l a n d e r s t o c l e a r t h e l a n d .
1875 Robert Walker was s t i l l t h e manager.
17 F e b r u a r y 1876 J.W. Cran d e c l a r e d i n s o l v e n t .
1 F e b r u a r y 1877 Cran r e p l a c e d Walker as manager.
1878 t o 1881 Walker was a g a i n manager.
J a n u a r y 1881 F.T. Anihurst d i e d ; FouZden was i n h e r i t e d by h i s

b r o t h e r William Tyssen Amherst ( s i c ) , D i d l i n g t o n H a l l , Norfolk.
May 1882 Henry Ling Roth was a c t i n g a s Agent f o r t h e owner

of Foulden and Farleigh.
1882 ~ o u ~ d e owned
n by J . B . Lawes.
1887 Foulden was i n c l u d e d i n Farleigh ( q . v . ) .
12. CEDARS
1871 M.H. Black was a sugar-grower a t Mackay; a r r i v e d a t t h e

end of 1871.
A p r i l 1872 Henry Bowyer Black a r r i v e d a t Mackay t o h e l p h i s
b r o t h e r Maurice Hume Black t o e s t a b l i s h C e d a r s ; t h e y were
partners.
1873 M i l l a r r i v e d , purchased from Robert Towns & Co., Towns-

ville .
Matsen s a y s t h e C e w s m i l l f i r s t crushed i n 1873.
1875-77 Sloan & Co. were i n f i n a n c i a l c o n t r o l of Cedars.
1877 H.B. Black l e f t t o s t a r t t h e Standard newspaper w i t h

M r Welch.
1878 S l o a n & Co. was s t i l l t h e main c r e d i t o r of Cedars.
1881 M.H. Black went i n t o p a r l i a m e n t .
1886 I n February a l l hands were p a i d o f f ; C e h s 'cane was

s e n t t o River.
1897 S t i l l c l o s e d , complete, b u t b e i n g p l u n d e r e d .
1898 P o r t i o n s No. 114 and 161 were sub-divided i n t o farms.
1899 M.H. Black d i e d 16 August 1899.
13. DUMBLETON
( B a s s e t t P o r t i o n s No. 37 and 46)
1868 A l f r e d H a r t Lloyd: 1 January a p p l i e d ; 19 March, Governor

s i g n e d c o n s e n t ; 24 March, e n t e r e d i n R e g i s t e r .
1869 A.H. Lloyd and C h a r l e s Walker growing maize t h e r e .
1870 C h a r l e s Walker mentioned a s p r o p r i e t o r . Lloyd and

Walker had p r e v i o u s l y been a t C o t h e r s t o n e s t a t i o n a t Nebo.
They t h e n extended t h e i r p a r t n e r s h i p t o Dumbleton. M r s Lloyd
l a t e r t o o k up l a n d on i t s b o r d e r and a l s o Norwood n e a r FarZeigh.
Walker s t a y e d a t C o t h e r s t o n e and s u p p l i e d meat, h o r s e s and
b u l l o c k s t o Lloyd a t Dwnbleton.
August 1872 Transferred t o R.J. J e f f r a y of S l o a n & Co.
September 1872 M i l l plant arrived.
1873 M i l l f i r s t c r u s h e d ; and t e n d e r s c a l l e d t o b r e a k up l a n d .
1875 Deed t o R . J . J e f f r a y ; s a i d t o have b e e n s o l d f o r £20,000.

(doubtful).
1875-7 Sloan & Co. i n p o s s e s s i o n .
February 1880 C h a r l e s Walker was drowned i n t h e P i o n e e r

river.
1884-5 A.H. Lloyd s t i l l i n charge.

11. 1887 Sugar c a n e growing c e a s e d ; m i l l c l o s e d a f t e r t h e s e a s o n .
12. 1893 A.H. Lloyd p r e p a r e d t o s e l l and l e a s e l a n d t o s m a l l

farmers.
13. 1895 N e g o t i a t i o n s t o open t h e l a n d f o r u s e b y , f a r m e r s ; a l s o

s u g g e s t e d t h a t Dwnbleton's l a n d b e used w i t h t h a t of Beacons-
f i e l d and R i v e r , u s i n g R i v e r ' s m i l l .
14. 1904 M r s Maria Lloyd s t i l l l i v i n g a t Dwflbleton.
14. INVERNESS
1. February 1872 Macdonald b r o t h e r s had 50 a c . p l a n t e d .
2. 1873 B r i c k chimney under c o n s t r u c t i o n ; m i l l machinery a r r i v e d

i n May; m i l l o p e r a t i o n a l i n t h e 1873 s u g a r s e a s o n .
3. 1876 The manager d i e d ; J . W . S t u a r t a d v e r t i s e d f o r a new

manager. A.T. B a l l p o s s i b l y a l s o a part-owner of t h e p l a n t -
:ation. A. MacGregor a d v e r t i s e d f o r employees f o r I n v e r n e s s .
4. 1877 George Raff & Co. f o r e c l o s e d on t h e p l a n t a t i o n a f t e r t h e

r u s t o u t b r e a k . Angus B e l l became e i t h e r l e s s e e o r manager.
A t t h i s t i m e 248 a c . o u t of t h e t o t a l 846 a c . were under
cultivation.
5. George Raff a l s o ownedBlack M t . ( B a s s e t t p o r t i o n 398: 1,650 a c . )
6. 1881-3 Angus B e l l w a s manager f o r George Raff & Co.
7. 1883 Owned b y J . McBryde, H. F i n l a y s o n and F.W. Poolman.

J. McBryde and H.M. F i n l a y s o n a l s o own B a s s e t t p o r t i o n s 89 and
90: 247 a c .
8. 1884 Amalgamated w i t h Richmond ( q . v . ) ; m i l l closed.
15. RIVER (Fursden)
1. June 1871 F r e d e r i c k Nantes had a n i n t e r e s t i n t h e R i v e r l a n d ,

a s d i d Michael C a r r o l l of b l i c l e r e .
2. Andrew Henderson was a n e a r l y managing p a r t n e r of River, b e f o r e

t h e l a n d was s o l d t o Long & Co.
3. December 1871 Bought by Long & Co. ( b r o t h e r s E.M. and W.H.

Long and o t h e r s ) .
4. June .I872 Tenders c a l l e d t o make 200,000 b r i c k s .
5. September 1872 Tenders c a l l e d t o e r e c t b u i l d i n g s .
6. 29 September 1873 The m i l l f i r s t c r u s h e d . Vacuum pan i n s t a l l e d .
7. Mid-1876 The m i l l was managed by John S p i l l e r , having been

t a k e n o v e r b y t h e AJS bank. S p i l l e r l a t e r bought R i v e r from
t h e bank a t a d a t e p r i o r t o J a n u a r y 1878.
August 1878 River was t o o p e r a t e a s a c e n t r a l m i l l .
1880 Managed by P e r c y Crees w h i l e S p i l l e r w a s i n England.
1883 o r 1885 A j u i c e m i l l f o r River w a s b u i l t n e a r H i l l End

(~lenella) .
1884 Heavy f l o o d i n g i n 1884 caused r i v e r e r o s i o n and t h e River
m i l l (on t h e bank of t h e P i o n e e r ) had t o b e moved t o t h e n o r t h
bank o f Fursden c r e e k .
1885 Managed by R. Macrae. Sold t o R.B. Ronald.
1886 New,manager F. Archer r a n River as a p l a n t a t i o n .
1887 Double r o l l e r s added.
1891 To b e c l o s e d a f t e r t h e 1891 c r u s h i n g . The p l a n t a t i o n was

for sale.
1895 N e g o t i a t i o n s i n p r o g r e s s t o re-open River as a c e n t r a l

mill. A p r o v i s i o n a l company was s e t up t o o p e r a t e under t h e
2893 Sugar Works Guarantee Act. The d i r e c t o r s were: J . H .
Thornber, A.H. Lloyd, J . McBryde, H.B. B l a c k , G. F r a n c e s , I.
Merchant, L.B. Burandt. The p l a n i n c l u d e d t h e u s e o f t h e
Dw/?bZe ton and Beaconsfie Zd l a n d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h River
mill and l a n d . The p l a n f a i l e d .
1902 River w a s bought by F a r l e i g h E s t a t e s Ltd.
Exact l o c a t i o n u n c e r t a i n : one map r e f e r e n c e p l a c e s t h e m i l l

on t h e w e s t s i d e of t h e Racecourse R e s e r v e ; l a t e r r e f e r e n c e s
s u g g e s t i t was c l o s e r t o t o d a y ' s Sugar Research I n s t i t u t e and
t h e Water Tower.
October 1868 Simon F r a s e r took up P o r t . 272, 273 (60 a c . ) ,

P a r i s h of Howard. An 1897 s o u r c e s a y s F r a s e r s t a r t e d BaZmoraZ.
November 1868 BaZmoraZ m i l l a b o u t t o b e e r e c t e d ; owned by

Mackay r e s i d e n t s and s o u t h e r n i n t e r e s t s .
November 1871 F r a s e r ' s c e r t i f i c a t e of l a n d ownership i s s u e d .
March 1872 Land t r a n s f e r r e d t o C o r n w a l l i s Wade Brown.
October 1873 Steam powered m i l l began c r u s h i n g : Angus B e l l ,

manager; William Hyne & Co. (W.H. Hyne and G.F. Bridgeman),
owners.
7. 1874 ~ a z m o r a lc r u s h i n g cane f o r many s m a l l f a r m e r s .
8. 1875 F i r s t a c t u a l mention of G.F. Bridgeman a s p a r t n e r w i t h

W.H. Hyne, b u t t h e p a r t n e r s h i p seems t o have begun when t h e y
bought t h e Walkerston B o i l i n g Down Works i n 1870.
9. 1878 W. Hyne & Co. purchased MeadmZands. .

10. 1880 BaZmoraZ closed and some of its machinery was moved to
MeadowZands ( q .v .).
17. TE KOWAI
1. 1865 Te Kowai was first taken up by Thomas Alexander Anderson,

merchant and commission agent at Mackay: Greenmount portions
36-8 (1,280 ac.). Anderson applied for the land in April 1865;
he and his wife were drowned in July 1866.
2. 24 July 1868 Bought for £74 by T.H. Fitzgerald.
3. 9 September 1868 The lease was confirmed.
4. May 1873 Fitzgerald offered to lease Te Kowai land to farmers.
5. September 1873 Tenders called to construct buildings.
6. July 1874 The mill was being erected, with vacuum pan.
Albert Throckmorton Ball became a partner with Fitzgerald.
7. 27 October 1874 Crushing commenced. A still was planned to

be erected.
8. 1875 D. Dupont from Mauritius is the manager. Fitzgerald

became insolvent because of rust.
9. 1876 Dupont returned to Mauritius for most of 1876, leaving

Duval (also from Mauritius) in charge.
Sloan & Co. took over the plantation from the end of 1875.
10. 1875-8 Sloan & Co. owned Te Kmai. They made £15,000 profit on
the 1877 crop.
11. September 1877 TQ Kowai offered for sale with the Palms land;
no takers.
12. 1880 Te Kowai became part of the Melbourne-Mackay Sugar

Company.
13. 1890 Short crushing season.

1891 Short crushing season.
1892 Short crushing season.
14. 1895 Permanently closed.
18. RICHMOND
1. Begun by Andrew Cumming in the late 1860s.
2. 1869 Cumming joined by Hugh McCready. They had previously

been associated in the West Indies.
3. January 1873 70 ac. cane planted and a contract advertised

to clear another 100 ac.
June 1874 Crushing began. ( U n c l e a r , t h i s could b e a t
Invemess.)
1877 Cumming and McCready's p a r t n e r s h i p was d i s s o l v e d .
1881 Cumming d i e d . M r s White, a g r a n d - c h i l d s a i d t h a t t h e r e

was no m i l l b u i l t b e f o r e h i s d e a t h , b u t two o t h e r grand-
c h i l d r e n , Robert and A l l a n Denman s a y t h a t t h e r e was. The
Denmans' i n f o r m a t i o n i s more r e l i a b l e .
1881 Richmond Sugar Company formed, t o o p e r a t e a s a c e n t r a l

mill. The manager was M r B a l d e r s t o n e and company'finance was
r a i s e d i n Mackay. P h i l i p Kirwan s a y s t h a t McBryde and
F i n l a y s o n of I n v e r n e s s bought 10 t o 15 a c . and t h e m i l l from
Cumming's e s t a t e .
May 1881 M i l l machinery due t o a r r i v e .
December 1881 . M i l l i n o p e r a t i o n .
1882 Vacuum pan i n s t a l l e d .
1882 Richmond Sugar Co., i s f o r s a l e : 2 1 ac. p l u s t h e m i l l .
1883 Richmond managed b y Andrew Cumming's son-in-law, Edmund

Denman.
1884 Richmond was amalgamaged w i t h Invemzess-Glenalbyn.
1885? McBryde and F i n l a y s o n p l a n t o c l o s e Richmond and b u i l d

a new m i l l a t S e a f o r t h . T h i s m i l l n e v e r e v e n t u a t e d .
.-
1888 Richmond, I n v e r n e s s and Glenalbyn were v a l u e d a t f30,OOQ.
1894 M i l l crushed b u t Richmond, Woodlands and I n v e r n e s s w e r e

f o r s a l e . One month l a t e r t h e s a l e o f f e r was withdrawn. The
owners attempted t o e n l a r g e t h e m i l l , and t o sub-divide t h e
l a n d i n t o s m a l l farms.
1895 'Richmond m i l l p e r m a n e n t l y , c l o s e d .
The m i l l was d i s m a n t l e d and Fordyce, ex-head ploughman was

a p p o i n t e d c a r e t a k e r . Fordyce bought t h e 20 a c . s i t e and
o p e r a t e d a b l a c k s m i t h ' s shop t h e r e .
1902 McBryde v i s i t e d Mackay and was s t i l l c r e d i t e d w i t h

owning Richmond.
(RICHMOND T r u s t E s t a t e )
I n 1881 McBryde and F i n l a y s o n bought t h e 2 1 a c . m i l l s i t e from

t h e Cuniming e s t a t e , b u t t h e r e s t of t h e l a n d remained, c a l l e d
t h e Richmond T r u s t E s t a t e . Edward Denman m a r r i e d Helen J a n e
Cumming, daughter of Andrew Cumming, i n 1879. Denman was
t r u s t e e w i t h M r C o s t e l l o , a n o t h e r neighbour. Richmond T r u s t
E s t a t e seems t o have covered a b o u t 500 a c .
19 . PALMS
1. -
1865 R o b e r t Wilson of New Zealand s e l e c t e d 1,280 a c . ; T.H.
F i t z g e r a l d had f u l l power-of-attorney. %is w a s F i t z g e r a l d ' s
father-in-law. I n 1868 F i t z g e r a l d s a i d t h a t h e a p p l i e d f o r l a n d
i n o t h e r names b e c a u s e h e d i d n o t have enough money and needed
financial assistance.
2. May 1868 Wilson t r a n s f e r r e d t h e l a n d t o J.E. Davidson.
3. 1869 Davidson t r a n s f e r r e d t h e l a n d t o h i s and T.H. F i t z g e r a l d ' s

names.
4. 31 March 1880 Melbourne-Mackay Queensland Sugar Company Ltd.

was formed t o c a r r y on b u s i n e s s a s s u g a r p l a n t e r s and manu-
f a c t u r e r s i n Queensland, t o a c q u i r e t h e b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s and
p r o p e r t i e s o f : Robert J o n a t h a n J e f f r a y , John S h e r i f f H i l l
(London A g e n t ) , E r n e s t William E h l e r s (London Agent), John Ewan
Davidson, William Sloan & Co. The o r i g i n a l c a p i t a l was
£300,000. Henry Davidson (gentleman of London) had s h a r e s i n
t h e i n i t i a l memorandum, w i t h J . E . Davidson a s h i s a t t o r n e y .
J e f f r a y and Davidson were t h e d i r e c t o r s , and Davidson was
managing d i r e c t o r w i t h a s a l a r y of £1,500 p e r y e a r .
5. 22 J u l y 1881 Agreement t o s t a r t Palms m i l l . Funds t o b e

o b t a i n e d from p r o f i t s and c a p i t a l b e f o r e s h a r e s p a i d .
Palms was a n amalgamation of t h e Washpool p l a i n s , Palms, L o m e
and o t h e r a r e a s p r e v i o u s l y under c r o p f o r AZexandra and Te
Kmai .
J e f f r a y , H i l l and E h l e r s own: Te Kowai, PaZms, L o m e , f l e b i a ,
Per; ( a l l of t h e l a n d p r e v i o u s l y b e l o n g i n g t o t h e AJS bank,
1879-); a wharf and p r o p e r t i e s a t Mackay; mortgages and
s e c u r i t i e s r e c o v e r a b l e on Cedars, Dwnbzeton and B m r i e ; a f t e r
1879, t h e second p a r t of P e r i .
Davidson owns: AZexandra, i n c l u d i n g t h e Rocks and Baker's
Creek E s t a t e s and l a n d a d j a c e n t t o P e r i .
The p u r c h a s e v a l u e of t h e above p r o p e r t i e s was £164,000; t h e
v a l u e p r o v i d e d i n 1,250 £100 s h a r e s and £39,000 cash. Share
d i v i s i o n : J e f f r a y ( 3 7 5 ) , H i l l ( 2 1 5 ) , E h l e r s ( 1 6 0 ) , Davidson
(5001,
Shares
Nos. of £100 Debentures
£ 100 £50
1st S e r i e s 2nd S e r i e s 3rd S e r i e s
Paid Paid
J. Davidson 88
H. Davidson 0
Jeff ray 88
J.D. Hill 0
J.S. H i l l 39
Ehlers 30
King 5
TOTAL 250 250 250 750 2,000

1881 PaZms f i r s t crushed; vacuum pan i n s t a l l e d .
1883 The PaZms'land, s t i l l i n t h e name of Davidson, was

t r a n s f e r r e d t o Davidson and R.J. J e f f r a y .
1882 Branscombe p u r c h a s e G.M.H. K i n g ' s Branscombe was

i n c l u d e d , v a l u e d a t £30,000 (£25,000 c a s h and 5,000 s h a r e s ) .
Branscombe i n c l u d e d 1,430 a c . , a h o u s e , f u r n i t u r e and 74 s t u d
horses.
P a r i s h of Greenmount p o r t i o n s : 127-9, 131-6, 27-31, 123.
Other v a l u a t i o n s : Te Kowai ( J e f f r a y ) £72,000; AZexandra
a avid son) £36,000; Palms (M-MQS Co.) £84,000; Nebia ( J e f f r a y )
224,000.
1883 Melbourne-Mackay Queensland Sugar Co. Ltd. was s o l d t o

Melbourne-Mackay Sugar Co. Ltd. A t t h e s a m e t i m e Kelbourne-
Mackay Sugar Co. and J.E. Davidson and R.J. J e f f r a y h e l d i n
t r u s t t h e deeds f o r s e c u r i n g £75,000 of d e b e n t u r e s and
i n t e r e s t , on 8,182 ac. of l a n d .
1884 W i l l i a m Henry Paxton l e a s e d Howard a l l o t m e n t s 1, 2, 3 , 4

of s e c t i o n 36; 3 roods and 26 p e r c h e s a t a y e a r l y r e n t of
£726.7.6.
1885 88 d e b e n t u r e s t o George F a i r b a i r n P a s t o r a l Co. from

J.E. Davidson. ( F a i r b a i r n had been a member of Sloan & Co.)
207 d e b e n t u r e s a t lo/- from J . S . H i l l t o G. F a i r b u r n Jr.
1886 G. F a i r b a i r n t r a n s f e r r e d 44 f 100 d e b e n t u r e s t o R . J .
Jef fray.
George F a i r b a i r n J r . t r a n s f e r r e d 70 £100 d e b e n t u r e s t o manager
of Union Mortgage & Agency Co. of Aust. L t d . , i n r e t u r n f o r a
l i e n on t h e Melbourne-Mackay Sugar Co. c r o p .
1886 William Sloan h Co. p a r t n e r s i n t h e Melbourne-Mackay

Sugar Company were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n The Union Mortgage and
Agency Comp. of Aust. L t d . Double r o l l e r s w e r e i n s t a l l e d .
1887 Nebia was i n c l u d e d i n PaZms.
1888 The company t h r e a t e n e d t o c l o s e down i t s Mackay o p e r a t i o n s .
1896 A l l company a s s e t s were s o l d t o t h e Union Mortgage and

Agency Co. f o r £75,000.
1900 + Davidson r e t u r n e d t o England.and John Smart became

manager. The company became t h e A u s t r a l i a n E s t a t e and Mortgage
Company.
1901 ~ n i d nMortgage became known a s The A u s t r a l i a n E s t a t e and

Mortgage Co. Ltd.
1924 PaZms c l o s e d a f t e r t h e 1924 s e a s o n .
1925 A u s t r a l i a n E s t a t e s u n i t e d PaZms and PZeystowels l a n d ,

u s i n g Pzeystowe's m i l l .
20. BEACONSFIELD
( P a r i s h o f B a s s e t t , P o r t . Nos. 92-6)
Andrew Henderson a r r i v e d a t Mackay i n October 1862.
Henderson was an e a r l y managing p a r t n e r i n R i v e r p l a n t a t i o n ;

s o l d o u t t o Long and M a r t i n .
Sometime between 1872 and 1878 Henderson took up B e a c o n s f i e l d :

P o r t . 92-6 of B a s s e t t . O r i g i n a l l y t h e l a n d was i n t h e names
of Henderson and W. Bovey; l a t e r o n l y Henderson.
1882 BeaconsfieZd f i r s t c r u s h e d .
1892 Henderson d i e d ; m i l l c l o s e d .
1895 There was a p l a n t o u s e t h e l a n d of BeaconsfieZd,

DwfLbZeton and R i v e r , and R i v e r ' s m i l l , b u t t h i s f a i l e d .
BeacansfieZdls Land bought by James Croker.
2 1. CONNINGSb Y
(Approx. B a s s e t t P o r t . Nos. 237, 238, 231)
1878 John S. Avery l e f t h i s p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h Michael C a r r o l l

a t Mielere and t o o k o v e r Conningsby, o r i g i n a l l y s e l e c t e d i n
b o t h t h e i r names.
1880 M r s Avery had a c h t l d b o r n a t Miclere.
1882 o r 1883 S i n g l e r o l l e r m i l l opened.
1883 The s p u r wheel d r i v i n g t h e r o l l e r broke and could n o t

be replaced i n A u s t r a l i a .
1886 Avery o f f e r e d t h e e n g i n e f o r s a l e .
The m i l l i s supposed t o have f a l l e n i n t o t h e hands of Henry

Brandon and t h e machinery s o l d .
1880s Avery bought l a n d a t S e a f o r t h : 2,065 a c .
22 .' VICTORIA
1881 The Mackay Sugar Company was formed i n Melbourne and
r e g i s t e r e d 1 8 March 1881 w i t h twenty f 5 0 0 s h a r e s . Its
s h a r e h o l d e r s were: Alexander Richard Mackenzie ( I ) , William
George Kemp (11, George Smith ( I ) , C h a r l e s N e s b i t t ( I ) ,
F r e d e r i c k Armstrong (1) and f o u r t e e n s h a r e s h e l d by t h i r t e e n
Melbourne 'businessmen.
E a r l y 1882 The m i l l was completed and had c o s t £12,000. It

was p u t i n t o immediate o p e r a t i o n . I t had s i n g l e r o l l e r s and
a vacuum pan.
1887 V i c t o r i a ;anted t o buy B a r r i e and Oakenden.

Owned by t h e Commercial Bank of A u s t r a l a s i a (Melb.). After
t h i s y e a r Victoria c l o s e d , i t s cane going t o North Eton.
4. 1890 A l f r e d Smith had been t h e manager; i n 1890 h e was t h e
owner. The Bank of Adelaide had p r o v i d e d f i n a n c e , b u t had
foreclosed.
5. 1891 Smith had .a p l a n t o re-open t h e m i l l ; double r o l l e r s

were added.
6. 1892 V i c t o r i a f o r s a l e o r l e a s e : 2,525 a c . , , o n e - t h i r d
c l e a r e d w i t h s e v e r a l k i l o m e t r e s of tramway.
7. 1894 J. Antoney l e a s e d t h e l a n d f o r g r a z i n g .
8. 1897
- V i c t o r i a was used a s a meatworks and a b o i l i n g down
works; t h e machinery was a d a p t e d o r s o l d t o , o t h e r m i l l s .
9. 1903 The Meat and Dairy Encouragement Board t o o k o v e r V i c t o r i a .
23. FARLEIGH
1. 1881 Foulden p l a n t a t i o n g a i n e d by S i r J . B . Lawes from W.A.T.

Amherst, b r o t h e r of F.T. Amhurst ( s i c ) . Lawes was u n c l e t o
F.T. Amhurst, b u t h e i s a l s o supposed t o have had money
i n v e s t e d i n Foulden.
2. 1881-5 Managed by Robert Walker; Walker d i e d i n 1885.
3. 1882-3 M i l l under e r e c t i o n .
4. 1883 M i l l f i r s t crushed; h a s vacuum pan.
5. 1882-3 Farleigh-FouZden covered 2,500 a c . and c o s t Lawes

£60,000 t o e s t a b l i s h , e x c l u s i v e of l a n d .
6. 1880s F a r l e i g h expanded t o i n c l u d e Norwood, o r i g i n a l l y p a r t

of Dwnbzeton. Lawes p a i d £10,400 f o r t h e l a n d (£15 p e r a c . ) .
1887 Double r o l l e r s i n s t a l l e d .
7. 1889 Lawes had £151,699 i n v e s t e d i n F m l e i g h .
8. 1892 FarZeigh v a l u e d a t £140,000; Lawes t o c l o s e t h e m i l l

i n a few y e a r s .
9. 1893 Lawes bought Ashburton-Pioneer f o r £70,000 (4,800 a c . )

and t r a n s f e r r e d t h e machinery t o FarZeigh.
10. 1895 Tramway extended t o t h e Leap.
11. 1.897 F l o a t e d a s a p r o p r i e t a r y company t o p r o t e c t Lawes1

e s t a t e from d e a t h d u t i e s ; c a p i t a l was f100,000. The F a r l e i g h
Sugar ' P l a n t a t i o n Ltd. , owned by: J.B. Lawes, C h a r l e s Bennett
Lawes o on don s c u l p t e r ) , Misses E . and D. Creyke ( s p i n s t e r s of
M a y f a i r ) , E.H.T. Hodgson', Thomas B e n n e t t , F.D.W. B o l t o n ,
and G.F. Berry.
12. 1900 J.B. Lawes d i e d ; t h e . m i l 1 c l o s e d .

13. 1902 F a r l e i g h Purchase Committee a t t e m p t e d t o buy t h e m i l l
and l a n d : S. Lambert, W.L. G r a n t , A. Gibson. A. Brookes,
W. E n g l i s h , E.R.N. MacCarthy, F. Bourme, R. Kippen, T.W. P e e l e ,
H . J . J a n e , F.C. Macnish, H.B. Black, W.M. Marsh, Dunworth,
Mulherin and McKinley.
(The p r i c e of t h e m i l l and e s t a t e was £44,000).
14. 1902 Buss & Cran from Bundaberg h e a r d of t h e b a r g a i n p r i c e

and p u t down a q u i c k d e p o s i t .
15. 1902 FarZeigh wa's e v e n t u a l l y purchased by a l a r g e r Bundaberg

S y n d i c a t e : Buss, Penny, Cran and W e l l s , w i t h J. McGowan as
manager. Also bought River.
16. 1903 3,000 a c . c u t i n t o 50 a c . farms; a v a i l a b l e f o r l e a s e f o r

a r o y a l t y of 1/- p e r t o n . The F a r l e i g h c r o p was m i l l e d a t
Racecourse.
17. 1904 J.C. Penny a p p o i n t e d a s t h e new manager.
18. 1911 James McGowan, t h e G e n e r a l Manager, contemplated

e x t e n d i n g t h e tramways and t h e l a n d .
19. 1921 T h r e a t of c l o s u r e , b u t a r i s e i n t h e s u g a r p r i c e k e p t
t h e m i l l . going.
20. 1927 M i l l c l o s e d ; purchased by i t s f a r m e r s f o r £125,000 and

made i n t o a c o - o p e r a t i v e company.
24. HABANA
1. 1878 La Habana was a d a i r y owned by E.M. Long.
2. 1878 Long l e n t money t o h i s neighbour Edward Denman.
3. 1880 Long had s t u d c a t t l e a t Habana.
4. 1881 Habana o f f e r e d f o r s a l e t o C.S.R. Ltd.; o f f e r was

declined.
5'. 1882 A t a b o u t t h i s t i m e W i l l i a m Robertson j o i n e d Long i n

p a r t n e r s h i p a t Habana.
6. 19 J u l y 1883 Habana m i l l s e t i n motion; i t c o s t 217,485 t o

buy and i n s t a l l . Complete w i t h vacuum pan.
7. 1884 S u b - d i v i s i o n of Habana commenced.
8. 1886 Double r o l l e r s i n s t a l l e d .
9. 1891 ~ a j d sr u b - d i v i s i o n i n p r o g r e s s .
10. 1891 C h a r l e s young of Kalmiaon ( s i c ) p l a n t a t i o n on t h e

Burdekin r i v e r i s a part-owner of Habana.
11. 1891 The owners of Habana s o l d t h e i r r e c r u i t i n g s h i p t h e

Lavinia t o Wilson H a r t & Co.
1901 The m i l l c l o s e d a t t h e end of 1901.
1902 Habanals manager T.D. Brown l e f t t o manage Pioneer on

t h e Burdekin.
1903 W.T. P a g e t of Nindaroo bought 7,000 a c . of Habana and

i t s b u t t e r f a c t o r y and farm.
1905 E.M. Long d i e d , aged 6 3 .
25. HOMEBUSH
1879 29 October 1979 f i x e d a s t h e d a t e f o r t h e a l i e n a t i o n of

Homebush r u n ; i t was s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e l a n d s h o u l d
b e occupied by s m a l l f a r m e r s .
1881 C o l o n i a l Sugar R e f i n i n g Company (CSR) Act of 1881 p a s s e d

t o a l l o w t h e company t o a c q u i r e l a n d i n Queensland. CSR bought
a l l t h e l a n d t h e y c o u l d around t h e Homebush d i s t r i c t .
1882 A s t a r t was made i n e r e c t i n g t h e m i l l .
1883 The m i l l f i r s t c r u s h e d ; James Robertson r e p l a c e d A.

S t u a r t a s manager i n J a n u a r y .
1884 R. Gemmell Smith was a p p o i n t e d a s manager.
1887 CSR was c o n s t i t u t e d as a l i m i t e d l i a b i l i t y company.
1890 There w a s a rumour i n t h e Mackay d i s t r i c t t h a t Homebush

m i l l was t o b e moved t o F i j i . CSR denied t h e rumour.
1891 Gemmell Smith l e f t and Maclean became t h e new manager.

Homebush planned t o become a c e n t r a l m i l l , s u p p l i e d by f a r m e r s .
1916 T r o u b l e s t a r t e d between CSR and t h e growers. CSR

r e f u s e t o co-operate w i t h t h e Cane P r i c e s Board and s t a r t e d
t h e F o s t e r Agreement.
1918 F o s t e r Agreement was s i g n e d by t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e

growers; 20 r e b e l l e d b u t l a t e r s i g n e d .
1920 CSR, i n l a t e 1920, o r d e r e d t h e m i l l t o b e dismantled

i n 1921.
1921 The m i l l w a s c l o s e d .
June 1882 The Queensland C e n t r a l Sugar F a c t o r y Company was

formed and a m i l l was i n t h e c o u r s e of e r e c t i o n . The company
owned 2,000 a c . , which were t o be s o l d i n 20 t o 100 a c . l o t s ;
1,000 a c . had a l r e a d y been s o l d .
George Smith, Robert McBurney and McEacheran were connected
t o t h e company. McEacheran was supposed t o have.owned a l l of
t h e l a n d from M t Vince t o Rawson1s The Hollow; George Smith
was h i s s e c r e t a r y .
1882-3 The m i l l was r e a d y t o c r u s h i n t h e 1882 s e a s o n b u t
d i d n o t c r u s h u n t i l 1883.
1884 A sample of s u g a r from M&an was g i v e n t o t h e Mercuzy

editor.
May 1885 Marian had j u s t commenced commercial c r u s h i n g

operations.
1886 McKenzie and ~ c l a r e nof blarian r e q u e s t e d £20,000 from t h e

Queensland government t o e n l a r g e t h e m i l l and open i t as a
f a r m e r ' s c e n t r a l m i l l . A.R. McKenzie was t h e manager and one
of t h e owners.
1887 Owned by Sanderson Co. (Melb.); managed by A.R. McKenzie.
1888 North Eton u n d e r c u t t h e p r i c e 14a.rian o f f e r e d t h e farmers

f o r t h e i r cane.
1891 Marian ceased c r u s h i n g . W.H. Paxton & Co. a r e supposed

t o h a v e had some c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e m i l l .
1893 A new Marian company w a s formed under t h e 1893 Sugar

Works Guarantee Act; t h e new company i n t e n d e d t o p u r c h a s e
100 a c . of t h e o l d 2,000 a c . e s t a t e .
The second meeting was on 11 October, 33 growers a t t e n d i n g . I n
November t h e company a r t i c l e s were drawn up and i n December i t
was r e g i s t e r e d i n Brisbane.
1894 The o l d e s t a t e was sub-divided f o r f a r m e r s and a m i l l was

ordered.
1895 The f i r s t crop w a s crushed.
1899 J.A..Edwards c a l l e d f o r a Commission of I n q u i r y i n t o t h e

o p e r a t i o n of t h e comapny. Edwards claimed t h a t t h e d i r e c t o r s
had r e f u s e d t o r e s i g n even though t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e s h a r e -
h o l d e r s were a g a i n s t them.
-
1909 Marian was t h e
under t h e 1893 Act.
f i r s t company t o pay o f f i t s indeb.tedness
1966 The 73 y e a r o l d Marian C e n t r a l M i l l Comp. L t d . , became

a c o - o p e r a t i v e on 3 August 1966: Marian M i l l Co-operative
Society Ltd.
27. MT PLEASANT
The l a n d was o r i g i n a l l y s e l e c t e d by Denis B a i l y ( B a s s e t t

~ o r t i d n87 (121 a c . ) and 82 (81 a c . ) ) .
Taken o v e r by W.S.C. Adrian, p u b l i c a n of t h e V i c t o r i a h o t e l .

Adrian a l s o owned p o r t i o n 86 (153 a c . ) . The m i l l was on t h e
c r e e k bank, probably on p o r t i o n 85, now a w a t e r r e s e r v e .
1878 W.S. Adrian o f f e r e d t o l e a s e 364 a c . on t h e n o r t h s i d e

of t h e r i v e r .
4. 1883 M i l l under e r e c t i o n ; d u r i n g t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n t h e vacuum
pan w a s dropped o n t o t h e e n g i n e , c a u s i n g f 2 , 0 0 0 of damage. By
l a t e 1 8 8 3 t h e m i l l was o p e r a t i n g .
5. 1884 A b o i l e r was t r a n s p o r t e d from Mackay t o M t PZeasant.
6. September1885 A d r i a n s u p p l i e d a s a m p l e o f sugar t o t h e
Mercury e d i t o r .
7. 1886 M i l l closed.
8. 1890 M i l l house used a s a brewery. Adrian went g o l d mining

a t A l l i g a t o r c r e e k s o u t h of Mackay.
28. NINDAROO
1. 1873 Land t a k e n up by W.T. & J . G . P a g e t . The P a g e t s a r r i v e d

i n Queensland i n 1872, moved t o Nindaroo i n 1874 and o p e r a t e d
i t a s a mixed farm u n t i l 1882; t h e n as a p l a n t a t i o n from 1882
t o 1902.
2. 1877 John Grey Paget d i e d . Tobacco b e i n g grow;, a t Nindasoo.
3. August 1883 ill commenced t o c r u s h .

4. 1887 Double c r u s h i n g p l a n t and vacuum pan added.
5. 1890s Leased 950 a c . of Cedars.
6. 1900 L a t e c r u s h i n g season. E a r l y i n 1901 i t was announced

t h a t Nindaroo was t o c l o s e . During t h e 1890s Ninduroo (and
Habana) were badly a f f e c t e d by cane g r u b s and b o t h were i n
d e b t t o t h e AJS bank.
7. 1903 Nindaroo a c q u i r e d 7 , 0 0 0 - a c . of Habana - t h e farm and

b u t t e r factory.
8. 1905 Nindaroo'svacuumpanwas soldtoNorthEton.
29 . PALMYRA
1. 1868 C h a r l e s Keeley a p p l i e d f o r Greenmount p o r t i o n s 92-94,

153, 156 (558 a c . ) .
2. Hugh McCready s e l e c t e d Greenmount p o r t i o n s 155, 157, 158

(213 a c . ) .
3. 1869-1877 McCready was a p a r t n e r w i t h Andrew Cumrning i n
Richmond.
4. 1878 ~ c ~ r e purchased
a d ~ K e e l e y ' s l a n d and combined i t w i t h h i s
own t o s t a r t Pahmjra.
5. '1883 M i l l e r e c t e d and c r u s h i n g commenced; s i n g l e r o l l e r s .
6. 1891 McCready i n England f o r 6 months; R.D. Dunne was manager.
7. 1894 T r i p l e r o l l e r s added.
1898 Cyclone E l i n e wiped o u t a l l b u t 98 t o n s of Palmyrals cane.
1905 T h i s was t h e m i l l ' s l a s t c r u s h i n g s e a s o n .
1910s William Henry McCready w a s manager.
Palmrya's l a n d was l a t e r s o l d t o t h e McNichol f a m i l y .
30. ASHBURTON
( P a r i s h o f B a s s e t t , P o r t . Nos. 30-3, 54, 219-20, 138,
172, 122, 158, 347 approx.)
1860s Most of t h e l a n d was s e l e c t e d a t t h e same t i m e a s . P i o n e e r

by John S p i l l e r . S p i l l e r had o n l y wanted t h e r i v e r f l a t s b u t
s e l e c t e d t h e h i l l l a n d a s w e l l ; t h i s l a t e r became Ashburton.
1877 Ashburton l a n d used t o c u t t i m b e r t o u s e as f u e l f o r

Pioneer m i l l .
1881 P i o n e e r ( i n c l u d i n g Ashburton) s o l d t o C.F. McKinnon & Co.,

Melbourne f o r £95,000.
1882 New m i l l t o b e e r e c t e d i n 1883, c o s t i n g £20,000; old

P i o n e e r m i l l t o b e s h i f t e d t o and amalgamated w i t h Ashburton.
-1883
. Pioneer-Ashburton i n c l u d e s 4,242 a c .
1893 Ashburton i n c o r p o r a t e d i n F a r l e i g h - F o u l d e n ; p u r c h a s e
p r i c e supposed t o have been 224,000.
1895 Ashburton, 4,800 a c . M i l l completely amalgamated w i t h

Farleigh .
31. NORTH ETON
The North Eton C e n t r a l M i l l Co. Ltd.
I
. r
June 1885 John R o l l e s t o n , Joseph Antoney, B i l l Anderson and
George I r o n s i d e went t o s e e Thomas P e a r c e and W.G. Hodges
about o b t a i n i n g funds t o b u i l d a farmers' c e n t r a l m i l l .
A p e t i t i o n was p r e s e n t e d t o Premier G r i f f i t h .
August 1885 £50,000 was p l a c e d on t h e e s t i m a t e s t o e s t a b l i s h

central m i l l s .
1886 W.O. Hodgkinson recommended f u n d s b e made a v a i l a b l e t o

t h e Nbrth Eton f a r m e r s .
14 October 1886 The North Eton company was r e g i s t e r e d .
6. 29 November 1886 The company was formed, w i t h Bagley, I r o n s i d e ,

Robertson and Antoney a s d i r e c t o r s .
7. 1887 The m i l l was e r e c t e d .
1 J a n u a r y 1888 S.W. G r i f f i t h c h r i s t e n e d t h e m i l l "The Defiance".

August 1888 Crushing began, i n c l u d i n g t h e cane from Barfie
and V<ctoria.
1890 An i n q u i r y w a s h e l d i n t o c o m p l a i n t s by s h a r e - h o l d e r s .
5 June 1895 The Double Peak C e n t r a l Sugar Co. Ltd. was

r e g i s t e r e d t o o b t a i n f u n d s t o b u i l d a tramway f o r North E t m .
1904 The North Eton company t o o k o v e r t h e Double Peak Company.
1917 North Eton d e f a u l t e d on i t s l o a n repayments and was

t a k e n o v e r by t h e government.
1928 The Queensland government d i s p o s e d of t h e m i l l t o t h e

Co-operative Sugar M i l l i n g Assoc.
32. RACECOURSE
1885 A p e t i t i o n was p r e s e n t e d t o Premier G r i f f i t h by Mackay

f a r m e r s , some of whom were from t h e r a c e c o u r s e a r e a , t o
r e q u e s t t h a t t h e government e s t a b l i s h c e n t r a l m i l l s .
1886 W.O. Hodgkinson i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e a p p l i c a t i o n f o r t h e

government funds and s u p p o r t e d a l o a n of 221,000 t o t h e f a r m e r s
n e a r t h e racecourse.
9 October 1886 The f i r s t d i r e c t o r s were Thomas P e a r c e , C. Wade

Brown, W. L a n d e l l s , R. J o s l i n g .
The f i r s t s h a r e h o l d e r s were: T. Thomas (201, T . J . Whitcomb (151,
I. S c h a e f e r ( l o ) , A. McClanachan ( l o ) , T. Ryan (201, A.
Walker ( 4 0 ) , T. Harney ( l o ) , F. Lemberg ( l o ) , A. S c h i p t k e (201,
M. Enwright ( l o ) , F. Olsen ( 2 0 ) , F. Cowley (201, J. Walker ( l o ) ,
R. J o s l i n g ( 2 0 ) , T. Solway ( 2 0 ) , T. P e a r c e (51, C. Kemp ( 3 0 ) ,
R. A t h e r t o n ( 2 5 ) , P.M. Hynes ( 5 1 , J. Ready ( l o ) , A. Gohdes (201,
C. Generick ( 1 5 ) , J. Carey ( 3 0 ) , C. Wade Brown (401, C.
Schmidtke ( 5 ) , M.G. Roger ( l o ) , J. G e i s s l e r ( l o ) , W. L a n d e l l s
(40) .
20 October 1888 The m i l l began c r u s h i n g i n a t r i a l run.
15 J u l y 1889 Crushing was cornmenced.in e a r n e s t .
1891-3 A l l e g a t i o n s of mismanagement; t h e s h a r e h o l d e r s t r i e d
t o remove t h e d i r e c t o r s . The arguments continued u n t i l 1893,
b u t no major changes took p l a c e .
1894 Racecourse purchased t h e 400 a c . Woodford e s t a t e .
1903 F u r t h e r a l l e g a t i o n s were made o v e r mismanagement of t h e

mill.
June 1906 F i n a l repayments t o t h e government were completed.
26 March 1927 Racecourse M i l l S u p p l i e r s Assoc. formed.
9 May 1927 Racecourse Co-operative Sugar Assoc. Ltd. formed.
21 October 1937 Racecourse C e n t r a l M i l l Company was f i n a l l y

dissolved.
33. PLANE CREEK
1864 Henry B e l l took up t h e o r i g i n a l 1 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e r u n ;

t h e government resumed s e c t i o n s of t h e r u n , which was e v e n t u a l l y
c u t down t o 6,243 a c . f r e e h o l d .
1880 It was rumoured t h a t two Mackay men t h e n i n England

i n t e n d t o b r i n g back a m i l l t o b e e r e c t e d a t P l a n e c r e e k .
June-August 1882 A company was i n ' t h e p r o c e s s of f o r m a t i o n .
December 1893 The P l a n e Creek C e n t r a l M i l l Company was

r e g i s t e r e d ; d i r e c t o r s : A t h e r t o n , B e l l , McKenny, Langdon, Heron
and J e n s s e n .
H. Brandon (5,000 a c . ) , Edmund A t h e r t o n (5,134 a c . ) , Richard
A t h e r t o n (1,660 a c . ) , Henry B e l l (6,243 a c . ) , P a t r i c k McKenny
( 1 , 2 2 1 a c . ) , W.E.M. McKenny (953 a c . ) .
21 A p r i l 1894 The company d e c i d e d t o e r e c t two m i l l s .
1895 Only one s i t e t o b e u s e d ; P a t t o n ' s s e l e c t i o n on P l a n e

c r e e k : t h e company b u i l t one m i l l and a n e x t e n s i v e tramway
system.
4 November 1896 Crushing began.
1897 An i n q u i r y was h e l d i n t o t h e domination of t h e company

by t h e l a r g e s h a r e h o l d e r s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y A t h e r t o n s and B e l l ) .
1920-21 Season The company completed p a y i n g o f f i t s indebted-

n e s s t o t h e government.
1926 A power a l c o h o l d i s t i l l e r y was opened a t S a r i n a , p a r t -

owned by P l a n e Creek.
1973 The Plane Creek C e n t r a l M i l l Comp. L t d . amalgamated w i t h

P i o n e e r Sugar M i l l s Ltd.
34. CATTLE CREEK
1895 Farmers i n t h e C a t t l e c r e e k a r e a t r i e d t o g e t t h e government

r a i l w a y extended from M i r a n i t o t h e i r a r e a ; d e f e a t e d .
1902 The r a i l w a y was extended t o P i n n a c l e .
November 1904 Farmers met a t Finch-Hatton t o d i s c u s s e s t a b -

l i s h i n g t h e i r own m i l l . Six provisional Directors w e r e
e l e c t e d : Rick, P e o p l e s , Comerford, Shepherd, B a r c l a y , Hodget.
1905 Queensland T r e a s u r e r Kidston v i s i t e d Finch-Hatton; the

government r e f u s e d t o o f f e r any f i n a n c e .
1905 The farmers decided t o , f i n a n c e t h e i r own m i l l ; s i t e

chosen.
1906 Machinery c o l l e c t e d from s e v e r a l c l o s e d m i l l s : Ninduroo;

Habana; R i v e r ; and from Yeppoon m i l l a t Rockhampton.
7. September 1906 Crushing due t o s t a r t .
PART B - UNSUCCESSFUL MILLS AND ATTEMPTS TO FORM MILLING COMPANIES
Animal-powered and steam-powered p l a n t a t i o n m i l l s which o p e r a t e d

f o r n o t more t h a n t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e s e a s o n s a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s
s e c t i o n , as a r e a l l known a t t e m p t s t o found p l a n t a t i o n o r f a r m e r s '
mills. The l a t t e r a r e a l s o l i s t e d i n T a b l e Three of Chapter F i v e .
U n s u c c e s s f u l a t t e m p t s t o e s t a b l i s h m i l l s i n t h e Mackay r e g i o n
( i n chronological o r d e r )
Mackay Sugar Crushing Co. L t d .

Shiels
Springfield (Russell)
Robb
Fleming
C e n t r a l Sugar Co.
M t Blackwood
Peri
1875 c o - o p e r a t i v e
Mackay C e n t r a l Sugar Manufacturing Co.
Queensland Co-operative C e n t r a l Sugar M i l l Co.
P l a n e Creek ( r e f e r t o P a r t A)
1881 p r i v a t e c e n t r a l m i l l
West H i l l Creek
Seaforrh
Sandy Creek
Mackay Sugar Co.
Oakenden Sugar Co.
North Queensland Sugar E s t a t e Co. L t d .
Greenmount Sugar E s t a t e
S t g el ens
Hampden
Boomerang
Walkerston C e n t r a l M i l l i n g Co. ( r e f e r t o Cassada, i n
P a r t A)
Marian ( r e f e r t o P a r t A)
Abingdon
Hamilt on
Leap
Behho lm
K e l v i n Grove
S i l e n t Grove
1. MACKAY SUGAR CRUSHING COMPANY
1. ~ o v e m b e r1868 A f a r m e r s ' c o - o p e r a t i v e s u g a r company was planned

f o r t h e lagoons.
2. August 1869 A meeting of t h e l a n d - h o l d e r s i n t h e proposed

company was h e l d .
The Chairman was R. S t i r l i n g and t h e company was named t h e
Mackay Sugar Crushing Company Ltd. w i t h a nominal c a p i t a l of
£5,000. The committee comprised T. . P e a r c e , C. Keely and W. Hoey;
W. McBryde and W. L a n d e l l s were a l s o p r e s e n t .
September 1869 The p r o v i s i o n a l D i r e c t o r was W i l l i a m McBryde;
o t h e r s i n v o l v e d were Thomas P e a r c e , W i l l i a m L a n d e l l s , C h a r l e s
Keeley,Simon F r a s e r and William Hoey. 150 s h a r e s had been
allocated.
October 1869 The company was wound up; t h e amount of c a p i t a l

w a s t o o s m a l l ; t h e company wanted h a l f of t h e s u g a r y i e l d ,
which many growers thought was e x c e s s i v e ; and many growers had
p l a n s t o s t a r t t h e i r own m i l l s .
2. SHIELS' LAGOONS COMPANY
June 1871 Alex S h i e l s t r i e d t o form a s u g a r m i l l i n g company

amongst t h e f a r m e r s on t h e Lagoons.
1875 Another a t t e m p t was made t o form a company f o r f a r m e r s

on t h e Lagoons.
3. SPRINGFIELD
1868 William R u s s e l l had 120 a c . of l a n d c l o s e t o t h e j u n c t i o n

of Homebush and Nebo r o a d s .
1869 R u s s e l l was growing maize.
October 1869 R u s s e l l was ready t o p l a n t c a n e .
J u l y 1870 R u s s e l l crushed 3.5 a c . of cane a t Alexandra w i t h a

r e t u r n of 7.587 t o n s t o t h e a c r e .
5. 19 August 1871 R u s s e l l ' s wooden two bullock-powered m i l l was

s e t i n motion f o r t h e f i r s t time. It had t h e c a p a c i t y t o
produce 12% c w t . p e r day. The m i l l . w a s n o t a n economic propos-
i t i o n and soon c l o s e d .
6. 9 F e b r u a r y 1870 William R u s s e l l d i e d aged 70.
4. ROBB
1. 1871 James Robb e r e c t e d a horse-powered m i l l a t h i s farm

'Robbsleigh' on t h e Lagoons i n l a t e 1871. The m i l l had a
c a p a c i t y t o produce 10 cwt. of s u g a r p e r day.
2. 8 October 1872 The m i l l b u i l d i n g caught f i r e and b u r n t down.
3. 24 October 1872 Crushing resumed.
4. May 1873 The m i l l , t h e p r o p e r t y of R. B r o d n i t z , was a d v e r t i s e d

for sale.
5 . FLEMING'S MILL
1. 1872 Robert Fleming l e f t h i s b l a c k s m i t h ' s b u s i n e s s , bought a

s m a l l bullock-powered m i l l i n Sydney and s e t up n e a r t h e s i t e
of t h e p r e s e n t day Racecomse m i l l ; t h e s i t e was p r o b a b l y
p o r t i o n 173 of County Howard.
6. CENTRAL SUGAR CO.
1873 Mackccy Mercury mentioned t h a t a n a t t e m p t had been made t o

f l o a t a c o - o p e r a t i v e m i l l i n g company.
7. MT BLACKWOOD
1874 A m i l l was planned t o b e e r e c t e d on Long and Smith's

selection.
P e r i w a s o r i g i n a l l y surveyed a s s m a l l ,farms and t a k e n up under

t h e 1868 Land A c t : t h e l a n d w a s l a t e r purchased piecemeal by
T.H. F i t z g e r a l d and R . J . J e f f r a y t o form P e r i p l a n t a t i o n ' .
26 October 1868 For example: Philomena Cosgrove took up

p o r t i o n s 54-7, 68-9,.78-9, 278-82 (354 a c . ) .
1872 Cosgrove's l a n d was t r a n s f e r r e d t o R . J . Jeffray.
J e f f r a y s i m i l a r l y bought up s m a l l l a n d b l o c k s b e l o n g i n g t o Hoey,
Richard Ryan and McCluskey.
1872 A.D. C a r t n e r c a l l e d t e n d e r s f o r c l e a r i n g timber on P e r i ,

which w a s d e s c r i b e d a s " r e c e n t l y occupied". The l a n d was
managed f o r T.H. F i t z g e r a l d by J.F.W. F i t z g e r a l d .
1873 J e f f r a y t r a n s f e r r e d t h e l a n d t o t h e AJS bank.
1874 J.F.W. F i t z g e r a l d and h i s w i f e l i v i n g a t P e r i ; machinery

f o r a m i l l was about t o a r r i v e .
1881 Owned by Sloan & Co., 1,400 a c .
1884 P e r i . m i l l j u s t e r e c t e d ; i t n e v e r crushed.
9. 1875 CO-OPERATIVE MILLING COMPANY

(name unknown)
1875 A co-operative m i l l i n g company was planned by f a r m e r s on

s m a l l b l o c k s c l o s e t o t h e w e s t s i d e of Mackay township.
10. MACKAY CENTRAL SUGAR MANUFACTURING COMPANY
1878 Company p r o s p e c t u s i s s u e d : 1,000 £10 s h a r e s . The Pro-

v i s i o n a l D i r e c t o r s were: C.R. D u t a i l l i s , J. Ready, J . W . Cowley,
D. McGregor, H. J o s l i n g , A.L. Smith, A. F l o r e n c e , J. P o r t e r ,
P. McKenny, J . W . Cran, D. Ross, W. Loge.
600 s h a r e s were t a k e n up and 316 a c . of cane were promised;

t h e e x p e c t e d p r o f i t f o r t h e s e a s o n was £4,730 - 16% was t o go t o
the shareholders.
1878 The company c o l l a p s e d b e c a u s e S p i l l e r ( P i o n e e r ) and Hyne

(Meadowlands) took t h e f a r m e r s ' c a n e .
11. QUEENSLAND CO-OPERATIVE CENTML SUGAR MILL COMPANY
1879 Donald McDonald a t t e m p t e d t o f l o a t a company w i t h a

c a p i t a l of £250,000, d i v i d e d i n t o £5 s h a r e s t o b u i l d a l a r g e
c e n t r a l m i l l . The p l a n f a i l e d .
13. 1881 PRIVATE CENTRAL MILL

(name unknown)
1881 P r i v a t e m i l l planned. No f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n .
14. WEST HILL CREEK
1881-2 A p l a n t a t i o n was planned by M.M. C h r i s t i a n o f W i l a n g i ,

u s i n g Sydney c a p i t a l . R.D. Dunne was t o have b e e n t h e manager.
The p l a n was c a l l e d o f f a f t e r t h e f a l l of t h e M c I l w r a i t h
government i n 1882.
15. SEAFORTH
-
About 1881 McBryde.,and F i n l a y s o n of Richmond bought 10,000 a c .
a t S e a f o r t h i n t e n d i n g t o b u i l d a m i l l t h e r e . S i r John
Macartney bought 4,000 a c . nearby. J . S . Avery of Mielere a l s o
bought l a n d t h e r e .
1884 A h a r b o u r f o r Mackay w a s proposed t o b e b u i l t a t P t Newry

c l o s e t o S e a f o r t h . Debate o v e r t h e p o s i t i o n of Mackay's f u t u r e
h a r b o u r , i n c l u d i n g t h e P t Newry s i t e , c o n t i n u e d i n t o t h e 2 0 t h
century.
1885 Premier G r i f f i t h ' s a n t i - I s l a n d e r l e g i s l a t i o n s t o p p e d a l l

f u r t h e r plans t o b u i l d a m i l l a t Seaforth.
1898 6,000 a c . were o f f e r e d t o t h e government f o r p u r c h a s e

under t h e 1894 AgricuZturaZ Lands Purchase Act.
1889 E.M. Long of Habana c o n s i d e r e d b u i l d i n g a tramway from

Habana t o S e a f o r t h .
1901 6,198 a c . were r e p u r c h a s e d by t h e government f o r 222,622
and opened f o r s e l e c t i o n a t £4 p ; a c .
S i r John Macartney used h i s S e a f o r t h l a n d a s a s m a l l g r a z i n g

property.
16. SANDY CREEK
1882 M r Poolman planned t o e r e c t a m i l l on t h e s o u t h s i d e of

Sandy c r e e k , t o m i l l s e l e c t o r s ' cane. Nothing f u r t h e r known.
T h i s c o u l d ' have been F .W. Poolman of ~ichmond-~nvemzess .
17. THE MACKAY SUGAR COMPANY LIMITED
1882 Chairman of D i r e c t o r s , James Ormond claimed t o t h e

Queensland Col. Sec. t h a t i n t h e l a s t few months t h e company had
e r e c t e d a s u g a r m i l l a t Mackay, c o s t i n g £12,000. The company
was c o n t e m p l a t i n g p u r c h a s i n g 2,000 a c . and i m p o r t i n g a steam
plough: i n a l l a n a d d i t i o n a l e x p e n d i t u r e of £20,000. Nothing
more i s known of t h i s company.
18. OAKENDEN SUGAR COMPANY
1. 5,000 a c . a t Oakenden owned by A r t h u r Kemis.
2. E a r l y 1880s (1882?) Kemmis j o i n e d i n a p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h a

Melbourne company: Kemmis k e p t a o n e - f i f t h s h a r e and became
managing d i r e c t o r ; t h e r e were 400 a c . of c a n e p l a n t e d .
A r t h u r Kemmis had f i v e £1,000 s h a r e s ; s e v e r a l Melbourne b u s i n e s s -
men, i n c l u d i n g William Henderson C a l d e r , C h a r l e s Campbell and
' ~ l f r e dF e l t o n h e l d t h e o t h e r f o r t y - f i v e £1,000 s h a r e s .
3. 1883-4 M i l l planned b u t n o t y e t e r e c t e d .
4. 1885 Manager: C. Jobson.
5. 1887 CSR t o o k over Oakenden; o r a t l e a s t Oakenden grew cane

f o r CSR.
6. 1889 Of t h e 5,000 a c . , 600 a c . were c l e a r e d and r e n t e d t o CSR.

- 52,000 c a p i t a l had been i n v e s t e d and a £18,000 m i l l purchased,
b u t s t o r e d i n Glasgow.
7. 1912 The Oakenden company was wound up; a l l of i t s f u n d s had

been exhausted'.
8. 1921 The company was f i n a l l y l i q u i d a t e d .
19. NORTH QUEENSLAND SUGAR ESTATE CO. LTD.
1. 1884 E.S. & C.C. Rawson of The Hollow c a t t l e r u n r e g i s t e r e d

t h e company i n London, 25 September 1884, w i t h t h r e e London
d i r e c t o r s , Robert Walker Wilson ( B r i s b a n e ) and themselves a s
Queensland d i r e c t o r s . T h e i r l a n d i n c l u d e d 7 s q u a r e m i l e s a t
t h e Hollow and 17 s q u a r e m i l e s on t h e H e r b e r t r i v e r .
2. 1887 The Hollow was a d v e r t i s e d f o r s a l e : 11,424 a c . f r e e h o l d .
3. 1888 A company was formed t o l e a s e The Hollow t o f a r m e r s ; i t

was n o t s u c c e s s f u l .
4. 1891 The Hollow had 850 a c . of l a n d opened f o r s e l e c t i o n ; t h e

o f f e r was withdrawn and t h e l a n d r e s u r v e y e d f o r s m a l l e r b l o c k s .
5. 1892 A p l a n was announced t o e r e c t a m i l l a t The Hollow on a

290 ac,. s i t e on t h e r i v e r . Of t h e 11,000 a c . , 3,000 a c . were
t o b e sub-divided f o r s m a l l f a r m e r s .
20 . GREENMOUNT
1. 1865 John Walker a p p l i e d f o r 964 a c . on 28 J u l y 1865; a c c e p t e d
28 August 1865.
2. 1866 Land t a k e n up 1 J u l y 1866.

1869 W.G. Walker r e q u e s t s t h a t t h e l a n d b e t r a n s f e r r e d under
t h e 1868 Act.
1870 A c l e r i c a l e r r o r was r e c t i f i e d : W.G. Walker was n o t t h e

a p p l i c a n t , b u t h i s b r o t h e r John i n Sydney.
1870 G.F. Bridgeman grew 48 a c . of cane a t Greenmount and had

i t c r u s h e d a t PZeystme.
1877 The government claimed t h a t Walker was i n a r r e a r s w i t h h i s

payments; t h e government was a t f a u l t .
1878 Walker r e c e i v e d t h e p r o p e r t y deeds.
1882 The Greenmount Sugar E s t a t e Comp. was formed by W.H.

C a l d e r et aZ. ; t h e company w a s Melbourne-based.
1886 The company had 120 a c . under cane.
1889 The company c o n t r o l l e d 1,000 a c . and had £9,000 i n v e s t e d ;

no machinery.
2 1. ST HELENS
1884 D'arcy Lacey p l a n t e d cane h e r e , i n t e n d i n g t o b u i l d a

m i l l , b u t a b i g f l o o d washed h i s c r o p away.
22. HAMPDEN
1. 1886 S e t t l e r s a t Hampden wanted t o e s t a b l i s h a c e n t r a l m i l l .
2. 1894 It was proposed t o e s t a b l i s h Hampden c e n t r a l m i l l n e a r

t h e Leap; 541 a c . of cane promised.
2 3 , BOOMERANG CENTW MILL COMPANY
1. 1886 The company a p p l i e d f o r a s h a r e of t h e 1885 C e n t r a l M i l l

f u n d i n g . The company, w i t h F. Black a s hon. s e c . had 19 s h a r e -
h o l d e r s who t o g e t h e r h e l d 5,069 a c . : N.W. Sachau, James Ready,
B.D. I v e r s , P.N. Fyhn, P. C u l l e n . D.P. Ready, C. K e l l y , T.W.
Tangky, P. Wilmann, H. N e i l s o n , C. Gorgeson, J. C h r i s t i a n s e n ,
C.K. Brown, C.N. Nichelman, N . J . Davis, and F.J. S t e v e n s
(no c u l t i v a t i o n on t h e o t h e r t h r e e s e l e c t i o n s ) .
2. 1886 W.O. Hodgkinson i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n , b u t d i d

n o t recommend i t f o r funding.
26. ABINGDON (ABINGTON)

( a l s o r e f e r t o li1arian i n P a r t A)
1. 1886 Farmers i n t h e P a r i s h of Abingdon wanted t o borrow from

t h e Queensland government a t t h e r a t e of £10 p e r a c . on t h e i r l a n d :
1 , 0 3 3 a c . o r £10,330. T h i s move seems t o have been i n a s s o c i a t i o n
w i t h t h e owners of Marian m i l l .
1886 W.O. Hodgkinson i n v e s t i g a t e d on b e h a l f of t h e govemment,
b u t d i d n o t recommend t h e y b e a l l o c a t e d any money.
1894 The Hamilton C e n t r a l M i l l Co. wanted t o s e t up under t h e

1893 Sugar Works Guarantee Act; 32 a c . a l r e a d y p l a n t e d .
1895 5 0 s q u a r e m i l e s of Hamilton-Pinnacle r u n s were resumed t o

allow f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l settlement.
M i l l proposed w i t h a company h a v i n g c a p i t a l of £30,000. Major

s h a r e h o l d e r s : Hamilton T r u s t (C.T. Morgan), 20,000; D.H.
Dalrymple; o v e r 70 s m a l l l a n d h o l d e r s .
1895 New D i r e c t o r s e l e c t e d .
1895 The company was d i s s o l v e d and a tramway company t o b e

formed .
-
1911 Another a p p l i c a t i o n w a s made t o e s t a b l i s h
a t t h e 1911 Sugar I n d u s t r y Royal Commission.
a central m i l l
28. LEAP SUGAR COMPANY
1895 Seventeen f a r m e r s h e l d a meeting t o e s t a b l i s h a m i l l ;

PZeystowe o f f e r e d t o t a k e t h e i r cane, b u i l d a tramway and g r a n t
them 6,000 s h a r e s .
29. BEHHOLME
1905 Farmers i n t h e a r e a wanted t o e s t a b l i s h a m i l l . CSR

i n v e s t i g a t e d , b u t d e c i d e d a g a i n s t b u i l d i n g a . m i l l t h e r e , though
t h e y c o u l d send t h e i r cane t o Homebush.
30. KELVIN GROVE (KOUMALA)
1911 S e l e c t o r s a p p l i e d f o r c e n t r a l m i l l f u n d i n g under t h e 1911

Sugar Royal Commission.
31. S I L E N T GROVE
J . B . Lawes planned t o b u i l d a m i l l a t . S i l e n t Grove, b u t had h i s

p l a n t h w a r t e d b y G r i f f i t h ' s 1885 a n t i - I s l a n d e r l e g i s l a t i o n .
1911, 1916 and 1922 A p p l i c a t i o n s were made f o r f u n d s t o

e s t a b l i s h a central m i l l i n the area.
FOOTNOTES
PART A - PLANTATION AND FARMERS' MILLS
1. PIONEER
MM 2 J u n e 1877; Q l d e r 14 A p r i l , 30 J u n e 1870; QSA LAN/25; QVP 1866,

1461; MI 1 3 September 1922; QSA LAN/25, S p i l l e r t o S u r v e y o r Gen.,
6 J u l y 1868, 1 5 ~ e b r u a ; ~1869; MM 10 December 1870, 1 3 May 1871;
K e r r , S u g a r M i l l s , 5 ; QSA LAN/25, 1 3 March 1872, 3 December 1875;
Roth, P o r t Mackay, 39; Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 6 ; MM 14 March 1893
(E. Denman), 17 A p r i l 1880; K e r r , P i o n e e r , 74; Q l d e r 10 September,
3 1 December 1881; MM 3 1 August 1881; QSA COL/A334, Mackinnon t o CS,
18 March 1882; QZder 1 4 O c t o b e r 1882; Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 3.
2. ALEXANDRA
QW 1866, 1460; QSA LAN/214, S e l e c t i o n No. 1 5 ; I@! 4 A p r i l 1966

( q u o t i n g MM 4 A p r i l 1 8 6 6 ) , 4 March 1905; Davidson D i a r y , 1 3 F e b r u a r y
1867; MM 28 September, 5 O c t o b e r 1867, 1 J u l y , 1 6 , 23, 30 September
1 8 6 8 ; . $ r i s b a n e G u a r d i a n 2 3 September 1868; MM 29 A p r i l , 9 J u l y ,
24 December 1870; .ADB 1851-90 v . 4 , 79; MM 5 J u l y 1879; MUBA: B l a k e
& R i g g a l l , Memo. o f Assoc. o f M-MQS Co., S l o a n & Co. p a p e r s ; MM
24 September 1884; PLUJ~S1885, 458; QVE' 1884, v . 2 , 938, R.J. J e f f r a y
t o CS, 29 November 1884.
3 . PLEYSTOWE
MM J u b i l e e 2912, 4 , 14; MM 15 May, 28 September 1867; Davidson D i a r y ,

20 September, 5 , 21 December 1867, 21 J a n u a r y 1868; MM 1 J u l y 1868,
5 F e b r u a r y 1870, 23 September 1868; QSA LANl215, E. Kennedy t o
S u r v e y o r G e n e r a l , 25 September 1868 ( l a n d i n s p e c t e d 24 September
1 8 6 8 ) ; QSA LAN/215, R o b e r t & Hart, B r i s b a n e , a c t i n g f o r Holmes,
14 December 1868; QSA LAN/215; QCGC: ( 1 ) : 1 3 O c t o b e r 1969 ( q u o t i n g
M4 11 September 1 8 6 9 ) ; MM J u b i l e e 1 9 1 2 , 9 , 11; QZder 22 J a n u a r y 1867;
Kerr, P i o n e e r , 118; MM 20 May 1882; Planter & F m e r . ( 1 8 8 2 - 3 ) , 147;
B u l l , E a r l y E x p e r i e n c e s , 411; Mb' ' 20 May 1882; FM J u b i l e e 1912, 28;
ADB 1851-90, v . 3 , 185-6; v . 5 , 317-8; Pughs 1885, 458; Aust. Brewers
J o u r n a l , 2 1 : l ( 1 8 8 4 ) , 45; Qlder 1 December 1888; Kerr, P i o n e e r , 118-9,
165; MM 6 , 11, 1 5 , 22 F e b r u a r y , 5 , 1 5 , 17 J u l y 1902; 1 7 , 22 December
1904, 31 O c t o b e r 1905; E a s t e r b y , Q u e e n s l a n d , 38; MM 3 1 J u l y 1967.
4. CASSADA
QSA J 5 / 1 8 7 7 ; MM J u b i l e e 1 9 1 2 , 8 (A. McClanachan); 8 O c t o b e r , 10

December 1870, 29 A p r i l 1871, 7 September 1872, 3 J u l y 1875; A S J
7 March 1924, 765; Matsen D i a r y One; MM 26 J u n e 1880; QVP 1 8 8 6 , y.2, 11;
Matsen D i a r y One; f@d 7 August 1894.
5 . MEADOWLANDS
MM 13 $:arch 1 9 0 5 , 25 September 1966; K e r r , S u g a r F!iZZs, 4-5; MM

9 J u l y , 6 A u g u s t , 29 O c t o b e r , 12 November 1870, 2 November 1872,
25 O c t o b e r 1873; Qlder 1 J a n u a r y 1876; MM 2 J a n u a r y 1978; Q l d e r
5 J a n u a r y 1878; MM 20 November 1902; QVP 1886, 2 , 14-5; Pughs 1888,
95; I@! 20 November 1902, 1 8 , 19 J a n u a r y , 8 , 1 3 , 14 F e b r u a r y , 3 March,
11 J u l y 1906, 11 F e b r u a r y 1907, R a c e c o u r s e B o o k l e t ( r e p r i n t e d from
MM 17 September 19251, 17-18.
6 . BRANSCOMBE
QSA LAN/215, No. 4 0 , 27 March 1869, 29 A p r i l , 26 J u l y 1870; MM

6 August 1870, 1 3 May 1871; Kerr, Sugar MiZZs, 5 ; Kerr, Pioneer, 4 3 ;
QSA LAN/215, No. 4 0 , 3 J a n u a r y , 3 F e b r u a r y 1873; R o t h , Port Mackay,
5 9 , 66; MM 23 September 1876; QZder 16 J u n e 1877; MUBA: B l a k e &
R i g g a l l , M-MQS Co., S l o a n & Co. p a p e r s ; P u g h s , 1885, 458.
MM 1 A p r i l 1905, 2 1 September, 25 O c t o b e r 1872; JCUiVQ: S l o a n & Co.

r e c o r d s ; CSR 14211252, Homebush I N , Brandon t o S t u a r t , 26 A p r i l
1882; ASJ 7 March 1924, 765; K e r r , Pioneer, 9 9 ; CSR 14211253, Smith
t o Knox, 23 May 1887; QSA COL/A605, I n l e t t e r 698 o f 1890, J. W a l l a c e
I P I t o O I C PILO, 15 J a n u a r y 1890; MM 6 A p r i l , 28 May 1891, 28 J u l y ,
7 August 1894, 3 March 1904.
QSA 5517 1908: MM Jubilee 2912, 1 5 (W.H. W i l l i a m s ) ; MM 30 May 1906,

25, 29 A p r i l 1870, 2 9 September, 2 November 1872; Matsen D i a r y Ten,
8 0 ; QSA CPS 1 0 ~ / G 1 , G o o d a l l t o CS, 28 A p r i l 1874, MM 26 August, 23
September 1876; QZder 26 May 1877; MM 10 March 1877; I@4 J u b i Z e e 1922,
19 (A. McClanachan).
9 . MICLERE (DULVERTON)
Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 3 ; MV 1 3 J a n u a r y , 7 September 1872; Kerr,

Sugar M i Z Z s , 6 ; B u l l , E a r l y E x p e r i e n c e s , 409; MM 26 A p r i l 1873
(E. Denman t o E d . ) ; QSA CPS 1 0 B / ~ 1 ,G o o d a l l t o IA, 1 3 May 1874;
Qlder11 August 1877; Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 5 ; QSA 5 5 211925;
MM 28 May 1881; QZder 1 0 S e p t e m b e r , 3 1 December 1881, 2 1 J u n e 1882;
Pughs 1884, 95; MV 21 March 1893 (Denman t o E d . ) .
10. NEBIA
QSA LANIP61; Kennedy, B l a c k PoZice, 8-9; MM 9 May 1868, 16 A p r i l 1870,

1 4 O c t o b e r 1871, 1 3 September 1922; K e r r , Sugar M ~ Z Z S , 6 ; QSA CPS
10B/G1, G o o d a l l t o IA, 11 F e b r u a r y 1876; MM 7 September 1872; A S J
7 March 1924, 765; Matsen D i a r y One; Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 6 ;
Q Z d e r 11 March 1876; MV 26 F e b r u a r y 1876; JCUNQ: S l o a n ; Pughs 1885,
458 and 1888, 95.
11. FOULDEN
QSA LAN/214, S e l . No. 22; QVP 1866, 1461; QSA LAN/214, No. 24; MM
1 3 May 1869; Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 5 ; K e r r , Sugar M i l l s , 6 ; b N
7, 2 8 September 1872; QSA CPS 10B/G1, G o o d a l l t o P o l i c e Mag., Bowen,
17 December 1873; MM 3 J u l y 1875, 17 F e b r u a r y 1876, 3 F e b r u a r y 1877;
Qlder 17 F e b r u a r y 1877; S h e p p a r d , P a c i f i c I s l a n d e r s , App.; Roth,
Port Mackay, 66; QSA CPS 10B/G1, G o o d a l l t o R. W a l k e r , 15 F e b r u a r y 1879;
~ u b i l e e1 9 1 2 , 89; QZder 19 F e b r u a r y 1881; MM 16 A p r i l 1881; 31 May
1882; B u l l , E a r l y E x p e r i e n c e s , 410; Pughs 1888, 9 5 ; MM 4 March 1937.
12. CEDARS
Waterson, QueensZand ~ a r l . ,1 5 ; MM 19 August 1899; Kirwan, 'Sugar

I n d u s t r y 1 , 1-2; !@I 1 0 May 1873; Matsen ~ i a r y "Ten, 79; JCUNQ: S l o a n ;
MM C e n t e n a r y e d i t i o n , 6 A p r i l 1962, 5 5 ; MM 30 March 1881, 28 September
1878, 26 March 1881; Q l & r 9 A p r i l 1881; IY@I 3 F e b r u a r y 1886, 30
J a n u a r y 1897, 12 May 1898.
1 3 . DUMBLETON
QSA LAN/215, No. 22; K e r r , Sugar M i l l s , 7 ; Q W 1889, v . 4 , 387; kDl

29 J a n u a r y 1870, 1 4 A p r i l 1877, 6 December 1907; Kirwan, ' S u g a r
I n d u s t r y 1 , 6 ; MM 2 1 September 1872, 4 J a n u a r y 1873; JCUNQ: S l o a n ;
7 F e b r u a r y 1880; QSA COL/A460, Claim No. 6 ; Q W 1889, v . 4 , 387;
MM 1 8 May 1893, 9 F e b r u a r y 1895, 1 5 November 1904; QSA J 5 / 2 1925,
B a s s e t t , 50.
14. INVERNESS
MM 8 J u n e 1881; Kerr, S u g a r M i Z Z s , 7 ; QSA J 5 / c . 1900, B a s s e t t : 151,

184; Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 1; MM 4 J u l y 1874; Matsen D i a r y Ten,
79; kDl 25 March, 22 A p r i l 1876, 1 3 O c t o b G ~1877; QZder 11 August 1877;
M! 8 J u n e 1881; P u g h s 1882, 341; Ausk. B r e w e r s ~ o u m Z ,20 J a n u a r y
1883, 45; Pughs 1884, 396 and 1887, 87 and 1885, 458; K e r r , P a g e a n t ,
69-70.
15. RIVER
Kerr, S u g a r M i Z Z s , 8 ; I@l 27, 29 September 1892, 1 7 A p r i l 1875, 7

September 1872; Kerr, P i o n e e r , 5 4 , MM 3 1 O c t o b e r 1877, 17 August
1878, 1 September 1880; Roth, P o r t Mackazj, 39; Matsen D i a r y Ten,
79-80; Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 5 ; P u g h s , 1886, 490 and 1887, 8 7 ;
M4 3 March, 2 A p r i l 1887, 4 December 1890, 3 November 1891, 9
F e b r u a r y 1895; MS 8 F e b r u a r y ( c l i p p i n g i n QSA WOR/142).
16. BATXORAL
QSA J 5 / 1 8 7 7 ; MM 22 September 1969, 8 September 1971; K e r r , Sugar

M i l l s , 8 ; QSA ~ A N / p 6 1 , App. 1 3 ; SJ & TC, 15 September 1897, MM
2 August, 25 O c t o b e r 1 8 7 3 , 1 3 September 1922; QZder 19 May 1877; MM
4 J u l y 1874, 2 O c t o b e r 1875, 8 September 1881.
17. TE KOWAI
M4 J u b i l e e 1 9 1 2 , 1 0 , 1 4 , 21; QVP 1866, 1215; QSA LAN1215; iW4 31

N a r c h , 26 J u l y 1873; Kerr, Sugar M i l l s , 8-9; MM 4 J u l y 1874; Q l d e r
19 May 1 8 7 7 ; MM 3 1 O c t o b e r 1 8 7 4 , 4 September 1875; ADB 1851-90, v.4,
79; I44 26 A u g u s t , 2 September 1876; QZder 1 J a n u a r y 1876, 8 September
1877; MM 17 J u l y 1878; K e r r , S u g a r M i l l s , 8-9; and Pioneer, 9 9 .
18. RICHMOND
QCGC: M4 1 A u g u s t . 1 9 6 7 ; M I ~ u b i z e e1 9 1 2 , 8 , 28; K e r r , S u g a r M ~ Z Z S , 9
( K e r r c i t e s Munro, S u g a r Fields, s a y i n g t h a t a s m a l l m i l l w a s e r e c t e d
i n 1873. R e f e r e n c e n o t l o c a t e d . ) ; 1889, v . 4 , 287-9, MM 7 A p r i l
1877, 16 March 1881, 7 December 1970; CRY 5 a : l ; MI 1 J u n e 1881;
Pughs 1882, 341; Kirwan, 'Sugar I n d u s t r y ' , 2; I@?! 7 May 1881; Q l d e r
31 December 1881, 25 February 1882; I@?! 1 7 F e b r u a r y 1883; Pughs 1885,
458; MCCA: Macartney m a n u s c r i p t ; QVP 1889, v . 4 , 388; ClilM 4 a : l ; MM
14 October 1902, 5 February 1879; Baptismal c e r t . o f A l l a n Curnrning
Denman, 30 May 1895; .Pughs 1886, 490; SJ & TC 15 May 1893.
19. PALMS
QSA LAN1214, No. 11 and No. 22; A u s t r a l i a n E n c y c l o p a e d i a (1958), v.4,

92; 11 November 1868; QSA LAN1214: 22; MUBA: B l a k e & R i g g a l l :
M-MQS Co.; QZder 31 December 1881, Supp. 3; K e r r , S u g a r M i l l s , 9;
Munro, S u g a r F i e l d s , 63; Pughs 1888, 95; Minute Book of t h e P r e s -
b y t e r i a n Church, Walkerston, October 1888; K e r r , P i o n e e r , 163.
20. BEACONSFIELD
MY 27, 29 September 1892, 9 February 1895.; QSA 55 c . 1900, 551211925;

K e r r , Sugar M i l l s , 12; Kirwan, 'Sugar I n d u s t r y ' , 1.
2 1. CONNINGSBY
QSA 5212 1925 ( l a n d i n name of M. C a r r o l l ) ; Kirwan, 'Sugar I n d u s t r y ' ,

5 ; K e r r , S u g a r M i Z Z s , 12; MM 6 March 1880; Kerr, P i o n e e r , 100;
.
S e a f o r t h s state' (Queensland Govt p r i n t e r , 1 8 9 9 ) , Exch. A.
22. VICTORIA
K e r r , P i o n e e r , 70; QSA COLIA334, I n l e t t e r 1542, James Ormond t o CS,

March 1882; Q l d e r 10 December 1881; CSR 14211253, Smith t o Knox, 23
May 1887; Pughs 1888, 95; K e r r , S u g a r M i l l s , 11; MM 26 March 1891;
SJ & TC 1893, v . 2 : l l Y 278; Munro, S u g a r F i e l d s , 59; MU 26 October
189 7.
23. FARLEIGH
M r Ken Manning t o a u t h o r , 25 J u l y 1977; q.v. F o u l d e n ; MM 21 March

1885; K e r r , P i o n e e r , 15; B u l l , E a r l y E x p e r i e n c e s , 409; Kirwan, 'Sugar
I n d u s t r y ' , 6 ; Munro, S u g a r Fields, 29; SJ & TC v.2:7 (1893), 205;
QVP 1889, v . 4 , 390; MM 16 February 1892; SJ & TC, v.2:10 (1893), 258;
MM 6 A p r i l 1897; SJ & TC 10 November 1900, 166; MU 1 3 F e b r u a r y , 18,
20 December 1902; Kerr, S u g a r M i l l s , 13; MN 14 November 1903, 19
A p r i l 1904, 11 September 1907; QPP 1911-2, v . 2 : Royal Commission,
i n t e r n a l , 136.
N i l s s o n , Mackay, 118; Sheppard, I s l a n d e r s , App.; copy of l e t t e r from

Rev. E.C. Denman t o A l l a n Denman, 1975 ( s i g h t e d 28 August 1975);
K e r r , P i o n e e r , 74; QVP 1889, v . 4 , 388; MM 18 J u l y 1883, 25 J u l y
1883; Munro, S u g a r F i e l d s , 14; Q W 1889, v . 4 , 388 and 1886, v.2, 24;
Lowndes, SPE, 405; MM 25, 27 J u n e , 4 J u l y , 19 September, 26 November,
4 J u l y 1891, 21 October 1902; Waterson, Queensland ~ a r l . ,143; MM
10 August 1905.
QZder 1 8 October 1879, 1 0 December 1881.; PLlghs 1883, 352; Kerr,
Sugar M i l l s , 1 0 ; Lowndes, SPE, 405; MM 8 May 1890, 28 February, 17
March, 25 J u n e 1891; 0. Matsen, ' A s h o r t h i s t o r y of Homebush', i n
Kalo2.i: Oakenden S t a t e School Magazine, 1970.
26. MARIAN
P l a n t e r & Farmer 1882-3, 147; Kirwan, 'Sugar I n d u s t r y ' , 7, 10; Coyne,

'Mackay', 2 ; I@ 16 May 1899, 19 J u l y 1884, 30 May 1885; QW 1886,
v . 2 , 12-3, Pughs 1887, 88 and 1888, 95; QVP 1889, v . 4 , 294; Munro,
Sugar F i e l d s , 5 9 ; Wood, Sugar Country, 72; 5 , 31 May 1894, 1 3
June 1899; Coyne, 'Mackay', 7; Wood, S u g a r Country, 72; E a s t e r b y ,
Queensland, 38; Moore, Marian S t o r y , 39.
27. MT PLEASANT
Kirwan, 'Sugar I n d u s t r y ' , 3; QSA 5512 1925 and 55 c. 1900; K e r r ,

Sugar ~ i l Z s ,1 2 , 25 September 1878, 16 June, 18 J u l y , 18 August
1883, 22 J u l y 1885; K e r r , P i o n e e r , 100; Pughs 1888, 86.
28. NINDAROO
Munro, S u g a r Fields, 13-4; Waterson, m e e n s l a n d Purl., 143; Kirwan,

'Sugar I n d u s t r y ' , 2; MM 21 A p r i l 1877; Qlder 16 June 1877; MM
18 August 1883; Pughs 1887, 87; K e r r , P i o n e e r , 130.
29. PALMYRA
QSA LAN/P61; QSA 5517 1908; Q W 1889, v . 4 , 287, Kirwan, 'Sugar

~ n d u s t r y ' , 2; I@ 1 August 1967, 7 December 1970 (W.E. White);
Munro, S u g a r F i e l d s , 64; Q W 1889, v . 4 , 287; MV 15 J a n u a r y , 15
September 1891; !4S 4 October 1895 (QSA WOR/142, 69) ; Kirwan, 'Sugar
I n d u s t r y ' , 10; K e r r , P i o n e e r , 131; Baptismal Reg. Walkerston Pres-
b y t e r i a n Church, 3 October 1916, 31 J a n u a r y 1919.
30. ASHBURTON
QZder 21 J u l y 1877; q.v. P i o n e e r ; Qlder 14 October 1882; B u l l , E a r l y

E x p e r i e n c e s , 409, SJ 6 TC 1893, v.2:7, 205; M4 2 J a n u a r y 1894; Munro,
Sugar F i e l d s , 29; MS 19 August 1895.
31. NORTH ETON
F. R o l l e s t o n , 'The B r i g h t l y S t o r y ' ; Munro, S u g a r F i e l d s , 11, 49-51;

Moore, T r a n s f o r m a t i o n , 51-63; Q W 1885, v.1, 1155-77; QVP 1886, v.2,
3-26; K e r r , P i o n e e r , 94-6; QVP lg90, v . 3 , 847-66; K e r r , P i o n e e r ,
124-5; E a s t e r b y , ' Queensland, 38.
32. RACECOURSE
QVP 1885, v . 1 , 1155-60; 23 November 1977; QW 1886, v . 2 , 3-26;

SJ & TC 1893, v . 2 : 3 , 59; Racecourse Booklet (1925); K e r r , Sugar
M i l l s , 12; MM 1 3 J a n u a r y 1891; SJ & TC 1893, v . 2 : 2 , 38; M'd 21 June
1894, 24 December 1903; K e r r , P i o n e e r , 169.
33. PLANE CREEK
Munro, S u g a r F i e l d s , 47; Qlder 2 October 1880; P l a n t e r & Farmer

1882-3, 210, i W 24 A p r i l 1894, 8 J a n u a r y 1895; Kerr, Sugar ~ i z l s ,14;
M! 16 March, 24 August, 16 September, 23 October 1897; E a s t e r b y ,
Queensland, 65; A t h e r t o n , P l a n e Creek, 9-10.
34. CATTLE CREEK
C a t t l e Creek Railway E x t e n s i o n ( B r i s b a n e , 1895) ; Kerr, S u g a r M i Z Z s ,

15; M! 15 November 1904, 22 August, 7 November 1905, 11 November
1906; K e r r , Sugar M i l l s , 15; Coyne, 'Mackayl, 4; M 11 September
1906. K e r r s a y s t h a t c r u s h i n g began i n J u l y 1907. I@4 J u b i l e e 1922
s a y s 14,674 t o n s of cane were crushed a t C a t t l e Creek i n 1906.
PART B - UNSUCCESSFUL MILLS AND ATTEMPTS TO FORM MILLING COMPANIES
1. MACKAY SUGAR CRUSHING COMPANY
MM 11 March 1905 ( q u o t i n g 25 November 1868), 3 February, 25 September,

36 October 1869; K e r r , Sugar M i l l s , 3 .
2. SHIELS' LAGOONS COMPANY
Kerr, Sugar M i l l s , 3.
3. SPRINGFIELD ( R u s s e l l )
MM J u b i l e e 1912, 32 (R. McEwan); K e r r , S u g a r M i l l s , 5 ; MM 9 J u l y 1870,

26 August 1871, 10 February 1872.
4. ROBB'S MILL
MM 1 A p r i l 1905, 26 August 1872, 12 October 1872, 11 A p r i l 1905; K e r r ,

Sugar M i l l s , 5 ; MV J u b i l e e 1912, 13.
5 . FLEMING'S MILL
Kerr, Sugar M ~ Z Z S , 6.
6. CENTRAL SUGAR COMPANY
MM 4 J a n u a r y , 15 February 1873.
7. MT BLACKWOOD
Md 3 October 1874.
QSA LAN/P61, No. 6-8; MUBA: Blake & R i g g a l l : J e f f r a y ; K e r r , S u g a r

M i l l s , 7; MM 23 November 1872, 25 A p r i l , 30 May, 25 J u l y 1874; Pughs
1882, 341; QVP 1884, v . 2 , 938; Munro, S u g a r Fields, 63.
9. 1875 CO-OPERATIVE COMPANY
(name unknown)
MM 24 May 1875.
10. MACKAY CENTRAL SUGAR MANUFACTURING COMPANY
MM 20, 27 J u l y 1878, 8 March 1879.
11. QUEENSLAND CO-OPERATIVE CENTRAL SUGAR MILL COMPANY
MM 8 arch 1879.
13. 1881 PRIVATE CENTRAL MILL

(name unknown)
MM 23 March 1881.
14. WEST HILL CREEK
A S J 7 March 1924, 765; Waterson, Q u e e n s l a n d P u r l . , 118
15. SEAFORTH
MCCA: Macartney m a n u s c r i p t ; Kirwan, 'Sugar I n d u s t r y ' , 5 ; MM 10 May

1884, 6 F e b r u a r y 1897, 1 September 1898; S e a f o r t h E s t a t e : f u r t h e r
c o r r e s p o n d e n c e relating to, tahled i n t h e L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly,
20 December 1899 ( B r i s b a n e , 1 8 9 9 ) ; QIrp 1907, v . 2 , 514; MM 17
September 1903.
16. SANDY CREEK
fi1M 6 May 1882.
17. THE MACKAY SUGAR COMPANY LIMITED
QSA COLlA334, I n l e t t e r 1542 of 1882.
18. OAKENDEN SUGAR COMPANY
MiV J u b i l e e 1922, 12; B u l l , E a r l y E x p e r i e n c e s , 411; Kerr, P i o n e e r ,

100; ADB 2851-90, v . 4 , 161-2; Pughs 1884, 396 and 1885, 458 and
1886, 490; QW 1889, v.4 401.
19. NORTH QUEENSLAND SUGAR ESTATE CO. LTD.
K e r r , P i o n e e r , 93; Qlder 4 J u n e 1887; QTP 1889, v . 4 , 297, MM 17

December 1892; Munro, S u g a r F i e l d s , 61.
20. GREENMOUNT
QSA ~ ~ ~ 1 2 No. 1 5 44;

, QTP 1866, 1461; MM 2 J u l y 1880; QSA COLlA334,
I n l e t t e r No. 1 5 3 9 ( a ) ; Pughs, 1887, 88; QVP 1889, v . 4 , 401.
21. ST HELENS
Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 5 .
22. HAMPDEN
QVP 1886, v . 2 , 1 0 ; MM 20 O c t o b e r 1894.
23. BOOMERANG CENTRAL MILL COMPANY
QVP 1886, v . 2 , 11.
26. ABINGDON (ABINGTON)
QVP 1886, v . 2 , 12.
27. HAMILTON
MM 22 A p r i l 1894; M i r a n i - C a t t l e C r e e k Railway E x t e n s i o n : report a n d

e v i d e n c e ( B r i s b a n e , 1 8 9 5 ) ; MM 1 3 A p r i l , 1 8 May 1895, E a s t e r b y ,
Queens land, 45 .
28. LEAP SUGAR COMPANY
W 23 March 1895.
29. BEHHOLME
W 14 November 1905.
30. KELVIN GROVE (KOUMALA)
E a s t e r b y , Queensland, 45.
3 1. SILENT GROVE
Kirwan, ' S u g a r I n d u s t r y ' , 5 ; E a s t e r b y ; Q u e e n s l a n d , 45; Kerr, Pioneer,

182-3.
APPENDIX FOUR: Census of the Mackay Sugar Industry of late 1894
* = plantation S o u r c e : Munro , Sugar Fie Zds.

732
APPENDIX FOUR: Census of the Mackay Sugar 1ndush.y of late 1894
Employees (family not included)

I0
Ti m
-F H
2,
B gg
g " "
rn $ 8 s
8 3
w7
L.+.
2,g
3 al
.A
o* 9o
:": I
* -2 s
',
0
.
c
"4
0
C
0
0
; W5
2a 01 kj!
g: i 44
d
8E
2i
e
i+ $ g 2 4 2; r"
1 31
32
200
212
189 1
1890 /
34
200
20
20 3 9 26
6
33 290 60 2 8 2 6
34 40 189 1 24 3 1 5
35 1200 30 50 5 4
36 50 189 3 40 0
37 210 1881 \/ 40 2 3
38 590 38 5 5 4
39 1662 / 60 350 10 0
40 103 189 1 60 12 1 0
41 160 60 30 6 0
42 160 1881 \ 30 40 3 0
43 160 1884 \ 3 40 9
44 160 10 12 1
45 160 30 0
46 160 1881 '\ 1 250 8
47 1280 1886 \ 5 . 35
48 ' 160 1891 \ 4 2 0
49 160 .% 4 0
50 320 1886 \ 1 1 0
51 160 1884 \ k
52 160 1888 \ 1 40 7 0
53 160 1887 \ 3% 10 9 0
54 160 1894 \ 1 10 3 0
55 165 1889 \. 4 35 10 5 0
56 160 1888 \ 2 45 10 10 0
57 160 1888 \ 2 30 0
58 1280 1 40 10 0
59 1280 2 500 70 0
60 160 1 20 . 0
733

V)
-2
7 %0 S
f 5 s8 :. ---
5g
Hs -.- " h
I 8 50 C
",
2 : E
-3
-g
8. . m C
U
C C C
C
0 0 0
z" z" ; b5l 0
2:
z" ; z" 4
61 33 1892 /-
19 10 3
62 33 1892 21% 6 9 % 2
63 480 15 150 25
64 160 1890 \ ,
15 17 5 2
65 160 1887 \ 7 80 13
66 160 5 6
67 2000 1883 \ 46 400 25 6 1 3
68 556 2 20 12 2
69 80 1884 \ 30 15 14 1 3
70 80 1894 \ 40 1 4 0
71 80 1890 \ 6
72 1000 1882 \ 70 100 30 4 6 9
73 50 1894 12 0
74 30 1894 10
75 160 1884 \ 15 3 2
76 160 1892 \ 30 20 8 1 4
77 160 1892 \ 12 . 40 3 1
78 400 13 20 8
79 160 '15
80 48 48
81 330 2% 9 14 3 4
82 380 1882 \ 41 70 20 4 3
83 100 1889 / 54 50 15 4 4
84 22 22 4 1
85 320 1894 \ 5 30 4 0
86 450 29 150 10 % 2 1
87 160 1885 \ 39 16 5 2 2
88 154 1891 \ 14 80 10 1
89 177 1894 50 6 15 314 0
90 130 1894 / 100 15 3 7
A
734

L.2
3 2.2c: %
o
10
-F
C1
a
I g .!i .$$
H3 L.2
w
d
C
.-
h
I 8
8 s 9o
8
.
I eC
.-1
Lg -2
',.. ; m
C
,
C
o
C
o
v.
O
0
., I
a
2 7
Eg 8 d
0 0
.4g
d
i
m
C
E i g g E
4
g
w 2: g 8
91 100 2 8 1
92 60 10 0
93 60
94 8220 2 30 125 240 190
95 410 75 40 50 9 12
96 56 6 5 2
97 50 2 3 1
98 60 1 11 2
99 40 3 1 3 3
100 55 1 0
101 80 6 1 2
102 189 1 13 1 5
103 20
104 500 27 250 8 2 1
105 50 1894 3 4
106 100 4 0
107 50 1 1 2
108 50 1894 15 0
109 500 1879 \ '20 200 20 1 6
110 22 1893 8 0
111 60 1893 22 10 2 2
112 300 1892 35 20 5
113 160 30 4
114 357 26 15 2
115 1907 25 4 2
116 ? -k 4001-
117 898 1887 \ 90 25 16 2 2
118 40 189 1 27 9 2
119 50 15 6 3
120 20 18 2 1 2
735
-2
V)
-8 10
B 2
o a
s8 Hg $ 3
&
I a -
-a
C
2 2
J i
h
-
8 s
20e
a
C C
k$
s? -3
C
i
4
C
0
t+
8
a+
i g &i
La
0 0
;
4
a
g
w
aJ
II
2Z
a
2 4 t
d
+
121 78 1893 , 35 1 7 1 1
122 80 1893 48 7 1
123 75 1893 64 3 7 1
124 69 1893 / 15 2 8 0
125 / 5 11 1
78
126 70 1894 / 3 10 1
127 160 1891 \ 40 6 7 6 1
128 240 1894 / 25 0
129 117 1893 / 25 6
130 119 / 30 12
131 258 107 2 20 14 7
132 85 1894 / 25 6 1
133 211 68 5 10 3
/.
134 69 1894 20 8 1
135 / 37 5
75
136 550 1891 180 80 28 1 5 30
137 81 1894 I8 . 7 1 1
138 65 1893 / 26 4 6 0
139 130 1893 '10 6
140 101 1893 I 20 4 8 1
141 125 1893 / 42 4 0
142 40 25 30 1
143 400 1892 \ 19 6 20 7
189 1 / 30 6 3
144 32 8 1
145 40 1891 / 40 6 5
146 30 '1892 I13 1 6 10
1 47 8 1892 / 8 3 4
148 30 / 27 7 5
149 160 189 3 / 17 9 15 1 4
150 30 / 19 4 3
-
10
.i
-3
ii
n
o a
2
2. -.
L
l
E
o
2,
9 = 4
c - m
c
u
C
0
s
C
0
o c
0
: w5
v,
I
a
ggII d
i
4a
0
w 2 2 g 4 wS> H
211 160 1888 \ 5 30 6 0
212 244 1881 \ 22 7 12 3 '
213 50 1894 / 3 3 1
214 100 1891 \ 60 6 2 2
215 100 1894 24 8 2 2
2 16 80 1892 / 60 2 9 4
217 150 1891 \ 21 5 10 1 5
218 82 1892 25 8 1 3
219 52 189 3 12 4 4 2 1
220 80 1891 / 50 15 10 1 5
221 62 30 2 7 1 4
/
222 62 10
/
223 60 28 1 4 1 2
,-' 18 11 1 5
224 81 189 1 60
225 60 1892 34 3 6 4
226 70 1892 22 3 6 1 2
227 110 1892 1 20 . 3 3 1 2
228 ' 67 1892 18 2 7 1 2
229 36 1892 '10 1 8 1
230 123 1892 / 50 3 8 1 10
231 96 189 1 1 24 1 8 1
2 32 79 1893 ,-' 14 4 0
233 81 1891 15 7 1
234 65 1891 23 5 1
235 61 36 1 5 0
236 60 1890 24 10 1
237 51 1891 35 6 1 1
238 132 189 1 61 30 11 1
239 68 1892 25 3 9 1 2
240 415 1883 \ 54 35 9 1 4
739

-
n
3 3 a
a
f 2
k a sm
a
.
A
a
-
I
;
3
C
8 h v
a+, C
0
C
0
d 0
m
g E
+a
0
U 2 g z"
241 65 1894 5 0
2 42 71 1894 7 1 1
243 104 1894 3 7 1 1
244 85 1894 18 15 7 1
2 45 60 1894 3 7 1
246 90 1894 2 11 2
247 80 1894 5 1
248 160 1882 8 5 1 2
249 1000 1887 90 40 12

250 70 1892 39 16 6 3
251 74 1892 5 1 1
/ '
252 149 10 1
253 160 1881 14 30 9 2
254 70 1892 53 50 7 3
255 40 1884 0
256 132 189 3 6 1
257 76 1893 \ 17 . 4 10 1
258 60 1893 8 15 7 1
259 41 41 0
260 84 189 4 17 5 1
261 28 28 0
262 66 1893 22 8 1 1
263 84 1894 20 0
264 166 1891 \ 10 0
265 58 1893 23 6 1
266 87 1894 15 5 2
267 886 1884 \ 40 250 25 1
268 35 1892 12 8 1
269 160 10 160 6
270 800 3 200 25 10 - 1
740

II)
1 E
2.2 3 z.
-! 3
2 sI .a!i .&
6 w
d $ 8 5 '2 5g
+
: is g
" i;
CI
m
U 8
C
5O 9a
o
C
0 d
m
C
0
C
0
C
0 11) a Eg d
$
C
0
I- 2 $ g w
271 160 \, 6 0
272 320 % 0
273 103 2
274 150 15 3 '
275 1221 2
276 100 2 0
277 150 4 0
278 158 6
279 953 3%
280 400 5
281 400 5
282 319 5
283 160 10
284 220 6 0
2 85 73 1894 3% 2
286 104 1894 k
287 50 1894 3 .
288 ' 100 1894 6
289 1920 SO 200 100 2 3
290 320 5 6
291 160 4 60 5 2
292 160 5 25 8
293 322 1891 98 12 3 21
294 856 1878 79 4
295 424 1881 17 13 40 6
296 160 1888 \ 46
297 160 20
298 37 1891 / 30 3 7 8 1
299 26 / 26 6 1
300 25 1892 15 5 1 1

743
-APPENDIX FOUR: Census of the Mackay Sugar Industry of late 1894

m
1 % m
-! 5
a
g .z $a
--
EI --..
w
h
8 5 C $a
4
m
O c
tj C
8 2
C
0
C
s
a
8? 4
U
o m
g.8II
0
z" 2fi z
d
0 0
z" g
4
$
w $L
33 ; 4 4 2*
361 152 1891 15 5 1 3
362 107 1894 12 2 6
363 68 1893 ' 12 1 3
364 400 1892 60 40 25 3 12
365 80 1893 12 4 1 1
366 42 1891 13 2 6 2 2
36 7 70 1893 11 6 2
368 45 1893 10 1 4 /
369 44 1893 12 2
370 63 1891 36 1 8 2 4
371 50 5% 2
372 50 13 8 2
373 52k 1892 9 100 15 2 2
3 74 33 15 6
375 35 1894 15 3
3 76 70 1894 12 3
377 160 15 . 4 1 3
.-
378 70 \ 19 9 2
379 74 12 8 2 2
/
380 110 22 12 2
381 300 1880 \. 30 80 30 4 8
382 274 1891 1 73 1 12
383 1475 1885 \ 128 200 40 20 8 15
384 315 1893 \ 50 100 22 5 7
385 68 1892 37 0
386 325 1888 ,-' 50 40 20 3 4
387 50 1886 ,-' 20 6 6 1 1
388 160 1894 I8 10 2 5

,-' 20 2 9 1
3 89 75
1894 / 29 9 6 2
390 54
A
1 Employees (family not included)

APPENDIX FIVE
TABLE ONE All known charges brought against Melanesians in the Mackay district 1871-1907
.- - .-.. . -
1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1178 1879 1880 1811 1081 1883 1884 1805 1866 1887 I888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1194 189s 1896 1897 1898 I899 1900 1901 1901 1901 1904 1905 1906 1907
I Mu,& 1 1 1 I 1 11 9 7 8 1 1 1 I I U)
9 :E22~ 1 1 1 1 ' 3
z
-
I 1 6 I 6 4 4 1 1 1 3 35
* 4 A...ult 1 1 3 3 5 1 1 6 1 7 4 S 11 11 11 14 I 4 I3 11 1 1 , 5 1 4 3 1 1 14 4 4 1UI
5 h u h md rob- ' I I I 7
E 21 P ,
8 3' E
6
8
Paw of .fon.lc
1nhcrnt uwult of
Inkentrzporun
. 8
1
1 6
1
1
1
I
I
17
3
I
2
9 Drvnktn- 1 1 3 4 l 1 1 14 10 21 10 19 11 19 11 I 18 37 - 9 17 13 17 15 9 I '4 15 13 18 191

10 Unlr.fuU* ~ p p l y i n , ~ ~ 1 1 1 5
11 T d f s olIcncc 1 1
[ 12 Rc.i'r!n,palicr 1 4 I 1 7.
/ 13 lncirin;prisanrr W takl , 1 1
14 Abunrr hprp r 1 1 2 1 1 1 I I 1 11
15 Duz~rbin; thc pnrrIdkvw cad.- 1 1 1 7 1 7 1 1 3 3 I 1 3 6 I 3 1 ' 1 1 1 1 19 C
d 16 a n y i n , rczponn with in^ I t . t I

$ 4. I 1 . 1 1 1 I4
-
17 ?oucuionof f u r m
la sm~hofrlKKhS.An/disobryhrhrl& 1 I I 1 % 0 4 8 a 9 . 1 3 7 ~ I I ~ I U I 6S 3I 4~ ~ 116
19 D m b q G u n ordcr 1 1 3
i lo hbwond or b rbtnr 1- hind 1 . 1 0 1 3 6 1 7 S 1 1 1 . 6 1 8 14 1 10 6 10 3 9 11 11 14 10 16 7 1 1 10 1 116
I1 Vaprxnq I 4 I 1 1 6 . 16 16
12 In common p n b l i n g haur 1I 11
I3 Anon 1 1 I 1 I
24 u'ill~lk m c d m of pmpcrr), 1 6 1 1 1 11
if 15
26
Buqlvy
Lvceny 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1
3
3 9 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s: =
I1 F a l v prttrnm I 1
- 28
29
1llqdg on the p m k a
Of u n w n d m i d
1
1
1 1 1
I
1 1
1
1 1
3 1 4
1
1 3
1
3 3 1
1
1 1 1
11
29
10 SmillLkbaCwn 1 1 78 3 1 4 . 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I
S 0 10 28 10 . 1 15 11 10 17 I 0 10 14 39 23 I9 33 I6 67 91 SO 47 I0 93 146 91 107 111 117 38 14 11 47 43 16 1391
Table Two: The total and Melanesian population of the Mackay District compared with charges brought in the
District's Magistrate Courts
-
District Persons District Charges Charges Charges
population taken into Melanesian brought against brought by brought by
custody in population Melanesians Melanesians non-Melanesians
the district concerning
Melanesians
Total : Total: Total: Total : Total: Total :
1871 1400 700 5 1

1872 700
1873 900 10
1874 1200 28 1
1875 3 11 1700 10
1876 3766 1600 8 6 2
1877 1400 15 3
1878 15 1
1879 10 1
1880 370 17 2
1881 5787 2087 5 1 3
1882 2
1883
1884 20 3
1885 600 24 2
1886 11082 2686 39 1 3
1887 2077 23 4
1888 1911 59 8
1889 2121 33 1
1890 542 2816 86 1 8
189 1 10538 2450 67 1 14
- - --
€ 9€ --to0 '7 L 061
S E '7 656 L88 9061
11 L '7 SO61
'7 1 1Z 0921 PO61
Z '7 T. 10€1 €061
'7 8E 80L1 2061
8 LZ1 SL'71 '7'71 11 1061
'7 121 SLLT 6SS 0061
8 LO1 '7891 6681
€1 16 PLOZ 8681
$1 9'71 08L1 L681
€1 £6 19 6 1 9681
5 0S L9T.Z 269 5681
'7 L9 89TZ '7681
'7 1 0s 1802 €681
T T. 16 ZOTZ 2681
Table Three: Comparison o'f t h e t o t a l number of p e r s o n s t a k e n i n t o custody i n t h e Mackay D i s t r i c t w i t h
Melanesians i n t h e s a k e c a t e g o r i e s , 1875 t o 1900
Year Offences Offences Offences under Drunkenness Other TOTAL

against the against t h e Vagrancy &
person property Merchant Sea-
man & Masters
and S e r v a n t s
Acts
Total Mel. Total Mel. Total Me1 . Total Mel. Total Mel. Total Mel.
1875 22 0 36 0 91 8 119 2 43 0 311 10
1880 64 5 71 4 77 2 103 0 47 6 362 17
1885 14 1 15 45 4 n.a. 3 120 1 294 24 600 24
1890 87 21 47 12 n.a. 16 174 29 254 8 562 86
1895 123 16 50 2 n.a. 9 175 18 344 5 692 50
1900 77 25 29 2 n.a. 52 140 17 287 25 533 121
Sources: S t a t i s t i c s o f QueensZand and Table One of t h i s Appendix.

A n o t e on Table Three
These f i g u r e s a r e a s f u l l and a c c u r a t e as a v a i l a b l e s o u r c e s p e r m i t . The t o t a l s i n each c a t e g o r y a r e t a k e n from
o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s : t h e Melanesian f i g u r e s a r e compiled from newspaper r e p o r t s of Court p r o c e e d i n g s . D e s p i t e
e v e r y c a r e , i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o b e c e r t a i n t h a t e v e r y r e l e v a n t c a s e was n o t e d . I f t h e r e a r e e r r o r s , t h e i r e f f e c t
w i l l b e t o show Melanesian f i g u r e s t h a t a r e t o o low. I a m , however, c o n f i d e n t t h a t a t l e a s t 90% of o f f e n c e s a r e
i n c l u d e d and t h a t any u n d e r s t a t e m e n t must b e s m a l l . A f t e r 1880 o f f e n c e s under t h e Vagrancy, Merchant S e m , and
Masters and Servants Acts were no l o n g e r c a t e g o r i z e d s e p a r a t e l y : t h i s c e r t a i n l y a c c o u n t s f o r some p a r t of t h e
huge i n c r e a s e i n " o t h e r " o f f e n c e s a f t e r 1880. The f i v e y e a r i n t e r v a l i s f o r e a s e of sampling: each y e a r
r e f e r r e d t o i s a calendar year, not a f i v e year year period.
The t a b l e shows a marked i n c r e a s e i n t h e number of Melanesians t a k e n i n t o custody i n t h e Mackay r e g i o n d u r i n g

t h e 1880s and 1.890s, i n comparison t o t h e i r number i n t h e t o t a l community. They occupied f a r more of t h e
P o l i c e C o u r t T s time i n t h e l a t e r decades t h a n t h e y d i d i n t h e 1870s and e a r l y 1880s. T h i s c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e
i n c r e a s i n g numbers of time-expired l a b o u r e r s , t h e government's a t t e m p t s t o c u r t a i l t h e i r freedom, and t h e
t h e o r y p u t forward i n Chapter S i x t h a t from t h e mid-1880s t h i s group formed t h e b a s e of a Melanesian segment
of t h e g e n e r a l working c l a s s .
APPENDIX SIX
Summary of Expcndi~ureand Kevenue of t h e Q ~ ~ e e n s l a nIslander

d Hospitals (1883-1887)
with emphasis 011 Mackay
(Source: Report upon the financial cotidition of the Pacific Islanders' HOSpit;lls, 10 October 1887, as presented to both
Houscs of Parlian~cnt;Qucetlslaail Government Printer, Brisbane 1887.)
TABLE ONE
Summary of Total Il~debtednessof Polynesian IlospitaIs t o the Pacific Islanders' Fund, to 30th September, l8S7,
showing each Year as at 31st December.
--
1887
District 1883 1834 1885 1886 To 30th September, Total
9 Montl~s
Maryborough 2,110 0 0 1,198 5 5 2,206 2 4 750 8 10 97 12 8 6.362 9 3

Mackay 3,595 1 0 0 5,023 16 2 3,547 6 9 914 1 8 Cr.368 7 5 10.712 7 2
Inghax - - 502 1 3 288 1 3 1 1 138 13 2 919 8 4
Johnstone - - 52 4 9 472 1 8 7 549 13 1 1,074 16 5
'The fees cullcctablc during the last three months of 1887 will probably amount t o 192 0 0
And the expenditure to 2,376 14 1
Estimated defic~cncyat 3 1st December 2,602 5 7
With a total estimated indebtedness at 3 1st December, 1887, of £21,263 15 3
TABLE TWO
Comparison o'f Amounts Chvged Pacific Islanders' Fund on Account of Hospitals for l8S6,
with True Expenditure on same, also expected True Expenditure for 1887
Maryborough Mackay Ingham Johnstone Total
Amount charged Pacific Islanders' 1,638 3 11 3,430 3 11 1,286 10 0 1,024 17 11 -7,379 15 9

Fund in 1886
~ ~ u e e x ~ e n d i rof
u rthe
e year 1886 1,578 19 11 3,243 15 10 1,099 9 2 1,041 12 7 6,966 17 6
Expecteduueexpenditurefor i887 1,349 15 9 3,159 6 5 1,120 11 11 1,337 11 2 6,967 5 3
TABLE THREE
Comparison of Actual Revenue of Hospitals for 1886,with Expected Revenue for 1887
Maryborough Mackay Inghan~ Johnstorre Tota!
I s . d . E s . d E s . d & s. d. E s. d
Hospital receipts in 1886 887 15 1 2,516 2 3 997 16 1 551 19 1 4,953 12 9
Receipts for 1887-

Actual for nine monzhs-
Accruing as at 1st January, 1887 '591 0 0 395 0 0 3,285 10 0
Arrivals during 1887 Nil 70100 516 0 0
Re-agreements during 1887 109 10 0 86 10 0 934 10 0
Treatment charges 2 14 0 Nil 142 8 0
Estimate for three months-

Arrivals, say Nil
Re-agreements, say 10 0 0
TABLE .EOUR
Islanders in each Hospital District, as at 30th September, 1887, with Estimate of Number upon whom
Hospital Fees will accrue a t 1st January, 1888
Note: These figures are approximate only, as Islanders move about very much from one district t o another.
Maryborough Mackay Ingham Johnstone Total
Islanders, as at 3 1st December, 1886

Arrivals-9 months-to 30th Sept., 1887
Less-
Deaths
Departures
Estimate-
Difference between arrivals and deaths
and departures for 3 months, t o Minus 25 Plus 33 Minus 5 Minus 9 Minus 6
3 1st December
Estimated number for whom fees will

be payable a t 1st January, 1888 - 563 - 2,077 - 660 - 480 - 3,780
TABLE FIVE
Sunimary of Expenditure and Revenue of Mackay Islander Hospital
Expenditure Revenue Result
E s d E s d E s d £ s d f s d
1883- Dr.
December (Half-year ending)
1884-
June
December
1885-
June
December
1886-
June
December
1887-
June 1,589 15 5 2,528 1 0 11,080 14 7
September (three months)+ 773 6 2 ' 203 8 Ot
2,363 1 7 2,731 9 0 Cr. 368 7 5
*The very heavy expendirure of 1884 and 1885 was curtailed in subsequent periods on the urgent pressure of this
Department.
t F e e s are collected for the year in January, the source of income for the r e a of the year bcing dcrived from reingage-
rnents and new arrivals. Vide Table 5 for estimate of these collections t o 31st December, 1887.
+The accounts for September espenditure, except salaries not t o hand.
§Estimated debit a t 31st December, 1887,&11,808'5s. 9d.
TABLE SIX
True Expenditure for Year 1886 of the Mackay Islander Hospital, with Analysis
Total amount charged to Pacific Islanders' Fund

Less pertaining to 1885
Plus services of 1886, paid in 1887

True expenditure
Analysis
Salaries- E s d E s d E s d
Medical officers (2) 1,050 0 0
European attendants 249 10 4
S.S. Island attendants 174 0 4
1,473 10 8
Bread
Meat
Fish
Milk
Fruit and vegetables
General store account
Fuel and light
Sundries
H o ~ s efeed, farrier, saddler, etc.

Medicines and medical appliances
Furniture
Ruzdings and mainrenance
Daily average of patients

Cost per day
N u m k r of Islanders in district, 3Ist December, 1886
Rate per head, say
Daily average of patients for 8 months, to 3 1st August, 1887
Estimated nurnbcr of Islanders, as at 31st December, 1887
Expected expenditure for 1887
Amounr per head required to sustain Hospital during 1888, exclusive of buildings and furniture
APPENDIX SEVEN
Comments on t h e n u t r i t i o n a l v a l u e of t h e d a i l y p r o v i s i o n s s p e c i f i e d
f o r i s s u e t o e v e r y Melanesian l a b o u r e r under t h e t e r n s of t h e 1868
Act.
PART A - THE 1868 ACT
The d a i l y p r o v i s i o n s f o r each s t a t u t e a d u l t d u r i n g t h e voyage t o and

from Queensland were:
Lbs.
- Oz
- .
Yams 4 0
(or r i c e ) 1% 0
( o r maize meal) 1% 0
Meat ( p o r k o r b e e f ) 1 0
Tea 0 0%
Sugar 0 2
The d a i l y p r o v i s i o n s f o r e a c h s t a t u t e a d u l t w h i l e under i n d e n t u r e i n
Queensland were:
Lbs.
- Oz .
-
Beef o r mutton 1 0
(or f i s h ) 2 0
Bread o r f l o u r 1 0
Molasses o r s u g a r 0 5
vegetaEle%- 2 0
(or rice) 0 4
'(or maize meal) 0 8
Weekly p r o v i s i o n of s a l t 0 2
Comments were r e q u e s t e d on t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of t h e above r a t i o n s ( t h e

Queensland working r a t i o n s ) from t h e Chief D i e t i t i a n of t h e Royal
B r i s b a n e H o s p i t a l . A s a b a s e f o r comparison t h e D i e t i t i a n used
Harold Ross' a n a l y s i s on t h e modern d i e t of Baegu of M a l a i t a ,
a s T a b l e s E i g h t and Nine i n Ross ' , Baegu: social and
ecoJogicaZ o r g a n i z a t i o n i n MaZaita, Solomon Islands, pages 78-9,
reproduced below, w i t h t h e e x p l a n a t i o n provided by Ross (pages 78-80).
Uornrsfirolrd
joodr Sfmi-dorncsfic 14'ild
( ~ o r d t nor homltt) (oumrd) jds
Protcins Pig Fish a n d other

Junglc fowl scafoods
*Beans Wild birds
Wild g a m c
Arthropods
Carbohydrata T a r o (Colorosio) S\\-amp taro C a n c grass

Sam ( C ) rlo~pcrrna) (Sorrhorum cdulis)
Sugarcane Bush taro \Vild yam
*S\-rct potato (..(lorosio) Cycad pith
*h4anioc Breadfruit Pondonus sp.
.Alaizc Save
*Pumpkin
H i L i ~ r un~onihof
~ F u n fronds
T a r o lcaf \Vild grccns
*Tomatoes Fungi
T h i n c s c cabbagc
'\Vatcrcrus
*Cucumlcrs
*Shallots
Nuts Coconut Canarium almond pacific c h a r n u t

(Conoriurn sp.) ( T r r r n i n o l i o sp.)
Fruits Banana h4ango RaspbuTy

*Papaya h4alay applc ( E u g r n i o .Cious
*Pincapplc rnolorrrnris)
'hlclon Spondios dulcir
lntroduccd crops of rrccnt forcign origin.
Adult ondfiost- Jur rnilrs
-
p ~ b r r t o lodo/r~rrnls
Both
.
(6-14-vrors)
Both
llconrd
injonts
or smoN
A f o l r ~ F c r ~ ~ o l r r Jrxrr hlolrr Frnrolts ~rxss childrm
GVOJS
wrixhf
i n ouncts
*Protein foods ...... 1.200 1.778 1.417 1.667 3.333 2.500 .....
Carbohydrat c s . . . . . 40.600 40.556 40.583 41.000 39.167 40.083 25.667
V c g c t a b l u ......... 12.000 16.000 13.500 17.500 14.667 16.083 11 -333
N u t s .............. 7.667 5.111 6.708 4.000 6.000 5.000 .....
Fruits.. ........... 7.267 2.556 5.500 2.167 ....
I .083 0.667
Totals.. ...... 68.734 66.000 67.708 66.334 63.167 64.749 37.667
Prrcrnlogr
of d i r t
by wtighls
Protcin foods ....... 1.7 2.7 2.1 2.5 5.3 3.9 ...
C a r b o h y d r a t u . . ... 59.1 61.4 59.9 61.8 62.0 61.9 68.3
\ ' c g c ~ a b l a......... 17.5 24.2 19.9 26.4 23.2 24.9 30.1
N u t s .............. 11.2 7.7 9.9 G.0 9.5 7.7 ...
F r u i u ............. 10.6 3.9 8.1 3.3 ... 1.7 1.8
Protcin f i y r r s may bc inaccurate, duc to sarnp!ing a n d obscn-ation problems.

a' Columnar totals d o not always rqual prcciscly 100% whcn added, bccausc of
tllc arbitrary rules t o be followed in rounding o f i decimal f i ~ u r c st o siSnificant
Portions a r c in ounces pcr pcrson per day and p c r c e n t a ~ e sof type of food b)
xzcight. Thr d i c t a q sdmcy involvrd thrrr houscl~oldsfor a ninc-day span. T h c r c
xccrc ciSht adults, four juvcnilcs, and two ~ c a n c d"infants."
Ross: The s u r p r i s i n g t h i n g about Baegu d i e t i s t h e heavy r e l i a n c e
upon predominantly s t a r c h y f o o d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t a r o and sweet p o t a t o e s
Analyses of t h e s e two food c r o p s by Massal and Barrau* r e v e a l t h a t
C o l o c a s i a e s c u z e n t a t a r o t u b e r s a v e r a g e 1 . 9 p e r c e n t p r o t e i n by weight
and sweet p o t a t o t u b e r s 1 . 7 p e r c e n t p r o t e i n . Both y i e l d o n l y s m a l l
amounts of v i t a m i n s and e s s e n t i a l m i n e r a l s . Both a r e mostly w a t e r
(72.5% and 70.8% by w e i g h t ) , w i t h c a r b o h y d r a t e components of 24
p e r c e n t and 28.5 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y .
There i s l i t t l e e v i d e n c e of m a l n u t r i t i o n among t h e Baegu. Both men

and women are s t r o n g , h e a l t h y people w i t h a t t r a c t i v e physiques.
C h i l d r e n a r e r o b u s t and a c t i v e ; none a r e o b e s e , and few i f any a r e
markedly t h i n . Apparently people who l i v e on a d i e t composed l a r g e l y
of s t a r c h - r i c h , p r o t e i n - p o o r f o o d s s u c h a s t a r o o r sweet p o t a t o main-
t a i n a d e q u a t e n u t r i t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s by e a t i n g u n b e l i e v a b l e amounts of
t h o s e f o o d s . I r e f u s k d t o a c c e p t t h e f i g u r e s from my q u a n t i t a t i v e
d i e t a r y s u r v e y s [ t h e second t a b l e ] , b u t c l o s e follow-up o b s e r v a t i o n s
convinced me t h a t ' a n a d u l t Baegu male does i n d e e d e a t between t h r e e
and f i v e pounds o f t a r o and sweet p o t a t o e s p e r day. According t o my
r e s u l t s , c h i l d r e n (6-14 y e a r s ) e a t a l m o s t a s much, b u t I do n o t t r u s t
these figures. I s u s p e c t t h a t t h e s i m p l e f a c t t h a t I was watching
them c l o s e l y made most of them want t o show o f f by s t u f f i n g them-
selves.
* E. Massal and J. B a r r a u , ' P a c i f i c S u b s i s t e n c e Crops: T a r o s ' , South

Pacific Commission Quarterly BuZZetin, v.5:2 (1955), 17-21 and
' P a d f i c S u b s i s t e n c e Crops: Sweet P o t a t o ' , S o u t h Pacific Commission
&uarterZy B u l l e t i n , v . 5 :3 (1955), 10-3.
The D i e t i t i a n ' s comments on t h e 1868 t o 1879 d i e t were:
It i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o do a n y t h i n g more t h a n a rough assessment from

t h e l i s t of f o o d s g i v e n . We a l s o have no f i g u r e s f o r bread produced
i n 1868 n o r f o r maize meal. However t h e b r e a d would have been v e r y
s u p e r i o r n u t r i t i o n a l l y , - i n r e s p e c t t o f i b r e , compared w i t h t h e bread
we u s e t o d a y .
From a l i s t o f r a t i o n s i t would seem t h a t p r o t e i n i n t a k e would be i n

e x c e s s of 150g/day, o r more t h a n t w i c e a n a d u l t male r e q u i r e s . If
t h e r a t i o n was g i v e n a s meat r a t h e r t h a n f i s h , t h e f a t i n t a k e would
b e much h i g h e r t h a n a mature Melanesian would have been used t o
previously.
I r o n i n t a k e would b e up t o 5 t i m e s a d u l t male r e q u i r e m e n t s .
Calciwn i n t a k e would b e w e l l i n e x c e s s of n e e d s . A l l t h e V i t . B.
cotnpZex - t h i a m i n e , r i b o f l a v i n , n i a c i n would b e w e l l i n e x c e s s of
a d u l t male r e q u i r e m e n t s .
Ascorbic ~ c k d would b e a d e q u a t e i f t h e v e g e t a b l e r a t i o n was f r e s h .

I f i t was i n t h e form of d r i e d l e n t i l s , r i c e o r maize meal i t would
p r o b a b l y n o t b e a d e q u a t e , u n l e s s t h e worker was supplementing h i s d i e t
w i t h f r u i t o r own grown v e g e t a b l e s .
Energy v a l u e i s approximately 16,000kJ. T h i s s h o u l d b e adequate f o r

an a d u l t male doing r e a s o n a b l y s t r e n u o u s p h y s i c a l l a b o u r .
The approximate d a i l y i n t a k e of main n u t r i e n t s i s s e t o u t as f o l l o w s :
R.D.A.
P r o t e i n (g)
F a t (g)
Carbohydrate (g)
Calcium (mg)
I r o n (mg)
Thiamine (mg )
R i b o f l a v i n (mg)
N i a c i n (mg)
A s c o r b i c Acid (mg)
Energy (kJ)
(R.D.A. = Recommended D i e t a r y Allowance f o r an a d u l t European)
Note: The amount of A s c o r b i c Acid may have been h i g h e r t h a n 2mg.

Another c a l c u l a t i o n , assuming t h e i n c l u s i o n of 1 l b . of f r e s h
p o t a t o e s , i n c r e a s e d t h e amount of A s c o r b i c Acid t o 55 mg.
PART.B - THE 1880 ACT
The 1880 ~ c a tl t e r e d t h e s i z k and' c o n t e n t of t h e o f f i c i a l r a t i o n :
Daily :
-
Lbs. oz
7
.
mutton 1 0
Bread - o r f l o u r 1 8
Sugar 0 5
P o t a t o e s ( o r 6 oz. r i c e ) 3 0
Tea 0 0%
Weekly :
Salt 0 2
The i n c r e a s e i n t h e amount of b r e a d and p o t a t o e s could o n l y have

improved t h e r a t i o n .
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4. NEVSPAPERS AND JOURNALS

Steering Wheel, and Society and Home, 1937.

A general discussion on the oral testimony used in this

Adamson, S., The Queensland Sugar Industry, 1860 to 1917

A computer was used to re-order Islander baptism, marriage

ARTICLES, BOOKS, ENCYCLOPEDIAS, MONOGRAPHS

, Customary Land Tenure i n the B r i t i s h SoZomon I s Zands

' ~ G r e se t F i l s ' , Nouvelle Revue de Psychanalyse, vo1.6 (1972),

'Melanesian P i d g i n E n g l i s h (Kanaka E n g l i s h ) i n ~ u s t r a l i a ' ,

Baegu: s o c i a l m d ecozogicaz organization i n MaZaita,

A list of the major Acts, Judgements, Select Committees and Royal

The changes from Act to Act were often pre-empted by Regulations

K.A. Saunders, Uncertain Bondage: an analysis of indentured labour

C. Edmondson, Introduction to and annotations on the diaries of

R. Shlomowitz, 'The search for institutional equilibrium in

1869 Queensland. Select Committee to take evidence and report on

1875 imperial.. Amendment to the Kidnapping Act of 1872 (38 & 39

1884-5 Queensland. Royal Commission on t h e r e c r u i t i n g of P o l y n e s i a n

1885 Queensland. P a c i f i c I s l a n d e r s ' ~ m ~ l o ~ e Compensation

1886 Queensland. Act t o f u r t h e r amend t h e P a c i f i c I s l a n d Labourers

1888-9 Queensland. Royal Commission t o i n q u i r e i n t o and r e p o r t upon

1892 Queensland. P a c i f i c I s l a n d Labourers ( E x t e n s i o n ) Act (55 Vic.

1901 F e d e r a l . Act t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e r e g u l a t i o n , r e s t r i c t i o n and

1903 F e d e r a l . Sugar Bounty Act (No.4 of 1903).

1906 Queensland. Royal Commission a p p o i n t e d t o i n q u i r e i n t o and

1906 F e d e r a l . Act t o amend t h e P a c i f i c I s l a n d Labourers Act (No.22

1908 Queensland. S t a t u t e Law R e v i s i o n Act amending t h e A l i e n s Act

1910 F e d e r a l . Sugar Bounty Act. Date of a s s e n t , 25 October 1910.

1911-2 F e d e r a l . Royal Commission on t h e Sugar I n d u s t r y . Commissioners

1912 Queensland. Act t o r e s t r i c t t h e l e a s i n g of l a n d t o A l i e n s

1912 F e d e r a l . Sugar Bounty Act. Date of a s s e n t , 29 October 1912.

1912 F e d e r a l . Sugar Bounty A b o l i t i o n Act,(No.26 of 1912). Date of

1919 Queensland. Judgement of the Industrial Arbitration Court

1956 Queensland. Statutes Amendment Act (5 Eliz.2 No.18).

1958 Queensland. Aliens Acts Amendment Act (7 Eliz.2 No.57).

1965 Queensland. Act to revise the Statute Law of Queensland so far

MALAITAN RESISTANCE TO EUROPEANS

1. E a s t Coast Carl ( F i j i ) : 1871. The crew of Carl kidnapped

Ellen ( F i j i ) ? : 1871? "Two b i g canoes p u t o f f

3. Malu'u 1894 Lochiel : 29.12.1894. 29th: S h o t s f i r e d i n an

4. Malu'u 1897 Rio Loge : 24, 25.3.1897. 2 4 t h : 100 M a l a i t a n s

5. S i o (Sceo) Helena : 13.11.1884. Taleiba, r e c r u i t e d a t

6. Nggamua 1888 Fearless. Cromar claimed t h a t a n a t t e m p t was

8. Manaoba 1888 Ariel : 6.12.1888. Government Agent T.S. Arm-

11. 1897 Sybil 11 : 17.6.1897. The ship's boats were

14. Ataa 1889 Fearless : first half of 1889. Cromar claims

Fearless : second half of 1889. A plan was